Learning

Engineering Drawing
By
C.V.Chalapathirao
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Proficiency in Engineering Drawing

is the

Inventor of Descriptive Geometry

Attitude towards learning

Be A Real Vidya ardhi ! Very eager to learn.

If you want to learn, you must have interest (love) for the
subject. Develop interest in the subjects. Then you never feel
any topic hard, tough or boring.
If you are ot a le to u dersta d a su je t, it ea s you do t
possess the prerequisite knowledge and unable to tune to the
teacher.
That means you have to put in more effort to gain that
fundamental knowledge and train yourself to tune to different
teachers.
It all comes to, devoting more time for that subject everyday.
In other words, have dedication for the subject !!!
Attend classes regularly.

How many hours are you devoting for each subject EVERYDAY?

 Pay attention to the Lectures and copy the contents on the

board into your note book without mistakes.
Do not hesitate to raise and ask your doubts and clear them
in the class room itself.
If you do not have any doubt, it means you have understood
thoroughly or not understood at all.

Try to solve the problems at home regularly with and

without the help of text books and notes.
Remember that there are innumerable varieties of problems
o ea h topi a d ti e does t per it to solve all of the
by the faculty, in the class room.
Master the key concepts of the topic and apply them to
solve any new problem, not solved by the faculty on the
board due to time constraints.

Look into the previous question papers and try solving the
questions.

Keep on practicing to solve the questions on rough paper by

drawing freehand sketches and bring those rough sheets to the
practice class to draw on the regular drawing sheets.

Then only you can gain speed with accuracy, so that many of you can
pass the exams and even score high % marks.

For effective learning, pose these following questions and

get the answers for yourself or with the help of learned
people.

WHAT, WHY and HOW?

 Without proper practicing, you cannot expect even to pass

the exam, leave alone getting high marks,
even if you think you are super intelligent.

Remember that a student with an average

intelligence can score very high marks provided one
practices regularly.
Practice, practice, practice.
Repeating an activity, retrieving a memory, and reviewing
material in a variety of ways helps build thicker, stronger, more
hard-wired connections in the brain.

If you have any doubt, do not hesitate to call on

your faculty and do not go away until your doubts
are cleared.

Learning changes the brain physically

Intelligence is not fixed, it turns out, nor planted firmly in our brains
from birth. Rather, it's forming and developing throughout our lives.
Plasticity is the capacity of the brain to change with learning.
Changes associated with learning occur mostly at the level of the
connections between neurons. New connections can form and the
internal structure of the existing synapses can change.

Did you know that when you become an expert in a

specific domain, the areas in your brain that deal with this
type of skill will grow?

ANSWERING THE QUESTION PAPER

Attempt those questions first, which you can
thoroughly answer and those which consume less time
for the same marks.
Attempt the difficult and time consuming questions
fetching same marks, later, in the order of difficulty.
If you have practiced enough, you will gain sufficient speed
and accuracy so that you can attempt all 5 questions and can
get high % marks.

Do not forget to write the question number.

Anxiety or Stress versus Performance

No Magic or Mantra
can make you pass the Exams.
ONLY
Perseverance

Patience
Practice
LEAD YOU TO SUCCESS
If you are disciplined, then everything else will
fall in line.

Salient Features of Engineering Drawing

Visualization the ability to mentally understand visual
information.
If you cannot visualise the position of a point, a line in the given
quadrant, then you cannot solve any problem in Units II,III,IV & V.
Train yourself to visualise the points, lines, planes and solids in the
given position.
Graphics theory geometry and projection techniques used for
preparation of drawings.
Use of standards set of rules for preparation of technical drawings
Grammar of Engineering Drawing
BIS / ISO
Use of conventions commonly accepted practices in technical
drawings - BIS / ISO - Grammar of Engineering Drawing
Tools devices used to create technical drawings and models.

Mini Drafter - Double Parallel Bar Mechanism

AB=CD and AC=BD and the link AB

is fixed. ABDC is a Parallelogram.
Similarly EF=GH and EG=FH
EFHG is another Parallelogram

Disks D1 & D2 have Curvilinear Translation without rotation.

Scales X &Y always move parallel to their previous positions.

Tools devices used to create technical drawings and models.

and

For drawing angles of 300, 450 , 600, Use the set squares only.
Never use protractor or mini drafter for these angles
because many of you either cant mark the correct angles using
protractor or set the correct angle on mini drafter (with zero error).

Most of you are not habituated to bring and use the set
squares in the practice class.

Divider
Dividers are used to transfer lengths to the drawings either
from scales or from the drawing itself.
Similar to the compasses, two sizes of dividers are used in technical drawings.
One large divider and the other small spring bow divider.

Most of you do not have the

dividers and bring them
to the practice class.
Usage of Dividers improves the
accuracy of drawings.
A point represents a location in space.
It is a dimensionless geometrical entity which has simply position but
no magnitude and
so they have to be marked with least dimension.

