ET0717 : NETWORK SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 1 : Exploring the Network

Peer-to-Peer Networking (P2P)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Easy to set up
No centralized administrator
Less complexity
Not as secure
Lower cost
(server & network devices not
Not scalable
required)
For simple task
All devices act as both clients & servers
(transfer files & sharing printers)
(slow performance)
Network infrastructure
End devices

Intermediary Network
Devices

Network media
Network Interface Card
(NIC)
Interface
Local-area network
(LAN)
Wide-area network
(WAN)
Metropolitan-area
network (MAN)
Storage-area network
(SAN)
Digital Subscriber line
(DSL)
Dedicated leased line
Metro Ethernet
DSL (ADSL & SDSL)
Converged Network
Fault Tolerance
Circuit-switched

devices, media and service

Computers, TelePresence endpoints, CCTV
originate the data that flows through the network
interface between humans and the communication
network
Network access (switches & wireless access points),
internetworking (routers), security (firewalls)
direct data along alternate pathways when there is a
link failure
filter the flow of data, based on security settings.
Fiber optic, Wireless, Copper
provides the physical connection to the network at the
host device
specialized ports on an internetworking device that
connect to individual networks
Provides access to users and end device in a small
area
Provides access to other networks over a wide area
WAN>MAN>LAN, large organization
Support file servers
Provide high bandwidth, always-on Internet
connection, requires a high-speed modem that
separates the DSL signal from the telephone signal
Reserved circuits that connect geographically
separated offices for private voice/data networking
From a provider to the customers
symmetric DSL, same upload and download speed
asymmetric DSL, different speed
a single network channel capable of delivering
multiple communication forms
Limits the impact of a failure, allows quick recovery
when failure occurs
Only one path is selected and this path takes place all

ET0717 : NETWORK SYSTEM DESIGN

connection-oriented
networks
Packet-Switched
Networks

Quality of Service (QoS)

Congestion Network
Queuing
Time-sensitive
communication
Non-time-sensitive
communication
High importance to
communication
Undesirable
communication
Data integrity
Bring Your Own Device
(BYOD)
Cloud Computing
Powerline Networking
Wireless ISP (WISP)
Access control lists (ACL)
Intrusion prevention
systems (IPS)

communication
The premise for this type of network is that a single
message can be broken into multiple messages
blocks, with each message block containing
addressing information to indicate the origination
point and final destination
Ever-increasing requirement of networks to create
higher expectations
state of a network when the demand on the network
resources exceeds the available capacity
New packets cannot be transmitted until previous
packets have been processed
Increase priority for service like telephony
Decrease priority for web page retrieval
Increase priority for production control
Decrease priority or block unwanted activity (P2P file
sharing)
Having the assurance that the information has not
been altered in transmission
the trend of end users being able to use their personal
devices to access the business network and resources
Use of computer resource (hardware & software) that
are delivered as a service over a network
Emerging trend for home networking that uses
existing electrical wiring to connect devices (no new
wires)
ISP that connects subscribers to a designated access
point using wireless tech found in WLAN
To further filter access and traffic forwarding
To identify fast-spreading threats

ET0717 : NETWORK SYSTEM DESIGN

CHAPTER 2 : CONFIGURING A NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

Cisco Internetwork
Operating System (IOS)
Command-line interface
(CLI)
Graphical user interface
(GUI)
Console
Telnet
Secure Shell (SSH)
AUX
User EXEC mode
Privileged EXEC mode

Global configuration
mode
Other configuration
modes
Interface mode
Line mode
Prompt > Command >
Space >
Keyword/Argument
Down arrow
Up arrow
Tab
Ctrl-A
Ctrl-E

Generic term for the collection of network operating

systems used on Cisco networking device
Text-based environment by entering commands
System based on graphical images, multimedia and
text
Accessible even if no networking services
Should be configured with passwords to prevent
unauthorized devices access
Require active networking services
Provide stronger password
Older way to establish CLI, not required any
networking services
Limited examination of router. Remote access.
(Router>)
Detailed examination of router (Router#)
Debugging and testing
File manipulation
Remote access
Global configuration commands (Router (config)# )
Specific service or interface configurations (Router
(config-mode)#)
To configure one of the network interfaces
(Fa,Gi,Te,S0/0/0)
To configure one of the physical or virtual lines
(console, AUX, VTY)
Switch> // ping // // 192.168.1.1

