MNL-133-97 ch8 14

CHAPTER 8
PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESIGN THEORY AND PROCEDURE
NOTATION
8.0
AASHTO SPECIFICATION REFERENCES
8.1
PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSING

8.1.1 History
8.1.2 High Strength Steel
8.1.3 Prestressing Versus Conventional Reinforcing
8.1.4 Concrete to Steel Bond
8.2
FLEXURE
8.2.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
8.2.1.1 Theory
8.2.1.1.1 Stage 1 Loading
8.2.1.1.5.1 Tensile Stresses - Normal Strength Concrete
8.2.1.1.5.2 Tensile Stresses - High Strength Concrete
8.2.1.1.5.3 Tensile Stresses - LRFD Specifications
8.2.1.2 Allowable Concrete Stresses
8.2.1.2.1 Standard Specifications
8.2.1.2.2 LRFD Specifications
8.2.1.3 Design Procedure
8.2.1.4 Composite Section Properties
8.2.1.4.1 Theory
8.2.1.4.2 Procedure
8.2.1.5 Harped Strand Considerations
8.2.1.6 Debonded Strand Considerations
8.2.1.7 Minimum Strand Cover and Spacing
8.2.1.8 Design Example
8.2.1.8.1 Design Requirement 1
8.2.1.8.3.1 Strand Debonding
8.2.1.8.3.2 Harped Strands
8.2.1.8.3.3 Other Methods to Control Stresses
8.2.1.9 Fatigue
JUL 03
7017 Bridge Man Ch 8 TOC
8/14/03, 10:58 AM
CHAPTER 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.2.2 Flexural Strength Design
8.2.2.1 Theory
8.2.2.2 Standard Specifications
8.2.2.2.1 Ultimate Moment Capacity
8.2.2.2.1.1 Required Parameters
8.2.2.2.1.2 Rectangular Section
8.2.2.2.1.3 Flanged Section
8.2.2.2.2 Maximum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.2.3 Minimum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.3 LRFD Specifications
8.2.2.3.1 Nominal Flexural Resistance
8.2.2.3.1.1 Required Parameters
8.2.2.3.1.2 Rectangular Sections
8.2.2.3.1.3 Flanged Sections
8.2.2.3.2 Maximum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.3.3 Minimum Reinforcement Limit
8.2.2.4 Flexural Strength Design Example
8.2.2.4.1.1 Standard Specifications
8.2.2.4.1.2 LRFD Specifications
8.2.2.5 Strain Compatibility Approach
8.2.2.6 Design Example - Strain Compatibility
8.2.2.6.1 Part l - Flexural Capacity
8.2.2.6.2 Part 2 - Comparative Results
8.2.3 Design of Negative Moment Regions for Members Made Continuous for Live
Loads
8.2.3.1 Strength Design
8.2.3.2 Reinforcement Limits - Standard Specifications
8.2.3.3 Reinforcement Limits - LRFD Specifications
8.2.3.4 Serviceability
8.2.3.5 Fatigue in Deck Reinforcement
8.3
STRAND TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS

8.3.1 Strand Transfer Length
8.3.1.1 Impact on Design
8.3.1.2 Specifications
8.3.1.3 Factors Affecting Transfer Length
8.3.1.4 Research Results
8 3.1.5 Recommendations
8.3.1.6 End Zone Reinforcement
JUL 03
8/14/03, 10:58 AM
CHAPTER 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.3.2 Strand Development Length
8.3.2.1 Impact on Design
8.3.2.4 Factors Affecting Development Length
8.3.2.5 Bond Studies
8.3.2.6 Recommendations
8.4
SHEAR
8.4.1 Standard Specifications
8.4.1.1 Flexure-Shear Strength, Vci
8.4.1.2 Web-Shear Strength, Vcw
8.4.1.3 Web Reinforcement Contribution, Vs
8.4.1.3.1 Minimum Spacing Requirements
8.4.1.3.2 Minimum Shear Reinforcement
8.4.1.4 Application of Standard Specifications to Continuous Spans
8.4.2 1979 Interim Revisions
8.4.3 LRFD Specifications
8.4.3.1 Shear Design Provisions
8.4.3.1.1 Nominal Shear Resistance
8.4.3.1.2 Concrete Contribution, Vc
8.4.3.1.3 Web Reinforcement Contribution, Vs
8.4.3.1.4 Values of and
8.4.3.2 Design Procedure
8.4.3.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirement
8.4.4 Comparison of Shear Design Methods
8.5
HORIZONTAL INTERFACE SHEAR

