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Presentation outline
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Pavement Design
a)
b)
FLEXIBLE
Surface course
Base course
Sub base course/frost
protection layer
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CURRENT DESIGN
METHOD
LAYERED ELASTIC DESIGN
LEDFAA/FAARFILED
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CBR
Method
Not Defined
EB, B, hB
CBR
SUBBASE
ESB, SB hSB
CBR
SUBGRADE
ESG, SG hSG
CBR
SURFACE
BASE
Subgrade Support
E = Elastic Modulus
= Poissons Ratio
h = thickness
CBR = California Bearing Ratio
Subgrade Support
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Types of Aircraft
Gear
Traffic
Annual
Departures
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B-747-400
873,000 lbs
A340-600
807,000 lbs
B-777-300
752,000 lbs
A330-200
469,000 lbs
B-767-700
451,000 lbs
A300 B2
304,000 lbs
DC-10-30
583,000 lbs
DC 8-71
358,000 lbs
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CUMULATIVE DAMAGE
FACTOR (CDF) for Traffic Model
Must
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Computer Design
Click on desired
pavement section
Pavement Design
Enter Traffic Mixture
Certain aircraft may
appear in the list twice.
This is to address the
presence of wing gears
and belly gears
LEDFAA treats these
as two aircraft
however the weight
and departures are
interlocked
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Click OK
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bituminous specifications,
P-401, P-402 and P-403.
Section 100 and 110 for
calculating Percent Within Limits
(PWL)
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***************************************************
**********
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60,000
lbs. or more
Compacting Effort
Marshal method: falling mass of standard
weight and falling distance. There are
number of blows on each face of the
specimen (75 or 100): Regular P-401
Gyratory compactor: gyratory apparatus
with standard weight and angle. Spec
identify number of gyrations in function of
aircraft weight. It needs approval of a
Modification of Standard. SP-401
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Approval of Modification of
Standards for the use of Gyratory
compactor
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Number of Blows
75
50
Stability, pounds
(Newton)
2150 (9564)
1350 (6005)
10-14
10-18
Air Voids
(percent)
2.8-4.2
2.8-4.2
Percent Voids in
Mineral Aggregate
(minimum)
See Table 2
See Table 2
TABLE 1
SUPERPAVE DESIGN CRITERIA
Pavements for gross aircraft weights of 60,000 pounds or more.
Test Property
< 98.00
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TABLE 1
SUPERPAVE DESIGN CRITERIA
Pavements designed for gross aircraft weights of less than 60,000 pounds.
Design Criteria for Nominal
Maximum Aggregate Size
Test Property
3/4" Nom.
1/2"Nom.
(19 mm Nom.)
(12.5 mm
Nom.)
Initial Number of Gyrations (Nini)
7
7
Design Number of Gyrations (Ndes)
60
60
Maximum Number of Gyrations (Nmax)
90
90
Air voids @ Ndes
4.0
4.0
Voids in Mineral Aggregate @ Ndes, %
13.0 min.
14.0 min
Voids filled with Asphalt @ Ndes, %
65-78
65-78
Dust proportion
0.6-1.2
0.6-1.2
Dust proportion (coarse gradation1)
0.6-1.6
0.6-1.6
Fine Aggregate Angularity
42 min.
42 min.
%Gmm @ Nini
<90.50
< 90.50
%Gmm @ Nmax
<98.00
< 98.00
Second selection
Aggregate gradation
Large aggregates use less asphalt. Used
as binder courses
Smaller size aggregates (3/4 or 1/2)
used as surface course
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100
1 max
max
--
--
--
max
86-98
100
--
68-93
76-98
100
--
57-81
66-86
79-99
100
49-69
57-77
68-88
79-99
34-54
40-60
48-68
58-78
22-42
26-46
33-53
39-59
13-33
17-37
20-40
26-46
8-24
11-27
14-30
19-35
6-18
7-19
9-21
12-24
4-12
6-16
6-16
7-17
3-6
3-6
3-6
3-6
4.5-7.0
5.0-7.5
4.5-7.0
5.0-7.5
5.0-7.5
6.5-9.5
5.5-8.0
7.0-10.5
Asphalt percent:
Stone or gravel
Slag
--
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Third selection
Void in Mineral Aggregates
(VMA)
Provide longevity of the mix
Selected from maximum size aggregates
Eastern Region used to allow 2% less
than national standards.
