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IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 2 | Issue 10 | April 2016

ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Study on Magnetic Levitation for Vertical Axis


Wind Turbine and Low Wind Speed
Mr. Sharangdhar Dehadrai
UG Student
Department of Electronics Communication Engineering
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering &
Research Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Mr. Anurag Wasnik


UG Student
Department of Electronics Communication Engineering
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering &
Research Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Mr. Yogesh Gaidhane


Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics Communication Engineering
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Engineering & Research Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Abstract
This paper presents the design component aspects of a Magnetically levitated Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and to report the result
analysis using an modified magnetic circuit. The modified magnetic circuit generator reported in our earlier work is tested with
the built-in MAGLEV-VAWT. Initially three different wind profiles and the suitable airfoil for the vertical axis wind turbine is
derived. The position of the blades to derive maximum velocity is analysed. The degree of impact at angle of 300 is found to have
the highest lift coefficient. The structure is then built under laboratory conditions. A modified magnetic circuit generator is used
to test the generating capability of the turbine under low speed and high speed conditions. A dual magnetic surface is attached into
the structure through an external mechanical structure to reduce the mechanical oscillations. The system is then investigated with
and without the maglev structure.
Keywords: Wind Turbine; Magnetic Levitation; FEM; Rotor Dynamic; Vertical Type
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I.

INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, hydropower
and various forms of biomass. These sources have been coined renewable due to their continuous replenishment and availability
for use over and over again. The popularity of renewable energy has experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the
exhaustion of conventional power generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse effects on the environment. This
popularity has been bolstered by cutting edge research and ground breaking technology that has been introduced so far to aid in
the effective tapping of these natural resources and it is estimated that renewable sources might contribute about 20% 50% to
energy consumption in the latter part of the 21 st century. Facts from the World Wind Energy Association estimates that by 2010,
160GW of wind power capacity is expected to be installed worldwide which implies an anticipated net growth rate of more than
21% per year. The aim of this major qualifying project is to design and implement a magnetically levitated vertical axis wind
turbine system that has the ability to operate in both high and low wind speed conditions. Our choice for this model is to showcase
its efficiency in varying wind conditions as compared to the traditional horizontal axis wind turbine and contribute to its steady
growing popularity for the purpose of mass utilization in the near future as a reliable source of power generation. Unlike the
traditional horizontal axis wind turbine, this design is levitated via maglev (magnetic levitation) vertically on a rotor shaft. This
maglev technology, which will be looked at in great detail, serves as an efficient replacement for ball bearings used on the
conventional wind turbine and is usually implemented with permanent magnets. This levitation will be used between the rotating
shaft of the turbine blades and the base of the whole wind turbine system. The conceptual design also entails the usage of spiral
shaped blades and with continuing effective research into the functioning of sails in varying wind speeds and other factors, an
efficient shape and size will be determined for a suitable turbine blade for the project.
With the appropriate mechanisms in place, we expect to harness enough wind for power generation by way of an axial flux
generator built from permanent magnets and copper coils. The arrangement of the magnets will cultivate an effective magnetic
field and the copper coils will facilitate voltage capture due to the changing magnetic field.
II. DESIGN ASPECTS
This section introduces and provides a brief description of the major components and factors that will contribute to an efficiently
functioning wind turbine. These factors are wind power, the generator, magnet levitation and the DC-DC converter. Later sections
will provide an in-depth look into the essence of each factor and its function and importance to the overall operation of the vertical

