Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
h i g h l i g h t s
The addition of recycled green building materials can increase the slump and effectively reduce the unit weight.
The setting time prolongs the 1.5 times, and the bleeding is increased by 1.4 times.
The addition of RGBM can reduce the strength of concrete.
The surface resistance is increases. The maximum value (50% replacement) is 1.8 times that of the control group.
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 30 April 2013
Received in revised form 7 June 2013
Accepted 18 June 2013
Available online 24 July 2013
Keywords:
High content of recycled green building
materials
Lightweight concrete
Lightweight aggregate
Waste tire rubber powder
Waste LCD glass sand
a b s t r a c t
In this study, the cement and aggregate used in lightweight aggregate concrete were replaced with recycled green building materials (e.g., waste LCD glass sand and waste tire rubber particles). The inuence of
the maximum replacement amount on the fresh mixture (slump, unit weight, setting time, bleeding),
hardened (compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity) and durability (quadruple type resistance
and length change) was investigated to determine the inuence of high contents of recycled aggregate
and recycled pozzolanic admixtures on the properties of the concrete. The ndings showed that the addition of recycled green building materials maintained good workability of the concrete as the replaced
amount increased. The unit weight was reduced by approximately 1.4 times (600 kg/m3); the setting time
and bleeding rate were increased by 1.5 times (73 min and 190 min) and 1.4 times (8%), respectively. The
compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and length change were reduced by 9.8 times
(37.18 MPa), 1.4 times (1131 m/s) and 3.7 times ( 0.115%), respectively. The resistance was increased
by 1.8 times (27.8 kX cm). A database will be constructed in the future for related studies to facilitate
an increase in waste recycling value and to maximize the environmental protection benets.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
With the social and technological advances in Taiwan, the production of industrial waste (waste liquid crystal displays and waste
scrap tires) is continuously increasing, and environmental considerations of reducing and recycling this waste have emerged. The
construction industry is using recycled materials to produce green
building materials for environmental protection. This study uses
multiple recycled materials at different levels of addition to determine the inuence of various recycled materials on lightweight
concrete and to establish data for future research.
The ecological and environmental benets of alternative supplementary materials include (1) the diversion of non-recycled
waste from landlls for useful applications; (2) a reduction in the
negative effects of producing cement powder, namely the consumption of non-renewable natural resources; (3) the reduction
Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 7 3814526x5202; fax: +886 7 3961321.
E-mail address: wangho@kuas.edu.tw (H.-Y. Wang).
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.040
in the use of energy for cement production; and (4) the corresponding reduction of greenhouse gasses [1].
Silt has been a long-standing problem for reservoirs in Taiwan;
therefore, silt needs to be recycled to optimize its benets. The
yield of reservoir silt in Taiwan has currently exceeded 9 million
cubic meters, and the lost service discharge is 20 million cubic meters. If reservoir silt cannot be used efciently, then the increasingly severe reservoir silt must be reduced [2]. In recent years,
with advancements in the optoelectronics industry and in software
and hardware technologies, including the liquid crystal glass
industry, the number of products has increased. The throughput
of Taiwans TFT-LCD panels accounts for 25% of the global market.
As a result, a large amount of waste materials that are difcult to
treat have been produced [3]. Among the types of solid waste, glass
has been widely studied as a substitute for coarse and ne aggregates and even for cements [4]. The densities of glass and concrete
are 2400 kg/m3 and 2500 kg/m3, respectively. The compressive
strength of glass is 880930 MPa, which is greater than that of concrete by 3080 MPa. The heat transfer coefcient of glass is 3 W/
99
mK, and the elastic modulus of waste glass concrete is higher than
that of standard concrete (40 GPa); furthermore, the price of waste
glass concrete is less than that of standard concrete [57]. Glass
powder has high silica content and is amorphous, which are the
primary requirements for a pozzolanic material. Previous studies
have reported hydration and strength development in glass powder-modied cement pastes [8] and the mechanical and durability
properties of concrete containing glass powder [9,10]. The use of
waste glass particles as ne aggregates would reduce the owability and density of mortar; however, their use would increase its air
content. Except for shrinkage during drying, the mechanical properties were compromised due to micro-cracking within the glass
sand and weakened bonds within the cement paste. However,
the durability was enhanced, especially in terms of the resistance
to chloride ion penetration [11].
