Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
By :
Fatahalani Rizkika
B1K014017
Tuti Alawiyah
B1K014003
B1K014025
Group
:I
Sub Group
:4
Assistant
: Latifah Ambarwati
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Various chemicals deemed to have good prospects for controlling weeds, but
the effectiveness of a herbicide that is used depends on the type and dose of herbicide
that is a given as well as the size of the environmental influences (Akobundu, 1987).
The use of herbicides as a weed has positive and negative effects. The positive effect
is the weeds can be controlled within a relatively short time and cover large areas.
Danger of erosion and damage plant roots do not have to worry about mindless and
dead weeds by herbicides cover the surface of the soil. As for the negative impact of
the use of herbicides is damaging crops, therefore its use should be careful. Misuse
can harm the environment, cultivated plants and even humans (Umiyati, 2005).
Herbicides are used as one means of controlling foreign plants. Generally
herbicides work by interfering with the process of anabolism important compounds
such as starch, fatty acids or amino acids through the competition with a compound
that is normal in the process. Herbicides be a competitor because it has a similar
structure and be kosubstrat recognized by the enzyme to be targeted. Another way of
working is to disrupt the balance of the production of chemicals needed plants (Noor,
1987).
Organizing grow is organic non nutrient compounds in small amounts can
support, slows and can alter the process of plant physiology. The concept of
organizing grow begin with the concept of plant hormone. Plant hormone is the
compound of organic compounds that plants in low concentration affect
physiological processes. The process of physiological process is mainly about the
growth process, differentiation and development of plants. Other processes such as
introduction of plants, opening stomata, translocation being produced and absorbed
nutrient influenced by the plant hormone (Abidin, 1985).
Organizing grow (ZPT) is organic compounds not plants nutrition in small
quantities or low concentration will stimulate and make modifications in qualitative
research the growth and development of plants. Thus it could be said that all of the
hormone is substance officers grow but not vice versa because ZPT can be created or
is synthesised by human beings but not hormone. The Meaning of the ZPT here is
2.4-D, 2.4-S-T, IBA, NAA and others. Organizing grow in high doses can be used as
herbicides. Herbicides are chemical compounds that can be used to overcome the
vegetation especially on agricultural land. The benefits of the use of herbicides is
able to control the weeds before interrupting the plants and aquaculture, prevent
damage to the roots of plant aquaculture and more effective in killing weeds annual
(Chairul et al. 2000).
Herbicides is one of the types of pesticide products that function to control
weeds. The sense of weeds can be defined as all kinds of plants that are considered
interrupting or harm the interests of humans so that man tries to control them. The
interests of human beings is very diverse, can be reviewed in terms of the economy,
aesthetics, health and the environment. Thus, problem weeds are not only found on
the aquaculture business crops, but also in other aspects of life such as the settlement,
the cleanliness of the streets, places of sport and others (Chairul et al. 2000).
B. Objectives
The purpose of Plant Physiology practicum II of herbicides is to determine
the effect of various concentration of 2.4-D as herbicides.
for
example Limnocharis
flava, Monochoria
vaginalis, Salvinia
mixture
of
herbicides
can
increase
control
spectrum
herbicides. Mixture herbisisda dose with the active ingredient glyphosate will turn
off the weeds with the way impede the path biosintesa amino acids. Herbicides with
the active ingredient 2.4-D will impede the growth of weeds with speed up the
respiration, this caused to the two active ingredients can accelerate the death of
Type Herbicides based on media type or line application according Rukmana (1999)
namely:
1. Foliar Applications
Herbicides were applied through the canopy of leaves or weeds. Herbicides
are included in this group are growing herbicide post. The herbicide was applied
when the weeds have grown. Examples of post-growing herbicide is glyphosate,
paraquat, glufusinat and propanol.
2. Soil Application
Herbicides were applied through the land, whether carried out by spraying on
the soil surface or mixed with soil. Herbicides were applied through the soil directed
to control weeds before the weeds grow. Examples of this herbicide is diuron,
bromacil, oksadiazon, oksifluorfen, ametrin, butaklor and metsulfuron methyl.
Types of herbicides based on the type of herbicide translocation in plants,
according Rukmana (1999) namely:
1. Herbicides Contact (not translocated)
Contact herbicide to control weeds by killing weeds parts directly affected by
the herbicide. Personality is not translocated herbicides or weed is not flow in the
body. If many organs affected weed herbicides, then the better the workings of
herbicides. Examples of selective contact herbicide that berisifat namely
oksifluorfen, oksadiazon and propanol, as well as most others are non-selective
herbicides such as paraquat and glufosinate.