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Study on Magnetic Levitation for Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Low Wind Speed
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 10 / 083)

axis wind turbine. The blade shape design and the angle of attack influence heavily the power generating capability as the cut-in
speed is proportional to the amount of wind generated. With proper optimized design of the blade, the VAWT to generate more
power at low wind speed. This is further enhanced by the appropriation on the angle of attack on the surface of the blade. The
design includes blade shape, the positioning of the blade followed by the design for the generator and the maglev bearing structure.
Once all the above structures are integrated they are tested under laboratory conditions for performance evaluations.
Wind Power
Undoubtedly, the projects ability to function is solely dependent on the power of wind and its availability. Wind is known to be
another form of solar energy because it comes about as a result of uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun coupled with the
abstract topography of the earths surface. With wind turbines, two categories of winds are relevant to their applications, namely
local winds and planetary winds. The latter is the most dominant and it is usually a major factor in deciding sites for very effective
wind turbines especially with the horizontal axis types.
Generator
The basic understanding of a generator is that it converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Generators are utilized extensively
in various applications and for the most part have similarities that exist between these applications. However the few differences
present is what really distinguishes a system operating on an AC motor from another on the same principle of operation and
likewise with DC motors. With the axial flux generator design, its operability is based on permanent magnet alternators where the
concept of magnets and magnetic fields are the dominant factors in this form of generator functioning. These generators have air
gap surface perpendicular to the rotating axis and the air gap generates magnetic fluxes parallel to the axis. In further chapters we
will take a detailed look into their basic operation and the configuration of our design.
Magnet Placement
Two ring type neodymium (NdFeB) magnets of grade N- 42 of outer diameter 40 mm, inner diameter 20 mm and thickness 10 mm
are placed at the center of the shaft by which the required levitation between the stator and the rotor is obtained. Similar disc type
magnets of 30 mm diameter and 4mm thickness are arranged as alternate poles one after the other, along the periphery of the rotor
made of acrylic of 40mm diameter as in Figure 6.1. These magnets are responsible for the useful flux that is going to be utilized
by the power generation system.

Fig. 1: Magnet Placement

Coil Arrangement
26 gauge wires of 1000 turns each are used as coils for power generation. 12 sets of such coils are used in the prototype. These
coils are arranged in the periphery of the stator exactly in a line to the arranged disc magnets.

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Study on Magnetic Levitation for Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Low Wind Speed
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Fig. 2: Coil Arrangement

Magnetic Levitation
Also known as maglev, this phenomenon operates on the repulsion characteristics of permanent magnets. This technology has been
predominantly utilized in the rail industry in the Far East to provide very fast and reliable transportation on maglev trains and with
ongoing research its popularity is increasingly attaining new heights. Using a pair of permanent magnets like neodymium magnets
and substantial support magnetic levitation can easily be experienced. By placing these two magnets on top of each other with like
polarities facing each other, the magnetic repulsion will be strong enough to keep both magnets at a distance away from each other.
The force created as a result of this repulsion can be used for suspension purposes and is strong enough to balance the weight of
an object depending on the threshold of the magnets. In this project, we expect to implement this technology for the purpose of
achieving vertical orientation with our rotors as well as the axial flux generator.

Fig. 3:

DC-DC Conversion
In order to begin the analysis of DC-DC converters it is important to first understand the concept behind a converter. Over the
years, alternating current has been the common choice of power supply. AC is popular because the voltage can be easily stepped
up or down using a transformer. Due to the inherent properties of a transformer, DC voltage cannot be altered using this type of
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Study on Magnetic Levitation for Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Low Wind Speed
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 10 / 083)

equipment. Transformers operate due to a changing magnetic field in which the change in magnetic flux induces a current. Direct
current cannot provide a changing magnetic field therefore a transformer with an applied DC input would only produce heat. The
concept of DC-DC conversion emerged after the development of fast switching transistors. By varying the duty cycle of the pulse
that is applied to the gate of the transistor for switching, these converters can buck or boost the voltage as if it were a DC
transformer. When accurate feedback back is applied to this type of circuit, the converter will not only transform a supply voltage
to the desired output but also maintain it given a varying input. These qualities of DC-DC converters are the foundation of the
circuit that will be chosen for this project
E-Phase Connections
A 3-phase connection implies that a generator produces three voltages each with their own phase angle. A major advantage of the
1-phase connection is that the output allows the current to peak a different times allowing for smaller more frequent peaks as
opposed to one large peak produced in a single phase connection. These smaller current peaks produce less vibration as the
generator spins. Less vibration leads to less wear on the parts of the generator such as the bearings.
Types of Connections
There are two basic 3-phase connections known as wye and delta. During analysis we may assume a balanced condition, which
refers to all three voltages having equal magnitude and being displaced by 120 degrees. We made use of six coils in our generator
allowing for two coils per phase. Coils opposite each other in the physical design are connected in series in turn summing the
voltages from each coil to produce a phase voltage. The circuit diagrams for the wye and delta connections to the rectifier are
shown below.