An estimated 1 billion tires reach the end of their useful lives
every year [12]. At present, considerable quantities of tires are already stockpiled (whole tire) or landlled (shredded tire), with
3000 million inside the European Union and 1000 million in the
US [13]. By the year 2030, the number of tires from motor vehicles
is expected to reach 1200 million, representing almost 5000 million
tires to be discarded on a regular basis. Tire landlling represents a
serious ecological threat [14]. Recycling end-of-life vehicle tires as
alternative aggregates to produce a new class concrete is an innovative option that has environmental, economic and performance benets. Using shredded and/or crumb rubber particles as a
replacement for concrete aggregate has been widely researched
[15]. Recycled rubber has been researched and developed [16]. The
recycled rubber particles are mixed with asphalt to produce recycled
paving material. Previous studies have found that the fatigue abatement, shock absorption, water and slip resistance and durability of
the pavement with an asphalt layer are improved. The rubber particles with a mesh size of 5 (screen mesh # 4) are cut out using an advanced water jet cutter to replace ne aggregate in Taiwan [17,18].
However, adding an excessive amount of rubber particles can reduce
the workability and compressive strength but increase the extended
exibility of non-primary structures, such as road safety islands and
roadblocks, which were unexpected results. The addition of rubber
particles contributes to improving the overall hydrophobic and
oating properties of cement structures. This improvement can be
helpful for rainwater discharge off of a sloping eld [1012].
It is necessary to determine the optimal mixing proportion of
ne aggregate replacements with consideration of both environmental factors and mechanical properties. In this study, glass is
combined with lightweight aggregates (rubber particles) to produce new green building materials. The mixing proportions are
varied, and the samples are exposed to appropriate environmental
conditions according to the results of various experiments. Such an
approach can reduce environmental pollution by minimizing the
amount of concrete needed for an intended application [1921].
2. Experimental
The ACI 211.2 lightweight concrete mix design specications were used in
determining the mixing proportions. The design strength was set at 210 kgf/cm2.
The cementing material was produced by mixing cement, y ash and slag at ratio
of 7:2:1 by weight. Two types of high recycled content material replacements were
used, waste LCD glass sand and waste tire rubber particles. The glass sand was
mixed with rubber particles in a 1:1 ratio to be used as the replacement for the ne
aggregate (the total amounts replaced are 0% 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70%).
The properties of the fresh and hardened cement and the durability properties were
investigated at curing ages of 1, 7, 28, 56 and 91 days.
Table 1
Physical and chemical property of materials.
Materials
Cement
Physical properties
Specic
3.15
gravity
Chemical contents (%)
SiO2
20.22
Al2O3
4.96
Fe2O3
2.83
CaO
64.51
MgO
2.33
SO3
2.46
K2O
Na2O
TiO2
P2O5
LOI
2.4
Fly
ash
Slag
LCD
glass
Lightweight
aggregate
2.20
2.89
2.45
1.35
48.27
38.23
4.58
2.84
1.16
0.20
1.42
5.38
35.47
13.71
0.33
41.00
6.60
64.28
16.67
9.41
2.70
0.20
0.64
0.01
0.01
59.31
19.97
6.53
1.41
2.02
0.07
0.08
0.01
Table 2
Basic properties of aggregate.
Properties
Coarse
aggregate
Fine aggregate
Lightweight
aggregate
Rubber
LCD glass
Dmax
(mm)
Specic
gravity
Unit weight
(kg/m3)
9.5
2.57
1507
12.5
2.64
1.35
1748
901
4.8
1.2
0.98
2.45
Water
absorption
(%)
1.0
1.3
10.4(24 h)
F.M.
3.09
erties conformed to the ASTM C 311 [23] specications. The slag was produced
by the China Steel Corp., and it was powdered by the China Hi-Ment Corporation.
Its properties conformed to the ASTM C 989 [24] specications. The raw lightweight
aggregate material was produced by dehydration, granulation and sintering of silt
from the Taiwan Shi-Men Reservoir. The lightweight aggregates were separated
by particle size using sieve analysis as per ASTM C 330 [25], thereby reducing the
inuence of water absorption. The waste tire rubber particles were waste tire rubber produced by the Taiwan Water Jet Cutter Company, and they were treated by
water jet cutting to approximately 5 mesh particles (4 mm). The waste LCD glass
sand was obtained by crushing TFC-LCD glass. The physical and chemical properties
of the materials are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
2.2. Experimental mixture
The lightweight aggregate to produce lightweight aggregate concrete, according
to the ACI211.2 [26] lightweight aggregate concrete mix proportion. The mix design
was based on the design strength of 210 kgf/cm2. The cement, y ash and slag were
mixed in a ratio of 7:2:1 to produce the cementing material. The ne aggregate was
added in proportions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70%. The mix proportions by unit weight are shown in Table 3.