8.5.1 Theory
8.5.2 Standard Specifications
8.5.3 LRFD Specifications
8.5.4 Comparison of Design Specifications
8.6
LOSS OF PRESTRESS
8.6.1 Introduction
8.6.2 Definition
8.6.3 Significance of Losses on Design
8.6.4 Effects of Estimation of Losses
8.6.4.1 Effects at Transfer
8.6.4.2 Effect on Production Costs
8.6.4.3 Effect on Camber
8.6.4.4 Effect of Underestimating Losses
JUL 03
8/14/03, 10:58 AM
CHAPTER 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.6.5 Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage and Relaxation Material Properties
8.6.5.1 Prediction of Creep Coefficient of Concrete
8.6.5.1.1 Creep Modification Factors
8.6.5.1.2 Modification Factors for Strength
8.6.5.1.3 Example
8.6.5.2 Prediction of Shrinkage Coefficient of Concrete
8.6.5.2.1 Shrinkage Modification Factors
8.6.5.2.2 Modification Factors for Strength
8.6.5.2.3 Example
8.6.5.3 Prediction of Relaxation of the Prestressing Steel
8.6.6 Methods for Estimating Losses
8.6.7 Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.7.1 Computation of Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.7.2 Elastic Shortening Example
8.6.8 Losses from the Standard Specifications
8.6.8.1 Shrinkage Loss
8.6.8.2 Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.8.3 Creep Loss
8.6.8.4 Steel Relaxation Loss
8.6.8.5 Lump Sum Losses
8.6.9 Standard Specifications Example
8.6.10 Losses from the LRFD Specifications
8.6.10.1 Elastic Shortening Loss
8.6.10.2 Shrinkage and Creep Losses
8.6.10.3 Steel Relaxation Loss
8.6.10.4 Washington State Study
8.6.11 LRFD Specifications Example
8.6.12 Losses by the Tadros Method
8.6.12.1 Tadros Method Example
8.7
CAMBER AND DEFLECTION

8.7.1 Multiplier Method
8.7.2 Improved Multiplier Method
8.7.3 Examples
8.7.3.1 Multiplier Method Example
8.7.3.2 Improved Multiplier Method Example
8.7.4 Camber and Deflection Estimates Using Numerical Integration
8.7.4.1 Numerical Integration Example
8.8
DECK SLAB DESIGN

8.8.1 Introduction
JUL 03
8/14/03, 10:58 AM
CHAPTER 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.8.2 Design of Bridge Decks Using Precast Panels
8.8.2.1 Determining Prestress Force
8.8.2.2 Service Load Stresses and Flexural Strength
8.8.2.3.1 Minimum Thickness
8.8.2.3.2 Live Load
8.8.2.3.3 Reinforcement Requirements
8.8.2.3.4 Shear Design
8.8.2.3.5 Crack Control
8.8.2.4.1 LRFD Specifications Refined Analysis
8.8.2.4.2 LRFD Specifications Strip Method
8.8.2.4.2.1 Minimum Thickness
8.8.2.4.2.2 Minimum Concrete Cover
8.8.2.4.2.3 Live Load
8.8.2.4.2.4 Location of Critical Sections
8.8.2.4.2.5 Design Criteria
8.8.2.4.2.6 Reinforcement Requirements
8.8.2.4.2.7 Shear Design
8.8.2.4.2.8 Crack Control
8.8.3 Other Precast Bridge Deck Systems
8.8.3.1 Continuous Precast Concrete SIP Panel System, NUDECK
8.8.3.1.1 Description of NUDECK
8.8.3.2 Full-Depth Precast Concrete Panels
8.8.4 LRFD Specifications Empirical Design Method
8.9
TRANSVERSE DESIGN OF ADJACENT BOX BEAM BRIDGES