Fig. 4: Wve Connection

Fig. 5: Delta Connation

Three voltages, equal in magnitude, following a sequence a-b-c. Using this convention a leads b by 120 degrees and b in turn
leads c by 120 degrees]. Each phase voltage is superimposed upon the other in the figure below, illustrating the phase shift.
The phases are displaced both in the time and the phasor domain. The phasor domain is shown below.

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Study on Magnetic Levitation for Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Low Wind Speed
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 10 / 083)

Fig. 6: Three Phase Voltage in Phasor Domain

The voltage equations can be written in phasor form. Each voltage phase with respect to the neutral is the phase voltage amplitude
shifted 120 degrees.
III. DESIGN AND FORMULATION
Power Coefficient Analysis: This hypothesis is reproduced to show the relationship between the power coefficient (Cp) and the
wind speed, Which expresses the basic theory of the Savonius wind machine. Principally the power that the rotor can extract from
the wind (Pw) is less than the actual available from the wind power (Pa). In order to calculate the performance of this wind machine,
its configuration is essentially important.
According to the Kinetic Energy,
KE = mv2
The available power, Pa from the wind is:
Pa = mv2 When m= Pav
Pa= pAv3
The power coefficient Cp is given by:
Cp = Pw/ Pa
Therefore: Power extracted from the wind,
Pw=Cp x Pa
= Cp x pAv3
Power by air impact = cp x 1/2 x density x area x v3
This is the standard wind equation that is used in this documentation.
To Calculate Area (A) =?
A= (power x 2)/(Cp x density x v3)
Where, Cp= Pw/ Pa= 3
e) To Calculate Shaft Rotation () =?
The equation below is used whereby the radius value R (D/2) is manipulated to obtain w. It is assumed that the value of X (tip
speed ratio) is equal to 1, to eliminate X in the equation below.
X = R /V
= rotational speed (rad/s);
R = radius of rotor (m);
V = average wind speed, assume 10 m/s.
= V/R, R is varied between 0.2 and 0.55 meters, a reasonable range baring in mind the speed of rotation.
To calculate the height (h) =?
The equation below is used to calculate h:
Area (A) = height (h) x diameter (D)

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Study on Magnetic Levitation for Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Low Wind Speed
(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 10 / 083)

IV. CONCLUSION
By using no mechanical contact for magnetic bearing, substitution of traditional bearing in general wind turbine, reducing the
damping of the wind turbine, which solved wind turbine start up with low speed wind and work with breeze. Then detailed structure
of vertical type wind turbine by magnetic bearing suspended has been introduced. By using FEM analysis, the optimized geometric
parameters be given. The simulation results show stable levitation and good levitated rotation. In the future, the prototype will be
manufactured; some comparison experiments will be done. This design method can be used other type wind turbine.
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(APPEEC),2010 Asia-Pacific, Chengdu 2010,pp.1-4
Aravind and C.V, A novel Magnetic Levitation assisted vertical axis wind turbine- Design procedure and analysis, in Signal Processing and its
Applications (CSPA),Melaka 2012,pp.93-98
M.R.S Siti, M. Norizah & M. Syafrudin. The Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential in Peninsular Malaysia International Journal of Chemical and
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Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for low speed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Scientific Research Energy and Power Engineering, July 2013
C. Rigoberto, G. Samuel, T. Joseph. Wind Power Technologies: A Need for Research and Development in Improving VAWTs Airfoil Characteristics
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