2. Systemic herbicides (translocated)
Systemic herbicides are herbicides that are drawn to the site of first contact
with the herbicide to other sections, it will usually lead to the growing point because
the piece is the most active plant metabolism. Herbicides of this type can be applied
through the canopy and through the soil. Examples of herbicide through the canopy
that is herbicide glyphosate, sulfosat and esters. Examples of herbicide through the
land, namely, ametrin herbicide, atrazine, Metribuzin and diuron.
A. Material
The tools used in this practicum is the measuring cup, batang stirrer, sprayer,
erlenmayer, magnetic stirer and a ruler.
The material used in the hands-on labs is the solution 2.4-D with
the concentration of 0 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, 2000 ppm, akuades and weeds.
B. Method
1. Prepare plastic bags filled with soil and herbiside plant.
2. Create 2.4-D solution with concentration of 0 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, and
3000 ppm.
3. Once the plants looking fresh and has been able to adapt to the new
environment, spray 2,4 D on every plastic bag, as much as 50 cc.
4. Observe the daily state of broadleaf weeds and narrow-leaved weed after
spraying
A. Results
Table 1 Herbicides Observation
Weed type
2,4D
Week 0
Week 1
Week 2
concentration
Wide leaf
0 ppm
weeds
1000 ppm
1500 ppm
2000 ppm
Narrow leaf
0 ppm
weeds
1000 ppm
1500 ppm
2000 ppm
Description:
1. Herbicides spraying treatment for 2 weeks
2. Starting number = amount before treatment
3. End number = amount after treatment
4. Counting amount of weeds will be done after 14 days observation
Freedom
degrees (fd)
3
1
3
32
39
Total square
(tk)
1.7
10
9.4
34.8
55.9
Description:
NS
: non-Significant
: Significant
**
: Very Significant
Central square
(ct)
0.566666667
10
3.133333333
1.0875
F count
notation
0.521072797
9.195402299
2.881226054
ns
**
ns
F table
0.05
0.01
2.92
4.51
4.17
7.56
2.92
4.51
Rata-rata
0.8
1.4
1.6
1.6
NS
: Significant
: non-Significant
1.2
1.4
2
2.4
Treatment
: Very Significant
Description:
**
ns
ns
ns
0.4
0.6
1.2
1.6
0
0
ns
ns
*
*
ns
ns
0.4
0.6
1.2
1.6
ns
ns
*
*
ns
0
0.2
0.2
ns
ns
*
*
ns
ns
ns
ns
0.6
0.8
1.4
1.8
*
*
*
*
ns
ns
ns
*
0
0.2
0.8
1.2
ns
ns
ns
0
0.6
1
ns
ns
0
0.4
ns
Week 0
Figure 1. 0 ppm
Week 1
Figure 5. 0 ppm
Week 2
Figure 9. 0 ppm
B. Discussion
Based on this lab activity observation result we know that the effect of
herbicides 2,4-D in narrow leaf weeds and wide leaf weeds with different
concentration only significant affecting the wide leaf weeds (*) while the narrow leaf
weeds data show not-significant result. This result are correlated with Barus (2003)
statement which said that herbicides will work more efficient against plant that not
desired such as weeds. Herbicides 2,4-D is systematic herbicides which active to
prevent wide leaf weeds.
Herbicides pesticides is one that serves to control weeds. for the purposes of
control, weeds can be divided into 3 groups. 1) broad-leaved weeds, such as Boreria
alata, Chromolaena odorata, Mikania sp, Ipomoea cairica, Lasia spinosa. 2) narrowleaved weeds (grasses group), such as Axonopus, Paspalum, Panicum repens, Coix
lachrymal-Jobi, Digitaria ciliaris. 3) class of puzzles, such as Cyperus rotundus,
Cyperus kilinga, Cyperus iris, Cyperus pilosus, Cyperus distans. In general,
broadleaf weed is a plant into pieces two, although there also were dashed one.
Broadleaf weed has the characteristics of wide leaf shapes and plant grows upright or
spreading. Narrow-leaved weeds have the following typical characteristics: ribbonlike leaves, jointed stems of plants, the plants grow upright or spreading, and has
midrib and leaf blade. Weeds tekian kind of puzzle-like narrow-leaved weeds, but
has a triangular-shaped rods (Barus, 2003).
