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Element 1
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POLICY
Element-2
Overall aim of Safety policy:
Create a structure and approach to Health and safety.
Objective:
Clear definition of organization goals
Set out responsibilities
Describe arrangements.
Q. Outline three main components of health and safety policy.
1. Statement of intent
2. Organization
3. Arrangements
Health and safety policy should be signed by the most senior person of organization
because it demonstrates total commitment and also he/she has authority to allocate
resources.
Statement of intent:
Without integrated and sustained management effort from all levels within organization
accident prevention cannot be successful. The tool required to produce organizational
control is general statement of intent. It is the visible demonstration of senior
management commitment is so far and it contains general policy statement, signed and
dated by most senior member of organization. This statement is normally contained upon
a single sheet of paper and is itself expression of management commitment.
Organization:
An essential requirement of safety policy if it is to be effective, is to define health and
safety responsibility in detail within this document and then to monitor that this is being
carried out.
The organization for health and safety should reflect the organizational structure and
method of working. Responsibility for health and safety should be given at successive
level of management from top to individuals and supervisors responsibilities should be
clearly defined and preferably included in job description to prevent overlapping and
omission. The commitment should be demonstrated not only by words but by actions
such as by providing resources, training etc.
Arrangements:
This section of policy should detail the practical arrangements in force to assist the overall
policy implementation. It should consider the arrangements for planning and organizing,
controlling hazards, consultation and communication and monitoring compliance with
assessing effectiveness of arrangement. They can be divided into two main categories
General such as first aid and fire fighting and Specific relating to plant, processors, etc.
therefore such arrangements cover training and monitoring, PPE,S ,Medical and welfare
consideration.
2.
Safety posters:
Safety messages should be delivered by posting safety posters at prominent
places as the visual way is easy to express and understand.
3.
Electronic media:
Now days where there is email access to every body in company. One method is
to circulate safety alerts by emails to all individuals.
4.
Safety signs
Safety signs should be used at hazardous locations to inform and educate all
individual that this is hazardous zone and precautions are required.
5.
Appraisal session:
One way to educate the employees is the appraisal session in which safety and
health should be given top priority.
2.
Change in material:
If there is significant change in material being used by worker, it is responsibility of
employer to consult worker and let them aware about the hazards associated with
new material and its use.
3.
Change in plant/machinery:
if there is significant change in plant or machinery then employer must consult with
worker and educate them about its use and hazards and risk involve in it.
4.
Change in process:
Employer should consult worker before any significant change in process so that
worker are aware about its potential hazards.
Organizational structure:
Employer should consult workers before any significant change in organizational
structure.
Incentive schemes:
Employer should consult workers before launching any schemes regarding health
and safety so that moral of workforce set boosted.
7.
8.
Policy
Employer should consult workers if there is new policy imposed in workplace just
like smoking policy.
a)
Definition:
The health and safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and
group values, attitude, perception, competence and pattern of behavior that
determine the commitment to and proficiency of an organizations health and safety
management.
b)
1.
2,
Lack of communication
If there is a gap between the top management and the worker so that worker
cannot convey his problems to the top management this lack of communication
can deteriorate.
3.
Organization-Re organization
Frequent changes in the management can result in scenario where health and
safety culture deteriorate.
4.
Increased accident
Increase number of accidents demonstrates that the accidents are not being
investigated properly and if properly investigated re-occurrence can be stopped so
this can deteriorate Health and safety culture.
5.
Staff turnover
High rate of turn over of the staff require again the training of new staff regarding
health and safety and frequent turn over results in deterioration.
6.
8.
Decline in economy
Decline in economy causes the in security of the jobs of employees and result in
low morale, hence deteriorates the health and safety culture.
Q.
Define attitude
Attitude is the response to the situation; it is the stance on take.
Define aptitude
It is tendency to good act on certain things.
Define Motivation
It is the driving force behind a person action.
Types of Motivation
There are two types of motivation:
a)
Motivation of people:
It concerned with action taken by superior to influence their subordinates to be
more effective performance. This is more commonly known as leadership
b)
Self actualization
Self realization
Social needs
Safety and security needs
Physiological needs
Self actualization (achievement) e.g. growth, personal development
Self realization (status) promotion, increase responsibility
Social (belonging to group) love, friendship
Safety and security (Discipline, rules)
Physiological (hunger, thirst, sleep)
Practical Harnessing of Maslow
Self actualization
Self realization
:
:
Social
Security
Physiological
:
:
Slip
Failure in carrying out action of task in other words actions are not planned. These
might include action carrying too soon or too late, omitting step of series. Carrying
out an action with too little or too much strength.
