PATHOLOGY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS LIST

(1990- 2014)
General Pathology and Haematology
I. CELL INJURY, CELL DEATH AND ADAPTATIONS
Essays

1. Define Necrosis. Types and examples of necrosis. Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis.
2.Gangrene-definition, types and etiopathogenesis.
3.Apoptosis- cause, biochemical features, mechanisms and examples.

Short notes
1) Dysplasia
2) Metaplasia
3) Dry gangrene
4) Differences between dry and wet gangrene.
5) Gas gangrene
6) Pathology of gangrene
7) Primary amyloidosis
8) Pathology of spleen in amloidosis
9) Sago spleen
10) Amyloid staining
11) Fat staining
12) Fatty change
13) Pathology of fatty liver
14) Apoptosis
15) Necrosis
16) Pathologic calcification
17) Cellular swelling
18) Radiation injury
19) Haemosiderin deposition in disease
20) Pneumoconiosis.
21) Classify pigments and write about lipofuschin
22) . Caseous Necrosis
23) 8. Definition and characteristics of types of necrosis
24) 9. Morphological changes in apoptosis

25) Free radical injury.

II. INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR

Essays

1.Define Inflammation. Describe the major events of acute inflammation with a note on
defective leukocytic function
2.Define inflammation. Sequence of events.
3.Define inflammation. Enumerate signs of inflammation. Chemical mediators
4.Define repair. Healing of a fractured bone and factors influencing.
5.Process of repair.

Short Notes
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Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
Free radicals
Cytokines
Vascular phenomenon in acute inflammation.
Chemical mediators of inflammation.
Progressive pulmonary tuberculosis
Morphology and evolution of tuberculoma
Granuloma.
Granulomatous inflammation
Primary complex.
Military tuberculosis
Primary atypical pneumonia
Tuberculoid leprosy
Lepromatous leprosy

16) Tertiary Syphilis

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Factors affecting wound healing

Role of Arachidonic metabolites in inflammation
Outcomes of acute inflammation
Immunology of leprosy
Morphology of leprosy
Morphology of primary TB
Fracture healing
Chemokine

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Growth factors
Anti-oxidants
Collagen
Adhesion molecules
Wound healing
Healing by secondary intention

III. HAEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS,

THROMBOEMBOLISM, SHOCK
Essays

1) Define thrombosis. Note on thrombogenesis and fate of thrombus. (2 times)

2) Shock- definition,classification, etiology, pathogenesis and complications
3) Define and classify oedema. Aetiopathogenesis, pathology of various types of edema with
examples
4) Septic shock pathogenesis, morphology

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Embolism- fat, air, amniotic fluid.

Liquid embolism
CVC liver
Exudates
Exudates vs transudate
Cardiogenic shock
Septic shock
Fate of thrombus
Differentiate thrombus and blood clot.
Infarction
Pathology of renal oedema
Pathogenesis of oedema
Cardiac oedema
Virchows triad.
Thromboembolism
Caissons disease
Morphology of infarct
Morphology of thrombi

IV DISEASE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

Essays
1) AIDS-transmission, pathogenesis, major and minor signs, pathological changes and lab
diagnosis
2) Primary immunodeficiency syndromes.
3) Define autograft, allograft, isograft, xenograft. Types and mechanism of allograft rejection
4) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

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Coombs test.
Transplant rejections
B lymphocyte
T lymphocyte
Natural killer cells
Antinuclear antibodies
Histocompatability antigens
Hypersensitivity reactions
Type III hypersensitivity
Amyloidosis
Mechanism of autoimmune diseases
Anaphylactic reaction
Type I hypersensitivity
Transfusion reaction
Type II hypersensitivity
Delayed hypersensitivity
Arthus reaction
Pathogenesis of Amyloidosis

V. NEOPLASIA
Essays

1)Define and classify neoplasia. Difference between benign and malignant lesions

2)Name neoplasms caused by viruses. Mechanism of action of oncoviruses

3)Etiology of cancer. Note on chemocal carcinogenesis.
4)Define metastasis. Different pathways of spread
5)Oncogenic viruses. Note on HPV

6) Enumerate the various carcinogenic agents. Classify chemical carcinogens and describe the steps
involved in chemical carcinogenesis.
7) Write in detail about carcinogenesis physical, chemical and biological and also molecular basis of
carcinogenesis

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Lab diagnosis of pre cancerous lesions