8.9.1 Background
8.9.1.1 Current Practice
8.9.1.2 Ontario Bridge Design Code Procedure
8.9.2 Empirical Design
8.9.2.1 Tie System
8.9.2.2 Production
8.9.2.3 Installation
8.9.3 Suggested Design Procedure
8.9.3.1 Transverse Diaphragms
8.9.3.2 Longitudinal Joints Between Beams
8.9.3.3 Tendons
8.9.3.4 Modeling and Loads for Analysis
8.9.3.5 Post-Tensioning Design Chart
8.9.3.6 Design Method
8.9.3.7 Design Example
JUL 03
8/14/03, 10:58 AM
CHAPTER 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.9.4 Lateral Post-Tensioning Detailing for Skewed Bridges
8.10
8.11
8.12
LATERAL STABILITY OF SLENDER MEMBERS

8.10.1 Introduction
8.10.1.1 Hanging Beams
8.10.1.2 Beams Supported from Beneath
8.10.2 Suggested Factors of Safety
8.10.2.1 Conditions Affecting FSc
8.10.2.2 Effects of Creep and Impact
8.10.2.3 Effects of Overhangs
8.10.2.4 Increasing the Factor of Safety
8.10.3 Measuring Roll Stiffness of Vehicles
8.10.4 Bearing Pads
8.10.5 Wind Loads
8.10.6 Temporary King-Post Bracing
8.10.7 Lateral Stability Examples
8.10.7.1 Hanging Beam Example
8.10.7.2 Supported Beam Example
BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES DUE TO
VEHICULAR LIVE LOADS
8.11.1 HS20 Truck Loading
8.11.2 Lane Loading, 0.640 kip/ft
8.11.3 Fatigue Truck Loading
STRUT-AND-TIE MODELING OF DISTURBED REGIONS
8.12.1 Introduction
8.12.2 Strut-and-Tie Models
8.12.2.1 Truss Geometry Layout
8.12.2.2 Nodal Zone and Member Dimensions
8.12.2.3 Strengths of Members
8.12.3 LRFD Specifications Provisions for Strut-and-Tie Models
8.12.3.1 Compression Struts
8.12.3.1.1 Unreinforced Concrete Struts
8.12.3.1.2 Reinforced Concrete Struts
8.12.3.2 Tension Ties
8.12.3.2.1 Tie Anchorage
8.12.3.3 Proportioning Node Regions
8.12.3.4 Crack Control Reinforcement
8.12.4 Steps for Developing Strut-and-Tie Models
8.12.4.1 Design Criteria
8.12.4.2 Summary of Steps
JUL 03
8/14/03, 10:58 AM
CHAPTER 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.12.5 Pier Cap Example
8.12.5.1 Flow of Forces and Truss Geometry
8.12.5.2 Forces in Assumed Truss
8.12.5.3 Bearing Stresses
8.12.5.4 Reinforcement for Tension Tie DE
8.12.5.5 Strut Capacities
8.12.5.6 Nodal Zone at Pier
8.12.5.7 Minimum Reinforcement for Crack Control
8.13
DETAILED METHODS OF TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS

