Contents

Introduction

11

1. Thermodynamics: the basis of energy analysis

15

2. What is energy use?

25

3. Energy services and energy demand

45

What is energy analysis?

Energy systems
What can be expected in this book?
1.1 The first law of thermodynamics
1.2 Energy and enthalpy
1.3 The second law of thermodynamics
1.4 Exergy
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises Chapter 1

2.1 Units of energy

2.2 Power
2.3 What are energy carriers?
2.4 Higher and lower heating value of fuels
2.5 Accounting energy use of individual energy users
2.6 Energy balances and energy statistics
2.7 Primary energy
2.8 Energy use or energy consumption?
2.9 Load factors and load duration curves
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises Chapter 2
3.1 Energy functions / energy services
3.2 Energy use in buildings
3.3 Energy use in manufacturing industry
3.4 Energy use in transportation
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises Chapter 3

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Introduction to Energy Analysis

4. Energy extraction and conversion

69

5. Energy markets

89

4.1 Non-renewable energy sources

4.2 Reserves and resources
4.3 Renewable energy sources and conversion
4.4 Electricity production conventional power plants
4.5 Combined generation of heat and power
4.6 Transmission and distribution of electricity and natural gas
4.7 Refineries
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises Chapter 4
5.1 Oil and oil products
5.2 Coal
5.3 Natural gas
5.4 Electricity - planning and operational dispatch
5.5 Electricity markets
5.6 Heat markets
5.7 Price elasticities
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises Chapter 5

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6. Energy in the social context

101

7. Energy analysis and energy management

113

6.1 Energy and economy

6.2 Social aspects of energy use
6.3 Environmental and resource aspects of energy use
6.4 Sustainable development
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises Chapter 6
7.1 Energy analysis of energy users
7.2 Degree-days
7.3 Exergy analysis
7.4 Pinch analysis
7.5 Energy management
7.6 Beyond energy management
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises Chapter 7

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8. Analysis of energy chains

131

9. Life-cycle energy analysis

145

10. Measuring energy efficiency and energy intensity

171

11. Methods for the analysis of energy technologies

191

8.1 General approach to energy chain analysis

8.2 Accuracy
8.3 Allocation in the electricity sector
8.4 Allocation in multi-output processes
8.5 Emission factors
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises Chapter 8
9.1 The systematic approach in environmental life-cycle assessment
9.2 Process energy analysis
9.3 Input-output energy analysis
9.4 Hybrid methods of process and input-output analysis
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises Chapter 9
10.1 What is energy efficiency?
10.2 Options for improving energy efficiency
10.3 Energy efficiency indicators
10.4 Examples of energy efficiency indicators
10.5 Monetary energy intensity
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises Chapter 10

11.1 General approach to the analysis of energy technologies

11.2 Technology characterization
11.3 Principles of cost-benefit analysis: net present value
11.4 Cost-benefit analysis: the private perspective
11.5 Cost-benefit analysis: the social perspective
11.6 Scale laws and learning curves
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises Chapter 11

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Introduction to Energy Analysis

12. Determining potentials

209

13. Volume, structure and energy efficiency

221

14. Building energy scenarios

231

15. Policies for efficient energy use and renewable energy

241

Appendix 1. List of abbreviations

255

Appendix 2. Unit conversion factors

256

12.1 Different types of potentials

12.2 Reference levels
12.3 Cost-supply curves
12.4 Methods to determine potentials
12.5 Techno-economic analysis
12.6 Problems with the concept of potentials
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises chapter 12
13.1 Volume, structure and energy efficiency
13.2 Decomposition of volume, structure and energy efficiency
13.3 Econometric analysis
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises chapter 13
14.1 The scenario approach
14.2 Modelling approaches for energy demand
14.3 Modelling approaches for energy supply
14.4 Pitfalls of the scenario approach
14.5 An overview of some scenarios
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises chapter 14
15.1 Barriers for energy efficiency improvement
15.2 Policy instruments
15.3 Policy instruments in the area of energy
15.4 Energy policy evaluation
Further reading
Final achievement levels
Exercises chapter 15

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