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Vrooms Expectancy Theory deals with motivation & management. It is based on following three
beliefs:
o Valence (it refers to the emotional orientations people hold with respect of outcomes). Mgmt
must discover what employee value
o Expectancy (employee has different expectations & levels of confidence about what they are
capable of doing). Mgmt must discover what resources, training, or supervision employee
need.
o Instrumentality (the perception of employees whether they are capable of doing). Mgmt
must ensure that promises of rewards are fulfilled & that employees are aware of that.
Brainstorming method
Brainstorm method is a semi-structured creative group activity, used most often in ad-hoc business
meetings to come up with new ideas for innovation or improvement. The idea behind it is that a group
of people can achieve a higher (synergy) level of creativity than a sum of the participants separately.
Rules for conducting brainstorming:
o Participants should be encouraged to come up with new ideas, however wide they are
o No judgment should be passed on any idea until the end of the session, whether negative or
positive; and
o Participants should be encouraged to build on each others ideas, creating unlike combinations
and taking each one in unequal directions
Brainstormings are most effective to generate lot of ideas in a short timeframe.
Hygiene factors: Dissatisfaction is the result of hygiene factors. These factors include:
Working conditions
Quality of supervision
Salary
Status
Security
Company
Job
Company policies and administration
Interpersonal relationship
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o
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High hygiene + high motivation: Employee satisfied & motivated (Ideal situation)
High hygiene + low motivation: Employees have less complaints, but not motivated.
Low hygiene + high motivation: Employees have high complaints, though motivated.
Low hygiene + low motivation: worst situation
Contingency theory: (Fred Fiedler, Heresy & Blanchard, Vroom & Yetton)
Contingency theory is similar to situation theory in that there is no simple one right way or best way of
organizing/leading. An organizational/leadership style that is effective in some situations may not be
successful in others. It shall depend upon many constraints. Four import ideas of Contingency Theory
are:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Personal discipline
Improved morale
Quality circles, &
Suggestions for improvement
3Cs framework of Kenichi Ohmae stresses that a strategist should focuses on following three key
factors for success
o The corporation itself
o The customer, and
o The competition
McKinsey 7-S model: is a value-based management (VBS) that describes how one can holistically &
effectively organize a company. Together these following factors determine the way in which a
corporate operates:
o Shared value (what does an organization stands for and what it believes in. Central beliefs
and attitudes)
o Strategy (plans for the allocation of a firms scarce resources, over time, to reach identified
goals, Environment, competition, customers)
o Structure (organizational structure functional, matrix, or projectized)
o System (the procedures, processes and routines that characterize how important work is to be
done: financial systems, recruitment systems, promotion and performance appraisal systems,
information systems)
o Staff (number and types of personnel within the organization)
o Style (cultural style of the organization and how key managers behave in achieving the
organizations goals)
o Skill (distinctive capabilities of personnel or the organizational as a whole)
Seven Surprises for CEOs: (by Michael Porter, Jay Lorsch, and Natin Nohira)
Emotional Appeal
Good feeling about the company
Admire and respect the company
Trust the company
Products and Services
Stands behind products/services
Offers high quality products/services
Develops innovative products/services
Offers products/services that are good value
Vision and Leadership
Has excellent leadership
Has a clear vision for the future
Recognizes/takes advantage of market opportunities
Workplace Environment
Is well managed
Looks like a good company to work for
Look like it has good employees
Financial Performance
Record of profitability
Looks like a low risk investment
Strong prospective for future growth
Tends to outperform its competitors
Social Responsibility
Supports good causes
Environmentally responsible
Treats people well