8.13.1 Introduction
8.13.1.1 Properties of Concrete
8.13.1.1.1 Stress-Strain-Time Relationship
8.13.1.2 Effective Modulus
8.13.1.3 Age-Adjusted Effective Modulus
8.13.1.4 Properties of Prestressing Steel
8.13.1.5 Reduced Relaxation under Variable Strain
8.13.2 Analysis of Composite Cross-Sections
8.13.2.1 Initial Strains
8.13.2.2 Methods for Time-Dependent Cross-Section Analysis
8.13.2.2.1 Steps for Analysis
8.13.2.2.2 Example Calculations
8.13.3 Analysis of Composite Simple-Span Members
8.13.3.1 Relaxation of Strands Prior to Transfer
8.13.3.2 Transfer of Prestress Force
8.13.3.2.1 Example Calculation (at Transfer)
8.13.3.3 Creep, Shrinkage and Relaxation after Transfer
8.13.3.3.1 Example Calculation (after Transfer)
8.13.3.4 Placement of Cast-in-Place Deck
8.13.3.5 Creep, Shrinkage and Relaxation
8.13.3.6 Application of Superimposed Dead Load
8.13.3.7 Long-Term Behavior
8.13.4 Continuous Bridges
8.13.4.1 Effectiveness of Continuity
8.13.4.2 Applying Time-Dependent Effects
8.13.4.3 Methods of Analysis
8.13.4.3.1 General Method
8.13.4.3.2 Approximate Method
8.13.4.3.2.1 Restraint Moment Due to Creep
8.13.4.3.2.2 Restraint Moment Due to Differential Shrinkage
8.14
REFERENCES
JUL 03
8/14/03, 10:58 AM
8/14/03, 10:58 AM
CHAPTER 8
8.14 References
8.14
REFERENCES
1975 AASHTO Interim Specifications for Highway Bridges, Section 1.6.7 (B) Prestress Losses, Commentary and Example Applications, Precast/Prestressed Concrete
Institute, Chicago, IL, 1975
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, First Edition, American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1994
Abdel-Karim, A.M., and Tadros, M.K., Computer Analysis of Spliced Girder
Bridges, ACI Structural Journal, V. 90, No. 1, January-February 1993, pp. 21-31
ACI Committee 209, Prediction of Creep Shrinkage and Temperature Effects
in Concrete Structures, ACI 209R92, American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, MI, 1992
ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, ACI
318-95, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1995
ACI-ASCE Joint Committee 323, Tentative Recommendations for Prestressed
Concrete, ACI Journal, V. 54, 1958, pp. 545-1299
Badie, S.S., Baishya, M.C, and Tadros, M.K., NUDECK An Efficient and
Economical Precast Prestressed Bridge Deck System, PCI JOURNAL, Vol. 43,
No. 5, September-October 1998, pp. 56-74
Bakht, B., Jaeger, L.G., and Cheung, M.S., Transverse Shear in Multibeam Bridges,
Journal of Structural Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, V. 109, No. 4,
April 1983, pp. 936-949
Bazant, Z.P., Prediction of Concrete Creep Effects Using Age-Adjusted Effective
Modulus Method, ACI Journal, V. 69, No. 2, 1972, pp. 212-217
Birkeland, P.W., and Birkeland, H.,W., Connections in Precast Concrete
Construction, ACI Journal, V. 63, No. 3, March 1996, pp. 345-367
Branson, D.E., and Kripanarayanan, K.M., Loss of Prestress, Camber and Deflection
of Non-Composite and Composite Concrete Structures, PCI JOURNAL, V. 16,
No. 5, September-October 1971, pp. 22-52
Breen, J.E., Burdet, O., Roberts, C., Sanders, D. and Wollmann, G., Anchorage
Zone Reinforcement for Post-Tensioned Concrete Girders, NCHRP Report No.
356, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research
Board, Washington, DC, 1994, 204 pp.
Buckner, C. D., An Analysis of Transfer and Development Lengths for
Pretensioned Concrete Structures, Publication No. FHWA-RD-94-049, Federal
Highway Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA,
December 1994, 108 pp.
Buckner, C.D., A Review of Strand Development Length for Pretensioned
Concrete Members, PCI JOURNAL, V. 40, No. 2, March-April 1995, pp. 84-105
JUL 03
7017 Bridge Manual Ch 8.14
8/14/03, 1:08 PM
CHAPTER 8
8.14 References
Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings, CAN3-A23.3-M84, Canadian Standards