2.3. Experimental variables and methods
The lightweight aggregate was soaked in water for 24 h prior to mixing to absorb water sufciently, to adjust the moisture content and to avoid inuencing
the mixing result. From each test group, samples were prepared with dimensions
of 18 10 20 cm and 375 75 285 mm, and these samples were tested on
days 1, 7, 28, 56 and 91. The fresh slump was tested as per ASTM C 143 [27]. The
unit weight was tested as per ASTM C 567 [28]. The compressive strength was
tested as per ASTM C39 [29] and ASTM C 192 [30]. The ultrasonic pulse velocity
was tested as per ASTM C597 [31]. The durability was measured using a quadruple-type resistance test as per ASTM C876 [32]. The length change was tested as
per ASTM C827 [33].
3.1. Slump
Fig. 1 and Table 4 show that the slump of the fresh lightweight
concrete increased with the substitution of recycled green building
100
Table 3
The mix proportion unit weight of high content of recycling green building materials
lightweight concrete. Unit: kg/m3.
Cement Fly Slag Sand Green building
ash
materials.
Lightweight Water
aggregate
Glass Rubber
sand particles
00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
211
42
27
940
846
752
658
564
470
376
282
0
44
88
131
175
219
263
306
0
18
35
53
70
88
105
123
444
205
materials (waste LCD glass sand and waste tire rubber particles).
The maximum slump was 23 cm. This result occurred because
the recycled green building materials are mostly smooth and water
resistant and the ne aggregate decreases as the replacement
amount increases; therefore, the absorption of moisture is reduced
and the slump increases. Additionally, there is some segregation.
3.2. Unit weight
Fig. 1 and Table 4 show that the unit weight decreases gradually
as the amount replaced with recycled green building materials increases. The unit weight of the sample produced using the maximum replacement of 70% is 1368 kg/m3 compared to a unit
weight of 1968 kg/m3 for the control group. The difference is
nearly 1.4 times. This difference is because the recycled green
building material is lightweight and its specic gravity is less than
that of normal river sand; therefore, the unit weight decreases
gradually as the replacement volume increases.
3.3. Bleeding
The maximum replacement amount of 70% increase in the
bleeding rate of 20% replacement amount compared with an increase in the bleeding rate of 12% for the control group. The difference is nearly 1.4 times. The bleeding rate has a forward
Replace
amount (%)
Slump (cm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
3.2
5.1
6.5
7.5
8.8
22.0
22.2
23.0
Unit weight
(kg/m3)
Final
1968
1932
1872
1722
1599
1570
1443
1368
245
252
255
257
269
296
304
318
375
420
435
493
507
515
538
565
Fig. 2 and Table 4 show that the setting time increases as the
amount replaced with recycled green building materials increases.
The initial setting times for the sample with the maximum replacement amount (70%) and the control group are 245 min and
318 min, respectively. The nal setting times are 375 min and
565 min, respectively, which is an increase of approximately 1.2
1.5 times. This change is due to the water resistance of recycled
green building materials, which results in excessive bleeding, and
because of the smooth interfaces of the substituted material; both
factors result in a prolonged setting time.
3.5. Compressive strength
As shown in Fig. 3 that the compressive strength of the lightweight concrete increases with age and that the compressive
strength decreases as the replacement amount increases. The compressive strengths on day 28 for the control group and for the sample produced using the maximum replacement of 70% is 38.1 MPa
and 3.5 MPa, respectively. This difference is almost 10.9 times. The
compressive strengths on day 91 for the control group and for the
Unit weight
2000
1800
20
1600
Slump (cm)
1400
15
1200
1000
10
800
600
400
200
0
0
0
10
20
30
12.0
12.0
12.5
13.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
20.0
Slump
25
Bleeding (%)
Replace
amount (%)
Table 4
The properties of high content of fresh recycling green building materials lightweight
concrete.
40
50
60
70
101
Wleeding
600
20
500
Wleeding (%)
400
16
300
14
200
12
18
100
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
40
Age (Days)
35
91
56
28
7
1
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
4200
Age (Days)
4000
91
56
28
7
1
3800
3600
3400
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
102
70
Age (Days)
Resistance (k-cm)
60
91
56
28
7
1
50
40
30
(2)
(3)
20
10
(4)
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
(5)
0.00
-0.02
(6)
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.10
-0.12
-0.14
-0.16
0
14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the National Science Council of
the Republic of China, Taiwan, for nancially supporting this research under Contract No. NSC 101-2221-E-151-063.