Pencils / lead sticks/ pencil sharpener / eraser/etc:

The primary tool used in technical drawings is the pencil or lead sticks. Generally
for technical drawings, two grades of pencils - H and 2H are used. For different
purposes, different grades of pencils are used. Avoid using HB pencil.
Use H grade Mechanical
Pencils for Uniform line
thickness of 0.7 mm & 0.5
mm for thick and medium
thick lines respectively
and sharpened wooden
pencils for 0.35mm thin
lines.
These mechanical pencils
give better appearance of
Drawing in view of
maintaining uniform line
thickness and also save
time in frequent
re-sharpening of the
wooden pencils.

The higher the number the harder the writing core and the lighter the mark left on
the paper.
Letter H is used to indicate a hard pencil.
Letter B is used to desig ate the la k ess of the pe il s ark, i di ati g a softer
lead.
Letter F is also used to indicate that the pencil sharpens to a fine point.
As the pencil core becomes softer (through the use of lower proportions of clay) it
leaves a darker mark as it deposits more graphite material on the paper.
Softer pencils will dull faster than harder leads and require more frequent
sharpening.

Types of lines generally used in drawings

Practice using FRENCH CURVES and

Flexible Curve to draw non-circular curves

to secure more marks.

Flexible Curve
FRENCH CURVES

RULES OF DIMENSIONING
1. Between any two extension lines, there must be one and only one
dimension line bearing one dimension.
2. As far as possible, all the dimensions should be placed outside the
views. Inside dimensions are preferred only if they are clearer and
more easily readable.
3. All the dimensions on a drawing must be shown using either
Aligned System or Unidirectional System. In no case should, the
two systems be mixed on the same drawing.
4. The same unit of length should be used for all the dimensions on a
drawing. The unit should not be written after each dimension,
but a note mentioning the unit should be placed below the
drawing.

5. Dimension lines should not cross each other. Dimension lines

should also not cross any other lines of the object.

6. All dimensions must be marked.

7. Each dimension should be marked only once.
No dimension should be redundant.
8. Do not use an outline or a centre line as a
dimension line. A centre line may be extended
to serve as an extension line.
9. Avoid dimensioning hidden lines.

10. For dimensions in series, adopt any one of the following ways.
i. Chain dimensioning (Continuous dimensioning) All the
dimensions are aligned in such a way that an arrowhead of one
dimension touches tip-to-tip the arrowhead of the adjacent
dimension. The overall dimension is placed outside the other
smaller dimensions.
ii. Parallel dimensioning (Progressive dimensioning) All the
dimensions are shown from a common reference line. Obviously,
all these dimensions share a common extension line. This method
is adopted when dimensions have to be established from a
particular datum surface
iii.Combined dimensioning. When both the methods, i.e., chain
dimensioning and parallel dimensioning are used on the same
drawing, the method of dimensioning is called combined
dimensioning.

Conventions used for lines

In orthographic projections, many times different types of lines may fall at the same
regions.
In such cases, the following rules for precedence of lines are to be followed:

Visible lines take precedence over all other lines

Hidden lines take precedence over center lines

Center lines have lowest precedence

When a visible line and a hidden line are to be drawn at the same area,
It will be shown by the visible line only and no hidden line will be
shown.
Similarly, in the case of hidden line and centre line, only hidden line
will be shown.

In such cases, the centre line will be shown only if it is extending

beyond the length of the hidden line.

TIPS FOR GOOD QUALITY DRAWING

1. Sharpen the tip of the pencil from time to time by using a penknife and sandpaper.
2. Sharpen the lead tip inserted in the compass frequently by sand paper.
3. Use a proper grade of the pencil and/or lead, i.e., H, 2H as the case maybe.
4. Avoid frequent use of eraser.
5. Complete a line, circle or arc in one stroke only . Avoid overdrawing.
6. Maintain constant hand pressure while drawing a particular line, circle or arc.

7. Check frequently the 0 setti g of the drafter scale.

8. Don't use a drafter to draw measured inclinations. Use a protractor for this purpose.

9. While moving the drafter scale from one point to another, care should be taken that
it does not rub with the drawing sheet.

10. Use a bow compass to draw smaller circles or arcs. A circle template should only
be used to draw circles or arcs having a diameter less than 5mm.
11. Draw smooth curves (e.g., engineering curves, loci of points, sections of solids,
development, curves of intersection, etc.,) initially very lightly by freehand and then
use the French curve to make them sufficiently thick and uniform.
12. Use a paper napkin or clean handkerchief to clean away the rubbed particles from
drawing sheet.

13. Avoid the contact of drawing instruments with drawing sheet except during their
actual use.
14. Your drawing sheet gets stained by dirt on the drawing instruments, drawing
board and your hands. Keep all these always clean.
15. Protect your drawing sheet from all external factors which may spoil or make it
dirty.

16. Before placing the drawing sheet inside the container, roll it properly and place a
rubber-band over it.

R13- Syllabus Engineering Drawing

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DRAWING: Principles of Engineering Drawing/Graphics
Various Drawing Instruments Conventions in Drawing Lettering practice BIS Conventions.
Curves: Constructions of Curves used in Engineering Practice:
a) Conic Sections including the Rectangular Hyperbola General method only.
b) Cycloid, Epicycloid and Hypocycloid
c) Involute.
Scales: Construction of different types of Scales, Plain, Diagonal, Vernier scale.
UNIT II
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS IN FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION:
Principles of Orthographic Projections Conventions First and Third Angle projections.
Projections of Points. including Points in all four quadrants.