Scoll forward
Scoll backward
Completes the remainder
Moves to the beginning of the line
Moves to the end of the line

ET0717 : NETWORK SYSTEM DESIGN

Ctrl-R / Ctrl-I / Ctrl-L
Ctrl-Z
Ctrl-C
Ctrl-Shift-6
Backspace
Ctrl-D
Ctrl-K
Esc-D
Ctrl-X / Ctrl-U
Ctrl-W
Esc-F
Spacebar
Enter

Redisplays the line

Exits the configuration & returns to user EXEC
Exits the configuration / aborts the current command
Allows user to interrupt an IOS process such as ping or
traceroute
Erases the character to the left of the cursor
Erases the character at the cursor
Erases all characters from the cursor to the end
Erases all characters to end of the word
Erases all characters to the beginning of the
command line
Erases the word to the left of the cursor
Move cursor forward one word to the right
Display next screen
Display the next line

CHAPTER 3 : NETWORK PROTOCOLS AND COMMUNICATIONS

Communication
Protocols

Source > Destination > Channel

Message Encoding
Message formatting and encapsulation
Message size
Message timing
Message delivery options
The process of placing one message format (the
letter) inside another message format (the envelope)

Encapsulation

Destinati
on
(Physical
Address)

Source
(Physical
Address)

Frame Addressing

Start Flag
(Start of
message
indicator)

Sender
(source
identifier)

Encapsul
ated Data
(bits)

End of
Frame
(end of
message
indicator)

Encapsulated Message

Segmenting
Access method
Flow Control
Response timeout
Unicast
Multicast
Broadcast

Recipient
(destinati
on
identifier)

The size restriction frames require the source host to

break a lone message into individual pieces that meet
both the minimum and maximum size requirements
Determines when someone is able to send a message
Negotiate correct timing for successful
communication
Does not have response within an acceptance amount
of time
One-to-one
One-to-selected group
One-to-many

ET0717 : NETWORK SYSTEM DESIGN

Protocol Suite
Proprietary
Post Office Protocol v3
(POP3)
File Transfer Protocol
(FTP)

A group of inter-related protocols necessary to

perform a communication function
One company or vendor controls the definition of the
protocol
Retrieve email from a mail server
Sets rules that enable a user on one host to access &
transfer files

Application layer
Transport layer
Internet layer
Network Access layer

DNS, BOOTP, DHCP, SMTP, POP, IMAP, FTP, TFTP, HTTP

UDP, TCP
IP, NAT, ICMP, OSPF, EIGRP
ARP, PPP, Ethernet, Interface Drivers

Internet Society (ISOC)

Promoting open development, evolution and internet

use
Overall management and development of Internet
standards
Develop, update and maintain Internet and TCP/IP
technologies
Create and maintain the standards affecting a wide
range of industries

Internet Architecture
(IAB)
Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF)
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
(IEEE)
International
Organization (ISO)
Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN)
Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority
(IANA)
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical

Application

Published the OSI reference model

Creates policies and has overall responsibility for
these assignments
Overseeing and managing IP address allocation,
domain name management and protocol identifiers
Provides the means for end-to-end connectivity
between individuals
Provides common representation of the data
transferred
Provides services to the presentation layer to organize
its dialogue and to manage data exchange
Defines services to exchange the individual pieces of
data
Provides services to exchange the individual pieces of
data
Methods for exchanging data frames
Mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural
means to activate, maintain and deactivate physical
connection for bit transmission
Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog

ET0717 : NETWORK SYSTEM DESIGN

Transport
Internet
Network Access
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame
Bits
Data-link address
Physical address
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Upper Layers

control
Supports communication between diverse devices
Determines the best path through the network
Controls the hardware devices and media
The general term for the PDU used at application
layer
Transport layer PDU
Internet later PDU
Network access layer PDU
A PDU used when physically transmitting data over
the medium
Deliver the data-link frame from one network
interface to another network interface
Known as burned-in address
Network addresses and Data Link Addresses
Timing and synchronization bits
Destination and source physical addresses
Destination and source logical network addresses
Destination and source process number (ports)
Encoded application data

