CDB1064 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

NAME :

1. SANGGKAR SELLADURAI (22068)

2.

LECTURER : ASSOCIATE PROF DR HILMI MUKHTAR

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The motive of this project is to highlight one of the products from downstream processing in Malaysia, petroleum
refining. We wish to highlight the structural and chemical properties of gasoline (product of petroleum refining) that
it undergoes and also the process flow diagram. Marketing strategies to maintain Malaysia as a world leader in the
downstream processing sector will be outlined as well. The roles played and challenges faces by chemical engineers
to produce high quality of gasoline while maintaining a good economic return will also be highlighted.
INTRODUCTION
From our project, we have chosen PETRONAS as it is one of the most leading company in the world. PETRONAS
Downstream plays a strategic role in enhancing the value of Malaysias oil and gas resources through its integrated
operations in refining, trading and marketing of crude oil and petroleum products locally and internationally, as well
as through the manufacturing and marketing of petrochemical products.
End product
The primary end-products produced in petroleum refining may be grouped into four categories: light distillates,
middle distillates, heavy distillates and others.
Light Distillate

Liquid petroleum gas (LPG)

Gasoline (petrol)
Heavy Naphtha
Light Naphtha

Middle Distillates

Kerosene
Automotive and rail-road diesel fuels
Residential heating fuel
Other light fuel oils

Heavy Distillates
Heavy fuel oils
Bunker fuel oil and other residual fuel oils
Octane and other stuff

Materials used

The crude material expected to make fuel or different sorts of petrol is Crude oil. It is the remaining parts of living
life forms from the Permian period a large number of years back subjected under steady weight and warmth.
Petroleum or raw petroleum comprises of hydrocarbons with different sub-atomic weights. Unrefined petroleum or
petroleum are removed through the very ardous undertaking of underground penetrating. Petroleum can likewise
make different items, for example, plastics, greases, black-top for streets or warming oil. These items are isolated by
petroleum refineries by warming the unrefined petroleum to 698 degrees Fahrenheit or 370 degrees Celsius. The
vapors produced by warmth ascends into refinery towers and gathers as it cools. Be that as it may, the lighter atoms
of gas will continue ascending until it cools and gathered as fuel.
Type of process used
Crude Oil Distillation unit: Distills the incoming crude oil into various fractions for further processing in
other units.
Vacuum distillation unit: Further distills the residue oil from the bottom of the crude oil distillation unit. The
vacuum distillation is performed at a pressure well below atmospheric pressure.
Naphtha hydrotreater unit: Uses hydrogen to desulfurize the naphtha fraction from the crude oil distillation
or other units within the refinery.
Catalytic reforming unit: Converts the desulfurized naphtha molecules into higher-octane molecules to
produce reformate, which is a component of the end-product gasoline or petrol.
Alkylation unit: Converts isobutane and butylenes into alkylate, which is a very high-octane component of
the end-product gasoline or petrol.
Isomerization unit: Converts linear molecules such as normal pentane into higher-octane branched
molecules for blending into the end-product gasoline. Also used to convert linear normal butane into
isobutane for use in the alkylation unit.
Distillate hydrotreater unit: Uses hydrogen to desulfurize some of the other distilled fractions from the
crude oil distillation unit (such as diesel oil).
Merox (mercaptan oxidizer): Desulfurize LPG, kerosene or jet fuel by oxidizing undesired mercaptans to
organic disulfides. Amine gas treater, Claus unit, and tail gas treatment for converting hydrogen sulfide gas
from the hydrotreaters into end-product elemental sulfur. The large majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons
of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from petroleum refining and natural gas
processing plants
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit: Upgrades the heavier, higher-boiling fractions from the crude oil
distillation by converting them into lighter and lower boiling, more valuable products.
Hydrocracker unit: Uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions from the crude oil distillation and the
vacuum distillation units into lighter, more valuable products.
Visbreaker unit upgrades heavy residual oils from the vacuum distillation unit by thermally cracking them
into lighter, more valuable reduced viscosity products.
Delayed coking and fluid cooker units: Convert very heavy residual oils into end-product petroleum coke
as well as naphtha and diesel oil by-products.