According Wudianto (1990), based on the target field that is where the herbicide was
applied, herbicides are classified into two groups, namely:
1) Herbicides were applied to the soil
Generally work by inhibiting the germination of weeds or kill the weed seeds
that are still in the ground and are generally sprayed before the weeds grow.
2) Herbicides were applied to the leaves of weeds.
Herbicides were applied directly to the leaves of weeds must have been grown.
Herbicides used herbicide post-grow.
According Barus (2003) The motion on the target of weeds, herbicides can also
be divided into the following two groups.
5. Herbicides contact (non-systemic), namely herbicides that kill weeds network
network directly affected by the herbicide and do not translocated within the
plant tissue, so it can only kill weeds parts that are above ground.
6. Systemic herbicides, the herbicides that can get into the plant tissue and
translocated to other plant parts. Therefore, it is a systemic herbicide network is
capable of killing weeds in the soil (roots, rhizomes, tubers).
Based on the selectivity of the herbicide weed divided into several kinds, according
Barus (2003) are :
1. Selective Herbicides, namely herbicides that kill weeds just do not eradicate
other plants that 2,41D example selective herbicide to kill weeds broadleaf and
narrow. 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2-4) is a selective herbicide, with
highest toxicity to broadleafplants, used around houses, garden, in agricultural
and forestly (Gehan et al., 2012).
2. Herbsida non-selective, ie herbicides to eradicate all the plants are not only
undesirable plants existence (weeds), for example, the herbicide glyphosate.
Selective herbicide which can be used to control broadleaf weeds, group puzzles,
and some types of grass. The advantages of this selective herbicide is not harmful to
some of the main species recommended on the label. So, using a full-grown
herbicide that is selective, we can turn off the weeds without having to worry staple
crops damaged by herbicide sprays (Abidin, 1985).
Herbicides have two different ways of working, the contact herbicides and
systemic herbicides. Tillage or revocation of weeds after spraying of herbicides is not
recommended, because it can reduce its effectiveness. Tillage will disconnect
between the canopy and the roots of weeds, so herbicides can not reach the roots of
weeds. If tillage is done at the time of the systemic herbicide is not to turn off the
rhizome or stolon, weeds will grow from the rhizome or stolon interrupted (Novizan,
2007).
Deadly weed herbicides in various ways. Effects of herbicides against weeds as
follows (Hance, 1987):
1. Herbicides that affect respiration of weeds.
2. Herbicides weed that affects the photosynthesis process.
3. Herbicides inhibiting germination.
4. Herbicides that have an effect on amino acids.
5. Herbicides that affect lipid metabolism.
6. Herbicides that works as a hormone.
2.
The result of this practice show that by the given of herbicide contineouslly can
decrese the amount of weeds. The optimum concentration is 3000 ppm and the
rest of leaf that small amount is narrow-leaved weeds while broadleaf weeds die
first.
B. Suggestion
Should be facilitated in the data collection method so that is not scattered in
the group.
REFERENCES
Abidin, Z. 1985. Dasar-dasar Pengetahuan Tentang Zat Pengatur Tumbuh. Angkasa,
Bandung.
Akobundu, I. O. 1987. Weed Science In The Tropics Principles and Practices. Wiley.
Interscience Publication. New York.
Barus, E. 2003. Pengendalian Gulma di Perkebunan. Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
Chairul, S. M., Mulyadi dan Idawati. 2000. Translokasi herbisida 2,4-D-14C pada
tanaman gulma dan padi pada sistem persawahan. Risalah Pertemuan Ilmiah
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Isotop dan Radiasi, Jakarta.
Djazuli, M. 2011. Potensi Senyawa Alelopati sebagai Herbisida Nabati Alternatif
pada Budidaya Lada Organik. Bogor.
Djojosumarto, Panut. 2008. Teknik Aplikasi Pestisida Pertanian. Kanisius,
Yogyakarta.
Geham, Raouf., Safaa, Y., Awatef, A., and Tahani, H., 2012. The Mechanism of 2,4
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Neurotoxicity on Rat Brain Tissue by Using
FTIR
Spectroscopy. Life Science Journal (4). Page 1 68 6-1 697
Hance, Raymond J. 1987. An Introduction to Weed Control. Basle : Ciba-Geigy
Agro Division.
Heddy,
S.
1989.
Hormon
Tumbuhan.
CV.
Raajawali,
Jakarta.
Moenandir, J. 1990. Pengantar Ilmu Pengendalian Gulma. Rajawali Press.
Jakarta.