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in.
mm
Percent
12.5
16
19.0
15
25.0
14
1-
37.5
13
Fourth Selection
Binder material (Asphalt)
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Understanding PG binders
PG stand for Performance Grade
Compose of two number:
a)the first one meaning the High
temperature the pavement is exposed to
b) The second one is the Low temperature
the pavement is expose to. Starts with a
minus sign
PG 64 -22
64: meets all requirements up
to this temperature in 0C
-22: meets all requirements
down to this temperature in 0C
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Example
Local PG used PG 64-22
Pavement is a taxiway to serve +100,000
lbs aircraft
Bumping requirement: 2
64 + 6 + 6 = 76 (not too stiff to compact)
-22 is the lowest we want to go
PG 76-22
Grade Specification
Penetration Grade
ASTM D 946
40-50
60-70
85-100
100-120
120-150
Viscosity Grade
ASTM D 3381
AC-5
AC-10
AC-15
AC-20
AC-30
AC-40
AR-1000
AR-2000
AR-4000
AR-8000
Performance Graded
Asphalt Institute
Superpave Series No. 1(SP-1)
In general, the Engineer should choose a PG-asphalt binder that has been
approved for use in the vicinity by the State DOT, and is locally available. In
general, a high reliability (98 percent) on both the high and low temperature
categories is sufficiently conservative.
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Pavement Type
Runway
Taxiway/Apron
--
--
--
--
NOTES:
1. PG grades above a 22 on the low end (e.g. 6416) are not recommended. Limited experience has shown this to be a poor performer.
2. PG grades below a 64 on the high end (e.g. 58-22) are not recommended. These binders often provide tender tendencies.
3. PG grades above a 76 on the high end (e.g. 82-22) are very stiff and may be difficult to work and compact.
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Fifth selection
Quality acceptance criteria
Number of Blows
75
50
Specification Tolerance
Limits
Specification Tolerance
Limits
Stability, minimum,
pounds
1800
--
1000
--
Flow, 0.01-inch
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20
96.3
[101.3]
96.3
[101.3]
95.5
101.3]--
95.5
[101.3]
93.3
--
93.3
--
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Compaction
L = 92.5% Gmm
Compaction
L = 92.5% Gmm
ACCEPTANCE LIMITS
Specification Tolerance Limits
Test Property
Lower
Upper
2.5
5.5
92.8
98.0
90.5
Air Voids,
Ndes)
(%
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Payment Options
96 100
106
90 95
PWL + 10
75 89
0.5 PWL + 55
55 74
1.4PWL 12
Below 55
Reject 2
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93 100
103
90 93
PWL + 10
70 89
0.125PWL + 88.75
40 69
0.75PWL +45
Below 40
Reject 2
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ERLPM
Section 1: Definitions
Section 2: Development of JMF
Section 3: Quality Assurance Plant produced
material
Section 4: Field Density
Section 5: Laboratory Equipment
Section 6: Random Sampling
Section 7: Quality Control
Section 8: Method to estimate PWL
ERLPM - Appendices
Appendix A: Material acceptance
Appendix B: Sample of mix design
Appendix C: Contractor Quality Control
Appendix D: PWL calculation-plant
material
Appendix E: In-place density calculation
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Workshop objectives
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Material distributed
ERLPM Appendices
Specifications P-401 and P-403
Table for ASTM E 178
Test to be completed and submitted to
FAA
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AGENDA
Consultants?
Testing laboratories?
Contractors?
Material supplier?
Government?
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