Association, Rexdale, ON, Canada, 1994
Collins, M.P., and Mitchell, D., Prestressed Concrete Structures, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1991, 766 pp.
Collins, M.P., and Mitchell, D., Shear and Torsion-Design of Prestressed and
Non-Prestressed Concrete Beams, PCI JOURNAL, V. 25, No. 5, SeptemberOctober 1980, pp. 32-100
Cousins, T., Johnston, D.W. and Zia, P., Bond of Epoxy Coated Prestressing
Strand, Publication No. FHWA/NC/87-005, Federal Highway Administration,
Washington, DC, December 1986
Design Supplement to Short-Span Bridges, Publication No. SSB-Z, Precast/Prestressed
Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL, 1985, 80 pp.
Devalapura, R.K., and Tadros, M.K., Critical Assessment of ACI 318 Eq. (18-3)
for Prestressing Steel Stress at Ultimate Flexure, ACI Structural Journal, V. 89, No.
5, September-October 1992-A, pp. 538-546
Devalapura, R.K., and Tadros, M.K., Stress-Strain Modeling of 270 ksi LowRelaxation Prestressing Strands, PCI JOURNAL, V. 37, No. 2, March-April 1992-B,
pp. 100-106
Dilger, W. H., Creep Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Structures using CreepTransformed Section Properties, PCI JOURNAL, V. 27, No. 1, January-February
1982, pp. 98-118
Dilger, W.H., Methods of Structural Creep Analysis, Z.P. Bazant and F.H.
Wittmann (Editors), Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures, John Wiley and
Sons Ltd., 1982
El-Remaily, A., Tadros, M. K., Yamane, T., and Krause, G., Transverse Design of
Adjacent Precast Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Bridge, PCI JOURNAL, V. 41,
No. 4, July-August 1996, pp. 96-113
Farrington, E.W., Creep and Shrinkage of High Performance Concrete, Master of
Science Thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, May 1996
Freyermuth, C.L., Design of Continuous Highway Bridges with Precast, Prestressed
Concrete Girders, PCI JOURNAL, V. 14, No. 2, April 1969, pp. 14-39
Gallt, J.G., Computer Program TDA: Time Dependent Analysis of Prestressed
Beam, Version 2.02, 1996
Gamble, W.L., Proposed Amendment to the AASHTO Standard Specifications
for Highway Bridges, Article 1.6.7(B), Prestressed Losses, Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, April 1972
JUL 03
8/14/03, 1:08 PM
CHAPTER 8
8.14 References
Gergely, P. and Sozen, M.A., Design of Anchorage Zone Reinforcement in