Carcinoma in situ
Pre neoplastic disorders
Para neoplastic syndrome
Tumour markers
Tumour antigens
Pleomorphic adenoma
Viral carcinogenesis
Transcoelomic spread of neoplasm
Benign versus malignant tumours
Metastasis
Human papilloma virus
Teratoma
Tumour suppressor gene
Wilms tumour
Oncogenic viruses
Grading and staging of tumours
Lab diagnosis of cancer
Child hood tumour
Hamartoma
Tumor metastasis
Growth factors
Molecular basis of cancer
Differentiation and anaplasia
Oncogenic EPV
Paraneoplastic syndrome

VI. GENETIC AND PEDIATRIC DISEASES

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Turners syndrome.
Klinefelters syndrome
Sex chromatin
X-link disorder
Translocation
Downs syndrome.
Marfans syndrome

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Wilms tumor
Klinefelters syndrome
Trisomy 21
Mitochondrial inheritance
Cystic fibrosis
Familial hypercholesterolemia

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASE

Short notes

1.Ricketts
2. Silicosis
3. Kwashiorkor
4. Vit A deficiency
5. Gauchers disease
6.Scurvy

7.Vitamin B12 deficiency

8.Niemann pick

9.Glanzmans disease

VIII. GENERAL PATHOLOGY OF INFECTITIOUS DISEASE

Short notes

1.Rhinosporidiosis
2. Mycetoma
3. Viral hemorrhagic fever
4.Actinomycosis
5.Opportunistic fungal infections
6.Deep mycosis
7.Fungal granulomas
8.Hydatid disease
9.Vegetations in the heart

IX INVESTIGATIONS

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Urinary casts
FNAC
PCR
RFLP
Automatic tissue processor
Chloroma
Hybridisation techniques to determine genomic alteration

X. HEMATOLOGY AND LYMPHORETICULAR TISSUES

Essays

1) 40 years male H/o chronic fatigue, weight loss since 6 months. O/E pallor,
marked splenomegaly+, laboratory report shows Hb 10 GM%, TC
215000/CMM. Platelets 4 laks/cmm. Answer the following:
a) What is your diagnosis?
b) 0000000What is common genetic abnormality?
c) Blood and Bone Marrow findings to confirm your diagnosis?
d) Prognosis of the condition?
2) Define leukemia. Note on CML
3) Classify anaemia. Lab diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia.
4) AML
5) ALL
6) Coagulation disorders. Haemophilia
7) Classify haemolytic anaemias. Note on sickle cell anaemia.
8) Classify and discuss chronic myeloproliferative disorders.
9) Define anaemia. Etiopathogenesis, blood and bone marrow picture of iron deficiency
anaemia
10) Bleeding disorders and lab diagnosis
11) Classify thrombocytopenia. Lab diagnosis of ITP
12) Multiple myeloma
13) Hodgkin lymphoma molecular pathogenesis and morphology

Short notes
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Leukaemoid reaction.
PCV and its significance
Osmotic fragility test.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia
Sickle cell anaemia
Haemochromatosis

7) Megaloplastic anaemia
8) ESR
9) Reticulocyte
10) Blood transfusion reactions
11) Aplastic anaemia
12) Purpura
13) Multiple myeloma
14) DIC
15) AML
16) CML
17) Hodgkins lymphoma.
18) Nodular sclerosis hodgkins disease.
19) Non_hodgkins lymphoma.
20) Hematocrit
21) Pancytopenia in peripheral blood smear
22) Hereditary spherocytosis
23) Bence jones protein.
24) Mylodysplastic syndrome
25) Megaloblasts
26) Thrombocytes
27) splenomegaly
28) Acute leukemias
29) Haemolytic disorders of new born
30) Von willebrands disease
31) Factor VII deficiency.
32) Thrombocytopenia.
33) G6PD deficiency anaemia.
34) Bleeding time.
35) Anticoagulants in lab use
36) Immunological subtypes of ALL
37) Rh incompatability
38) Haemophilia A
39) Burkitts lymphoma
40) LE cells
41) Bone marrow in B12 deficiency.
42) Bone marrow changes in macrocytic anaemia.
43) Agranulocytosis
44) Indications of bone marrow aspiration
45) Haemolytic disease of the new born
46) Evidences of hemolytic anemia
47) FAB classification of leukemia
48) Sickle cell disease
49) Eosinophilia
50) Anemia of chronic disease
51) Primary myelofibrosis

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Peripheral smear and bone marrow finding in multiple myeloma

Defects in leukocyte function
Polycythemia vera
Christmas disease
Fanconis anemia
Bence Jones proteins
Aetiology and morphology of bone marrow in aplastic anemia
Morphology of multiple myeloma
Moleular pathogenesis of Acute myeloid leukemia