ET0717 : NETWORK SYSTEM DESIGN

Manchester encoding
Nonreturn to zero (NRZ)
Bandwidth
Throughput

Electromagnetic
interference (EMI)
Radio frequency
interference (RFI)
Crosstalk

0 = high-to-low voltage transition

1 = low-to-high voltage transition
0 = 1 voltage level
1 = different voltage
Capacity of a medium to carry data
Measure of the transfer of bits across the media over
a given period of time.
Factor : The amount of traffic, type of traffic, the
latency
Can distort and corrupt the data signals being carried
by copper media
Disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields

Unshielded Twisted-Pair
Cable (UTP)

Twisting of wires helps protect against signal

interference

Shielded Twisted-Pair
Cable (STP)

Provides better noise protection than UTP & More

expensive
Shielding to counter EMI and RFI & wire crossing to
counter crosstalk

Coaxial Cable
Cancellation

Surrounded by a layer of plastic insulation

Two wires placed close together can cancel out any
outside EMI and RFI
Voice communication, phone lines
Data transmission, 100Mbps , e for 1000Mbps, 568
standard
Data transmission, 1000Mbps to 10Gbps, 568
standard
Data transmission, individual pairs wrapped in a
shield
The most common type, interconnect a host to a
switch
Uncommon cable, interconnect similar devices
Connect to a router or switch console port

Category 3 cable (UTP)

Category 5 and 5e
cable(UTP)
Category 6 cable (UTP)
Category 7 cable (ScTP)
Ethernet straightthrough
Ethernet crossover
Rollover
T568A

T568B

ET0717 : NETWORK SYSTEM DESIGN

Fiber optic

Cladding
Single-mode fiber (SMF)
Multimode fiber (MMF)

Enterprise networks : backbone cabling applications

FTTH & access networks : home and small businesses
Long-haul networks : connect countries and cities
Submarine networks : high-capacity, high speed,
undersea
The glass surrounds the core and acts as a mirror
Consist of a very small core and uses expensive laser
to send a single ray of light
Consist of a larger core and uses LED emitters to send
light pulses
Older bayonet style connector
LAN and WAN, push-pull mechanism

Straight-tip (ST)
Subscriber connector
(SC)
Lucent connector (LC)
Little connector, smaller size
Misalignment
Not precisely aligned to one another when joined
End gap
Do not completely touch at the splice
End finish
Not well polished or dirt
is present
UTP Cabling
Fiber-Optic
Cabling
Bandwidth
10Mbps 10Gbps
10Mbps 10Gbps
Distance
Relatively short (1-100m) Relatively high (1WiFi
IEEE 802.11 standard,>100,000m)
Bluetooth
3Mb/s
Immunity
to EMI and RFI
Low IEEE 802.15 standard,High
WiMAX
IEEE
802.16
standard,
1Gb/s
Immunity to electrical
Low
High
hazards
IEEEconnector
802.11a
5 GHz
No backward
Media and
Lowest54 Mbps
Highest
11 Mbps
2.4 GHz
No backward
costs IEEE 802.11b
IEEEskills
802.11g
2.4 GHz
802.11b
Installation
required Lowest54 Mbps
Highest
IEEE
802.11n
600
Mbps,
2.4
GHz
or
5
GHz
802.11a/b/g
Safety precautions
Lowest
Highest
IEEE 802.11ac
1.3 Gbps
2.4 GHz and 5
802.11a/b/g/n
GHz
IEEE 802.11ad
7 Gbps
2.4 GHz, 5 GHz,
802.11a/b/g/n/ac
60GHz
Data Link Sublayer
Logical Link Control
(LLC)
Media Access Control
(MAC)
Header
Data
Trailer

defines the software processes that provide services

to the network layer protocols
defines the media access processes performed by the
hardware
Contains control information, beginning of the PDU
Contains the IP header, transport layer header,
application data
Contains control information for error detection added
to the end of PDU

ET0717 : NETWORK SYSTEM DESIGN