Prestressed Concrete Beams, PCI JOURNAL, V. 12, No. 2, March-April 1967,
pp. 63-75
Ghali, A., and Trevino, J., Relaxation of Steel in Prestressed Concrete, PCI
JOURNAL, V. 30, No. 5, September-October 1985, pp. 82-94
Ghali, A., Tadros, M.K., and Dilger, W.H., Accurate Evaluation of Time-Dependent
Deflection of Prestressed Concrete Frames, Deflections of Concrete Structures, SP-43,
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1974, pp. 357-375
Glodowski, R.J., and Lorenzetti, J.J., A Method for Predicting Prestress Losses in a
Prestressed Concrete Structure, PCI JOURNAL, V. 17, No. 2, March-April 1972,
pp. 17-31
Guyon, Y., Bton Prcontrainte etude Thorique et exprimentale, Editions Eyrolles,
Paris, 1951. Also available as Prestressed Concrete, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York, NY, 1960, two volumes, 1300 pp.
Hernandez, H.D., and Gamble, W.L., Time Dependent Prestress Losses in
Pretensioned Concrete Construction, Report No. 417, University of Illinois-Urbana,
IL, 1975
Hofbeck, J.A., Ibrahim, I.O., and Mattock, A.H., Shear Transfer in Reinforced
Concrete, ACI Journal, V. 66, No. 2, February 1969, pp. 119-128
Huo, X., Tadros, M.K. and Al-Omaishi, N., Creep Shrinkage and Modulus of
Elasticity of High Performance Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, V. 89, No. 6,
November-December 2001, pp. 429-439
Huo, X., and Tadros, M.K., Allowable Compressive Strength of Concrete at
Prestress Release, Problems & Solutions, PCI JOURNAL, V. 42, No. 1, JanuaryFebruary 1997-A, pp. 95-99
Huo, X., and Tadros, M.K., Application of High Performance Concrete in Bridge
Design, Problems & Solutions, PCI JOURNAL, V. 42, No. 1, January-February
1997-B, pg. 94
Huo, X. Time Dependent Analysis and Applications of High Performance
Concrete Bridges, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, 1997, 211 pp.
Imper, R.R., and Laszlo, G., Handling and Shipping of Long Span Bridge
Beams, PCI JOURNAL, V. 32, No. 6, November-December 1987, pp. 86-101
Kamel, M., Innovative Precast Concrete Composite Bridge Systems, Ph.D.
Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,
Omaha, NE, 1996
Kriz, L.B., and Raths, C.H., Connections in Precast Concrete Structures
Strength of Corbels, PCI JOURNAL, V. 10, No. 1, February 1965, pp. 16-61
JUL 03
8/14/03, 1:08 PM
CHAPTER 8
8.14 References
Kumar, N. V., and Ramirez, J. A., Interface Horizontal Shear Strength in

