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Electromagnetism
Magnetism
The term magnetism describes the force of
repulsion and attraction between different
substances, such as iron and other metals.
In magnetism, the motion of charged particles is
ultimately responsible for the attraction or
repulsion between substances. It is produced as a
result of electrons spinning on their own axis
while rotating about the nucleus of the atoms. In
magnetic materials, the atoms are called domains
and are aligned so that most of the electrons spin
in the same direction.
A magnet has TWO poles, namely the NORTH and
SOUTH poles. A magnet can lose its magnetism by
heating or jarring.
If a magnet is broken into two or more pieces,
each piece becomes a different magnet with its
own North and South Pole.
Objects that are attracted to each other illustrate
the magnetic principles of ferromagnetism and
paramagnetism, while diamagnetism describes
the repulsion of magnetic fields.
Types of Magnets
Magnets fall into three categories:
Electromagnetism
If two magnets are brought close to each other, with
one pole is north and the other is south, the two
magnets will pull towards each other. This is called
the force of attraction. If the two poles were the
same (two north or two south) then the magnets
would push apart (repel). This is called the force of
repulsion.
F = L Sin
Activity 1:
A conductor 200m long carries a current of 50A at
right angles to a magnetic field having a flux density
of 0.5T. Calculate the force on the conductor.
Given:
= 0.5T
The magnetic field of an electromagnet is affected by
three factors. These are:
L= 200m
= 50A
Since
F = L Sin
= A Cos
Coil B
In
the
first
one, magnetic field lines are perpendicular to the
surface, thus, since angle between normal of the
surface and magnetic field lines 0 and cos 0
=1equation of magnetic flux becomes;
=BAcos0
=BA1
Coil A
Source
Galvanometer
Where
N is the number of turns
is the current Measured in Ampere(s)
Transformers
A transformer is a device used to change unit values
in an AC circuit (voltage and current). The change is
brought about by using the magnetic energy field of
an alternating current. The transformer is an
important application of mutual induction.
A transformer has three basic parts:
Turns Ratio
If the secondary winding has the same number of
turns as the primary, the voltage will be the same in
both windings. This transformer is known as a 1:1
transformer.
IP
VP
Is
Vs
=
=
If any three of the quantities in the above formula
are known, the fourth quantity can be calculated.
Activity 1:
A transformer has 200 turns in the primary, 50
turns in the secondary, and 120 volts applied to
the primary (Vp). What is the voltage across the
secondary (Vs)?
Given:
NP = 200 turns
NS = 50 turns
VP = 120 volts
VS =?
Since
50
200
Activity 2:
There are 400 turns of wire in an iron-core coil. If
this coil is to be used as the primary of a
transformer, how many turns must be wound on
the coil to form the secondary winding of the
transformer to have a secondary voltage of one
volt if the primary voltage is five volts?
Given:
NP = 400 turns
NS =?
VP = 5 volts
VS = 1 volt
Since
120
200 VS = 120 50
VS = 6000 / 200
VS = 30 volts
400
1
5
5 NS = 400 1
5 NS = 400
NS = 400 / 5
NS = 80 turns
Activity 3:
Transformer Efficiency
Given:
NP = 6 turns
NS = 1 turn
IP = 200 mA 0.2A
IS =?
Losses in transformer are explained below (i) Core losses or Iron losses
Since
1
6
0.2
1 IS = 6 0.2
IS = 1.2 A
Eff. = 0.9979
% Eff. = 0.9979 100
%Eff. = 99.79%
transformers up to 15 MVA.
Air Blast
Air Blast
hundred MVA.