2.
Lapses
Forgetting to carry out an action, to lose our place in a task or to what intended to
do.
3.
Mistake
Where we do the wrong thing and believing it to be right. The failure involver our
mental process which control how we plan. Rule based mistake happen when our
behavior is bases upon remembering rule knowledge based mistakes.
Violation:
Violation has three types these are:
1. Routine:
Violation is the deliberate actions which a person does it deliberately, knowing that
is wrong he does it on routine base.
2. Situational
A specific situation when an employee feels that a rule has to be violated to reach
indented goal.
3. Exceptional
A rule is brake exceptionally when employees feel that to achieve a specific target
we have to violate the rule.
Communication
Communication is defined as what we do to inform other of our ideas, feelings, and
knowledge and in turn receive their feedback. Effective communication is essential
feature of health and safety culture. There are three methods of communication.
1. Verbal
2. Written
3. Graphic
There are two types of communication.
1) one way
2) two way
When developing a training program first of all training needs of the employees should be
identified that what they already know and what trainings they require. For developing
training the factor should be considered that what work and employee is performing and
what is the risk involved in that work, and what training should be given that minimize that
risk. It is also important that a senior manager require different type of training where as a
supervisor or worker at shop floor required different training according to his nature of
work. From the training need analysis should emerge information of the number of
workers involved, this type of training need and the resources in term of financial lost,
time and facilities required to carry out program. The factors should include at this stage
competence of trainer required to provide trainings. The possible need to involve external
sources and means of communication of program at all levels.
HEALTH AND SAFETY TRAINING
What is Training?
Training means helping people how to do something. It is systematic development of
attitude, knowledge, and skill patterns which a person required to do their job in a
adequate manner.
Effects of training of human reliability:
Will contribute towards making employees competent in health and safety.
Can help business to avoid the distress (to cause mental pain) that accidents and
ill health cause.
Can help to avoid the financial costs of accidents and occupational ill health.
Can help to avoid civil claims, fines and indirect costs such as increased insurance
premiums and loss of reputation.
Benefits of training to employer
Ensure your workers are not injured or made ill by the work they do.
Develop a positive health and safety culture.
Find out how you could manage health and safety better.
Meet legal duty to protect Health and safety or employees
Reduction in loses
Reduced claims
Increase profits
Q. Outline various measures to assess effectiveness of training.
INDUCTION TRAINING
Induction training includes:
Review of discussion of policy
Specific requirement
Fire and emergency procedure
Welfare facility
PPE,S
Health and safety legislation
Individual responsibility and authority
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
MANAGEMENT STANDARDS
Internal influences
Management commitment
Production demands (realistic)
Communication
Competence
Consultation
INFLUENCES
ON
HEALTH
AND
SAFETY
External influences
Social expectations
Legislation
Enforcement
Insurance Company
Trade unions
Stake holders
RISK ASSESMENT
Element 5
Hazard:
Is defined as something that has the potential to cause harm including ill health and injury,
damage to plant, products or environment e.g. slippery floor, electricity etc.
Risk
Is the probability (likelihood) of that harms actually occurring and severity of the
consequences?
Objective of Risk assessment
Minimize the likelihood and severity of harm possess by hazards.
Minimize the economic consequences.
Comply with national/legal requirement.
Risk assessment is defined as the identification of hazards present in an undertaking, and
an estimate of the risk involved, taking into account what precautions are taken and need
of any additional precautions.
Why we prevent accident?
There are three reasons that why we prevent accident.
Human harm:
Any health and safety accident which leads to human harm will involve a degree of pain
and suffering for the individual, possibly their family and friends.
Legal:
Failure to comply health and safety law within country, which than cause an incident can
then lead to a criminal and/ or civil legal action and If found guilty then this could involve
considerable fines and/ or compensation awards.
Economic:
Accident cost money both direct and indirect to an organization. Direct involve
compensation, fines, sick pay and medical allowances where as indirect involves loss of
good will, loss of reputation, accident investigation cost, over time, Machinery damage,
loss of production and poor quality of products.
Q. With respect to undertaking general risk assessment on activities within a
workplace.
a). Outline key stages of risk assessment process; identify issues that need to be
considered at each stage.