Composite Decks with Precast Concrete Panels, PCI JOURNAL, V. 41, No. 2,
March-April 1996, pp. 42-55
Lane, S. N., A New Development Length Equation for Pretensioned Strands in
Bridge Beams and Piles, Publication No. FHWA-RD-98-116, Federal Highway
Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA,
December 1998, 127 pp.
Loov, E.R., and Patnaik, A.K, Horizontal Shear Strength of Composite Concrete
Beams With a Rough Interface, PCI JOURNAL, V. 39, No. 1, January-February
1994, pp. 48-69, and also Reader Comments, PCI JOURNAL, V. 39, No. 5,
September-October 1994, pp. 106-109
Ma, Z. (John), Saleh, M., and Tadros, M.K., Shear Design of Stemmed Bridge
Members - How Complex Should It Be? Problems & Solutions, PCI JOURNAL, V.
42, No. 5, September-October 1997, pp. 88-93
Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges, American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1994
Martin, L. D., A Rational Method for Estimating Camber and Deflection of
Precast Prestressed Members, PCI JOURNAL, V. 22, No. 1, January-February
1977, pp. 100-108
Mast, R.F., Auxiliary Reinforcement in Concrete Connections, ASCE Journal, V. 94,
No. ST6, June 1968, pp. 1485-1504
Mast, R.F., Unified Design Provisions for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
Flexural and Compression Members, ACI Structural Journal, V. 89, No. 2,
March-April 1992, pp. 185-199
Mast, R.F., Lateral Stability of Long Prestressed Concrete Beams-Part 1, PCI
JOURNAL, V. 34, No. 1, January-February 1989, pp. 34-53
Mast, R.F., Lateral Stability of Long Prestressed Concrete Beams-Part 2, PCI
JOURNAL, V. 38, No. 1, January-February 1993, pp. 70-88
Mattock, A.H., Anchorage of Stirrups in a Thin Cast-in-Place Topping, PCI
JOURNAL, V. 32, No. 6, November-December 1987, pp. 70-85
Mattock, A.H., Precast-Prestressed Concrete Bridges 5: Creep and Shrinkage
Studies, Bulletin D46, Development Department, Research and Development
Laboratories, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, May 1961, 36 pp.
Mattock, A. H., Shear Transfer in Concrete Having Reinforcement at an Angle to
the Shear Plane, Shear in Reinforced Concrete, ACI Special Publication SP-42, V. 1,
American Concrete Insititute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1974, pp. 17-42
Nilson, A.H., High-Strength Concrete An Overview of Cornell Research,
Proceedings of the Symposium Utilization of High Strength Concrete, Stavanger,
Norway, June 1987, Tapir, Trondheim, pp. 27-38
JUL 03
8/14/03, 1:08 PM
CHAPTER 8
8.14 References
Oesterle, R.G., Glikin, J.D., and Larson, S.C., Design of Precast Prestressed
Bridge Girders Made Continuous, NCHRP Report No. 322, National
Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington,
DC, 1989
Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code, Ministry of Transportation of Ontario,
Downsview, ON, Canada, 1992
Pang, J.P., Allowable Compressive Stresses for Prestressed Concrete, Master of
Science Thesis, The University of Oklahoma, May 1997, 178 pp.
PCI Bridge Producers Committee, Recommended Practice for Precast Prestressed
Concrete Composite Bridge Deck Panels, PCI JOURNAL, V. 33, No. 2, MarchApril 1988, pp. 67-109
PCI Committee on Prestress Losses, Recommendations for Estimating Prestress
Losses, PCI JOURNAL, V. 20, No. 4, July-August 1975, pp. 43-75
PCI Design Handbook, Fourth Edition, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute,
Chicago, IL, 1992, 528 pp.
Prestressed Concrete Manual, Illinois Department of Transportation, Bureau of
Bridges and Structures, Springfield, IL
Proposed Amendment to the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,
Article 1.6.7(B)-Prestress Losses, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Illinois-Urbana, Urbana, IL, Unpublished, 1972
Ralls, M.L., Proceedings of the High Performance Concrete Regional Showcase,
Omaha, NE, November 18-20, 1996
Russell, B.W., and Burns, N.H., Design Guidelines for Transfer, Development
and Debonding of Large Diameter Seven Wire Strands in Pretensioned
Concrete Girders, Research Report 1210-5F, Project 3-5-89/2-1210, Center for
Transportation Research, Bureau of Engineering Research, The University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, Texas, January 1993
Russell, B.W., and Burns, N.H., Fatigue Tests on Prestressed Concrete Beams
With Debonded Strands, PCI JOURNAL, V. 39, No. 6, November-December
1994-A, pp. 70-88
Russell, B.W., and Burns, N.H., Predicting the Bond Behavior of Prestressed
Concrete Beams Containing Debonded Strands, PCI JOURNAL, V. 39, No. 5,
September-October 1994-B, pp. 60-77
Schlaich, J., Schafer, K., and Jennewein, N., Towards a Consistent Design of
Reinforced Structural Concrete, PCI JOURNAL, V. 32, No. 3, May-June 1987,
pp. 74-150
Seguirant, S.J., New Deep WSDOT Standard Sections Extend Spans of
Prestressed Concrete Girders, PCI JOURNAL, V. 43, No. 4, July-August 1998,
pp. 92-119
JUL 03
8/14/03, 1:08 PM
CHAPTER 8
8.14 References
Shahawy, M., A Critical Evaluation of the AASTHO Provisions for Strand