Projections of Lines - Parallel, perpendicular, inclined to one plan and inclined to both planes. Tr
length and true angle of a line. Traces of a line.

PROJECTIONS OF PLANES: Plane parallel, perpendicular and inclined to one reference plane
Plane inclined to both the reference planes.

R13 - C.E Dec 2015

Two points A and B are 100 mm apart. A point C is 75 mm from A and
60mm from B. Draw an ellipse passing through A,B and C.
According to your syllabus,
Ge eral Methods o ly for Co i e tio s. But so e types of
problems are given in the exams which are not even mentioned nor
solved in the text books .

For Solving this problem, we use the parametric equations

for the ellipse, for obtaining the coordinates of points on
the ellipse.
X = a Cos y = b Sin
Where a = Semi-major Axis
b = Semi-minor Axis

In this problem, AB becomes a conjugate diameter

and the Ellipse is drawn accordingly.

For Solving this problem, Parallelogram Method is used.

POINTS TO REMEMBER ON STRAIGHT LINES

POINTS TO REMEMBER ON PROJECTION OF PLANES

POINTS TO REMEMBER ON PROJECTION OF PLANES

Rule 1:If the plane is inclined to an RP, keep it parallel to that RP in the first stage.
Rule2a: If an edge of the plane (or a line in the plane) lies in an RP, keep the entire plane in that
RP in first stage.
Rule 2b: If an edge of the plane (or a line in the plane) is parallel to an RP, keep the entire plane
parallel to that RP in first stage.
Rule 3: If a corner of a plane (or a point on the circumference of a circular plane) lies in an RP,
keep the entire plane in that RP in the first stage.
Rule 4: If an edge of the plane (or a line in the plane) is parallel to an RP and inclined to the
other RP, in the first stage, keep it perpendicular to the RP to which it is inclined.
Note: All the rules mentioned above are used in combination. Whenever two rules contradict
each other, adopt the lower-numbered rule.

POINTS TO REMEMBER ON PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

Rule1: The view of the solid on the RP to which its axis is perpendicular
should always be drawn first.

Rule2(a): If the axis of a solid is inclined to an RP, keep the solid in the
first stage with the Axis perpendicular to that RP.
Rule2(b): In the first stage, keep the solid in such a way that the true
shape of the base and TL of the axis will be visible.
Rule3: If a solid rests on a corner or an edge of its base on the RP, keep
the entire base on that RP in first stage.

POINTS TO REMEMBER ON SECTIONS OF SOLIDS

POINTS TO REMEMBER ON DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

The development shows the TLs of all the edges of the solid.
The development of a cone is a sector of the included angle,
=360(r/R), where r and R are the radius of base and slant height of
the cone respectively.
The development of a cone having its slant height equal to the
diameter of base is a semicircle of radius equal to the slant height.
The development of cylinder and cone is smooth curve.
The development of prism and pyramid is straight-line segmented
curve.

POINTS TO REMEMBER ON INTERSECTION OF SURFACES

Col = curve of intersection (or interpenetration).

If both the intersecting surfaces are flat, Col is a segmented-line curve.

If one of the intersecting surfaces is flat and the other is curved, COl is a
smooth curve.
If both the intersecting surfaces are curved, Col is a smooth curve.
Whenever two cylinders of equal diameters penetrate (axes
intersecting), the COls are seen as straight lines in one view.
The intersection of two spheres is a circle. It is seen as a straight line
when viewed in the direction perpendicular to the line joining the
centres of the two spheres.

POINTS TO REMEMBER ON ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

Isometric projection of an object is seen smaller in size than its actual
size.

Isometric scale is used to draw isometric projection.

Isometric view of an object is seen in its actual size.

Isometric scale is not used to draw isometric view.

A square is seen as rhombus, rectangle is seen as parallelogram and
circle is seen as ellipse in isometric.
Any angle in orthographic view is never seen as it is in isometric. It is
obtained in isometric by locating and joining the end points of the
two lines making the angle.

In isometric, extreme generators of cone or cylinders are drawn

tangent to base face (in case of cone) or tangent to both the end
faces (in case of cylinder).
The isometric projection of a sphere appears same in size as that of
the actual sphere.

The isometric scale is used to draw isometric projection of the sphere

in relation to other solids.
The isometric view of a sphere is seen larger in size than the actual
size of the sphere.
The spherical scale is used to draw the isometric view of the sphere
Note: In isometric, hidden edges may be shown by thin continuous
Lines instead of dashed lines Perspective

Perspective Projection

Perspective projection of a rail track with electric posts as seen by the observer through
the transparent vertical single PP.

If you stand at the middle of a long straight rail track and look at its other end,
the two parallel edges of the road are seen to be converging at a point.

This point is the VP, and is seen at eye level, i.e. on HL.

The observer standing on the Ground Plane (GP) is viewing the electric posts through the PP.

Fig. Shows the side view obtained on the PP.

Mass Production Bay of a Factory