PRINCIPALS OF CONTROL
Element 6
Q. Explain the term Hierarchy of control
It is defined as list of measure to control hazards/ risk associated with work, starts with
string controls and at the end PPE, S as last option.
GENERAL HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
Key: ERICPD
Special health and safety consideration should be given to pregnant night workers.
Employer should provide facilities for any pregnant workers or nursing mothers to
rest.
Disable person:
A disabled person is generally accepted as someone with a physical and mental
impairment which has a substantial and long term adverse affect on his or her ability to
carry out normal day to day activities. Best practice for ensuring the health and safety of
employer with disabilities in workplace to identify hazards of both the work activities and
the workplace. Risk assessment should also be considering the risk to others who might
be affected by the action of employer.
EMPLOYERS DUTY TO PROVIDE SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK (LONE WORKER)
Lone worker are those who work by themselves without close of direct supervision.
PEME:
People: infectious patients, people with history of violence to staff, mugging. Hazards
specific to individual which may create particular risk for lone worker e.g. medical
condition, disabilities, female employees, expectant mother, age, experience and
immaturity etc.
Equipment: Hazards specific to work equipment which may create particular risk for lone
worker, e.g. manual handling and operations of emergency control and work on electrical
system.
Material: Hazards such as heavy items including display stands and carcinogenic gases.
Environment: Hazards specific to workplace/ environment e.g. remote areas,
laboratories, workshop and confined spaces.
Control measure
Specific information, instruction and training (e.g. emergency procedure, personal
safety training).
Improved communication system such as frequent contact on mobile phone.
Supervision by adhoc visit to inspect their working practices.
Increased security with control access, secure car parking, personal alarms.
Increased lighting at entrances, exit and car park.
SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
A safe system of work is a step by step process resulting form a systematic examination
of working process that identify hazards and specific work methods designed either to
eliminate the hazards control and minimize the relevant risk.
There is a legal requirement to provide and maintain safe system of work in many
countries including Ireland, Singapore Australia, and Malaysia. Further local laws make
DNNLS
Distribution:
The spread of workers throughout the workplace is important consideration. Are they
spread over a large areas of construction site or they tightly located e.g. and office block,
so it is important to consider.
Numbers:
Number of worker employed is another factor.
Nature of work:
Is the work is of high risk, low or medium obviously higher risk, higher the level of first aid
provision.
Location:
Location is very important if premises were next door to hospital, then need for first aid is
less but if it is far away then first aid provision will be more.
Shift work:
When there is more than one shift, then there is requirement for more than one first aider
and arrange should be made of leaves and off day.
Q. Identify eight sources of information that might usually be consulted when
developing safe system of work.
Reference to legislation
Guidance notes
Manufacturer information
Company policy
Result of risk assessment
Practical HSE standards
Incident/accident statistics
Industry or trade
b) Other than poor communication that can limit the effectiveness of the campaign.
1. Lack of management commitment is the factor than can limit the campaign
effectiveness that if the management not serious.
2. Production or other issues such as to meet production target taking priority over
the health and safety issues.
3. Insufficient resources allocated to campaign can limit its effectiveness.
4. Poor working condition can cause the campaign to limit.
5. Poor industrial relations or lack of confidence of management.
6. Shift pattern may because shift is not conveyed properly because of the non
availability.
audit.
Objectives of active monitoring
1)
Check that health and safety plans being implemented.
2)
Monitor the extent of compliance of company laid down procedure and legal
requirement.
Organization need to know
1)
2)
3)
Safety Sampling:
Sampling is where only a partial amount of group/area is examined to establish fact that
can indicate the compliance of the whole.
Safety tours:
Tours provide opportunity for management to explore the effectiveness of risk control
measure through planned visit to workplace and to observe and discuss the control of its
use.
Reactive monitoring
A tool of monitoring used when an accident occurs.
Primary objective are to analyze data of:
1) Accident / near miss
2) Ill Health
3) Other downgrading events
Methods of reactive monitoring
1)
2)
3)
4)
Lack of understanding
Lack of training
Time constraints
Poorly supervised
Wrong equipment provided
Inadequate equipment
Immediate causes
1) Unsafe acts (using damaged equipment, not following rules)
2) Unsafe condition (slippery, temperature)
Q. A worker has been seriously injured by strike of reversing vehicle in loading bay.
a) Give four reasons why the accident should be investigate by an employer.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)