Development Length of Prestressed Concrete Members, PCI JOURNAL, Vol. 46,
No. 4, July/August 2001, pp. 94-117
Skogman, B.C., Tadros, M.K., and Grasmick, R., Flexural Strength of Prestressed
Concrete Members, PCI JOURNAL, V. 33, No. 5, September-October 1988,
pp. 96-123
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th Edition, American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 2000
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 1979 Interim Revisions, American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1979
Tadros, M.K., Ghali, A., and Dilger, W.H., Effects of Non-Prestressed Steel on
Prestress Loss and Deflection, PCI JOURNAL, V. 22, No. 2, March-April 1977-A,
pp. 50-63
Tadros, M.K., Ghali, A., and Dilger, W.H., Time-Dependent Analysis of
Composite Frames, American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Structural
Division, V. 103, No. 4, April 1977-B, pp. 871-884
Tadros, M.K., Ghali, A., and Dilger, W.H., Time-Dependent Prestress Loss and
Deflection in Prestressed Concrete Members, PCI JOURNAL, V. 20, No. 3,
May-June 1975, pp. 86-98
Tadros, M.K., Ghali, A., and Meyer, A.W., Prestress Loss and Deflection of Precast
Concrete Members, PCI JOURNAL, V. 30, No. 1, January-February 1985, pp.
114-141
Tadros, M.K., Proceedings of the High Performance Concrete Regional
Showcase, Omaha, NE, November 18-20, 1996
Tadros, M.K., Rapid Replacement of Bridge Decks, NCHRP Report No. 407,
National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board,
Washington, DC, 1998
Vechio, F.J., and Collins, M.P., Modified Compression Field Theory for
Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear, ACI Structural Journal, V. 83,
No. 2, March-April 1986, pp. 219-231
Yamane, T., Tadros, M.K., Badie, S.S. and Baishya, M.C., Full-Depth Precast
Prestressed Concrete Bridge Deck System, PCI Journal, Vol. 43, No. 3, May-June
1998, pp. 50-67
Yehia, S., Einea, A., and Tadros, M.K., Lap Splice in Confined Concrete, ACI
Structural Journal, Vol. 96, No. 6, November-December 1999, pp. 947-955
Zia, P., Preston, H. K., Scott, N. L., and Workman, E. B., Estimating Prestress
Losses, Concrete International, June 1979, pp. 32-38
JUL 03
8/14/03, 1:08 PM

MNL-133-97 ch8 14

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

MNL-133-97 ch8 14

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

CHAPTER 8

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

AASHTO SPECIFICATION REFERENCES

PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES OF PRESTRESSING

7017 Bridge Man Ch 8 TOC

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

STRAND TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS

7017 Bridge Man Ch 8 TOC

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

HORIZONTAL INTERFACE SHEAR

7017 Bridge Man Ch 8 TOC

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

CAMBER AND DEFLECTION

DECK SLAB DESIGN

7017 Bridge Man Ch 8 TOC

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

TRANSVERSE DESIGN OF ADJACENT BOX BEAM BRIDGES

7017 Bridge Man Ch 8 TOC

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

LATERAL STABILITY OF SLENDER MEMBERS

7017 Bridge Man Ch 8 TOC

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

DETAILED METHODS OF TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS

7017 Bridge Man Ch 8 TOC

7017 Bridge Man Ch 8 TOC

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

DESIGN THEORY AND PROCEDURE

7017 Bridge Manual Ch 8.14

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

DESIGN THEORY AND PROCEDURE

Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings, CAN3-A23.3-M84, Canadian Standards

7017 Bridge Manual Ch 8.14

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

DESIGN THEORY AND PROCEDURE

Gergely, P. and Sozen, M.A., Design of Anchorage Zone Reinforcement in

7017 Bridge Manual Ch 8.14

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

DESIGN THEORY AND PROCEDURE

Kumar, N. V., and Ramirez, J. A., Interface Horizontal Shear Strength in

7017 Bridge Manual Ch 8.14

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

DESIGN THEORY AND PROCEDURE

7017 Bridge Manual Ch 8.14

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL

DESIGN THEORY AND PROCEDURE

Shahawy, M., A Critical Evaluation of the AASTHO Provisions for Strand

7017 Bridge Manual Ch 8.14

Você também pode gostar