Product properties
Gas is a straightforward, petroleum-determined fluid that is utilized basically as a fuel as a part of inner burning
motors. It comprises for the most part of natural mixes got by the fragmentary refining of petroleum, improved with
a mixture of added substances. The normal for a specific fuel mix to oppose touching off too soon (which causes
thumping and diminishes effectiveness in responding motors) is measured by its octane rating. Fuel is created in a
few evaluations of octane rating. Tetra ethyl lead and other lead mixes are no more utilized as a part of most
territories to manage and build octane-rating, yet numerous different added substances are put into gas to enhance
its synthetic soundness, control destructiveness and give fuel framework "cleaning," and focus execution attributes
under planned utilization. In some cases, gas likewise contains ethanol as an option fuel, for financial or natural
reasons.

Some of the main components of gasoline are

isooctane, butane, 3-ethyltoluene, and the octane
enhancer MTBE.

Physical Properties of Gasoline

Boiling point: 20-200C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.70 - 0.80
Solubility in water, g/100 ml: none
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 3 - 4
Flash point: <-21C
Auto-ignition temperature: about 250C
Explosive limits, volume% in air: 1.3-7.1

Chemical Properties of Gasoline

The typical composition of gasoline hydrocarbons (% volume) is as follows:

4-8% alkanes
2-5% alkenes
25-40% isoalkanes
3-7% cycloalkanes
l-4% cycloalkenes

 20-50% total aromatics (0.5-2.5% benzene)

Where to market

Process Flow Diagram

The picture beneath is a schematic stream outline of an average petroleum refinery that delineates the different
refining procedures and the stream of moderate item streams that happens between the gulf unrefined petroleum
feedstock and the last deciding items.

The diagram delineates stand out of the actually many distinctive oil refinery designs. The diagram additionally
does exclude any of the typical refinery offices giving utilities, for example, steam, cooling water, and electric force
and also stockpiling tanks for unrefined petroleum feedstock and for middle of the road items and deciding items

Role of chemical engineers in petroleum refinery

Process engineers (chemical engineers) are by and large in charge of the considerable number of points of interest of
how the procedure is running and performing.

yield
costs
security
staffing
maintenance

 correspondence with administration

Fundamentally, they screen control graphs of procedure variables and settle on choices about how to control the
procedure.
Presently apply this to a petroleum refinery. Envision only 1 refining segment first off. With a condensor and
reboiler. Consider the variables you may be observing and the controls you have available to you. Maybe delta
position, weight, temperature, feedstock structure, number of plates, fluid and vapor item stream rates and pieces,
and so on. Presently envision being in charge of how "well" that segment is working, booking of work, planning of
support, and reporting yield and execution to administration

Conclusion
(*have to add in the company chosen)

References
a b c Gary, J.H. and Handwerk, G.E. (1984).Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics(2nd ed.). Marcel
Dekker, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8247-7150-8.^ a b c Leffler, W.L. (1985). Petroleum refining for the nontechnical
person (2nd ed.). PennWell Books. ISBN 978-0-87814-280-4.^ James G, Speight (2006). The Chemistry and
Technology of Petroleum (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. 0-8493-9067-2.^ 150 Years of Oil in Romania^ WORLD
EVENTS: 1844-1856www.pbs.org^ "Titusville, Pennsylvania, 1896". World Digital Library. 1896. Retrieved 201307-16.^ Brian Black (2000). Petrolia: the landscape of America's first oil boom. Johns Hopkins University
Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6317-2.^ Sulphur production report by the United States Geological Survey^ Discussion of
recovered by-product sulphur^ a b Beychok, Milton R. (1967). Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical
Plants (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Library of Congress Control Number 67019834.^ Kister, Henry Z.
(1992). Distillation Design(1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-034909-4.^ Refinery flowchart from the website
of Universal Oil Products