Age (days)
Fig. 6. The length change of high content of recycling green building materials
lightweight concrete.
leads to an increased resistance because of the insulating properties of the recycled green building materials.
3.8. Shrinkage
Fig. 6 shows that the length change decreases with as the
amount replaced with the recycled green building materials increases. The change in the lengths of the samples produced using
1070% replacement decreases compared to the control group.
The changes in the lengths on day 28 of the control group and
the minimum change observed for the 30% replacement samples
are 0.09% and 0.02%, respectively. This difference is approximately 4.5 times. The changes in the lengths on day 91 of the control group and the minimum change observed for the 30%
replacement samples are 0.15% and 0.04%, respectively. This
difference is approximately 3.7 times. This trend may be due to
pores that resulted from the smooth interface and bleeding of
the recycled green building materials. The space that formed during shrinkage reduces the overall length change.
4. Conclusions
(1) The addition of recycled green building materials can
increase the slump of lightweight concrete, but an excessive
addition may result in surplus mixing water that could
References
[1] Frederico LM, Chidiac SE. Waste glass as a supplementary cementitious
material in concretecritical review of treatment methods. Cem Concr Compos
2009;31:60610.
[2] Yang, WF. Reections brought by typhoon molave. Seminar on inuence of 88
oods on bridges and dikes and countermeasures: Kaohsiung; 2009.
[3] Cheng CH. Discussion about the existing circumstances of waste disposal of
TFT-LCD manufacturing industry. Safety and Health Technology Center; 2002.
[4] Hongjian Du, Kiang Hwee Tan. Use of waste glass as sand in mortar: Part II
Alkalisilica reaction and mitigation, methods; 2012.
[5] Wang HY, Tzeng HH, Huang WL, Chiu YW, Lin YH. A study of application of
recycling green building materials in the South of Taiwan. The second seminar
of Chinas mainland. Hong Kong and Taiwan. Kaohsiung City; 2009.
[6] Huang HH. Effects of waste glass for aggregate substitution on the engineering
properties of concrete. Masters thesis. Department of Construction
Engineering. National Yunlin University of Science and Technology; 2001.
[7] Huang WL. A Study on Waste LCD Glass Applied in Self-Compacting Concrete.
Masters thesis. Department of Civil Engineering and Institute of Civil
Engineering Technology. Kaohsiung City: National Kaohsiung University of
Applied Sciences; 2009.
[8] Schwarz N, Neithalath N. Inuence of a ne glass powder on cement
hydration: comparison to y ash and modeling the degree of hydration. Cem
Concr Res 2008;38(4):42936.
[9] Schwarz N, Cam H, Neithalath N. Inuence of a ne glass powder on the
durability characteristics of concrete and its comparison to y ash. Cem Concr
Compos 2008;30(6):48696.
[10] Shayan A, Xu A. Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in
concrete: a eld trial on concrete slabs. Cem Concr Res 2006;36(3):45768.
[11] Tan KH, Du H. Use of waste glass as sand in mortar: Part I Fresh, mechanical
and durability properties. Cem Concr Compos 2012.
[12] World business council for sustainable development WBCSD. End-of-life
tyres: a framework for effective management systems; 2010.
[13] Oikonomou N, Mavridou S. The use of waste tyre rubber in civil engineering
works. In: Khatib J, editor. Sustainability of construction materials. Abington
Hall, Cambridge, UK: WoodHead Publishing Limited; 2009.
103
[23] ASTM C 311. standard test methods for sampling and testing y ash or natural
pozzolans for use in portland-cement concrete. West Conshohocken; 2000.
[24] ASTM C 989. Standard specication for slag cement for use in concrete and
mortars. West Conshohocken; 1999.
[25] ASTM C 330. Standard specication for lightweight aggregates for structural
concrete. West Conshohocken; 2000.
[26] ACI 211.2. Standard practice for selecting proportions for structural
lightweight concrete; 2004.
[27] ASTM C 143. Standard test method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete.
West Conshohocken; 1997.
[28] ASTM C 567. Standard test method for determining density of structural
lightweight concrete. West Conshohocken; 2000.
[29] ASTM C 39. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical
concrete specimens. West Conshohocken; 1978.
[30] ASTM C 192. Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens
in the laboratory. West Conshohocken; 2000.
[31] ASTM C 597. Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete. West
Conshohocken; 1985.
[32] ASTM C 876. Standard test method for half-cell potentials of uncoated
reinforcing steel in concrete. West Conshohocken; 1999.
[33] ASTM C 827. Standard test method for change in height at early ages of
cylindrical specimens from cementitious mixtures. West Conshohocken; 1997.