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towns, water is supplied once in 3-5 days. The per capita supply ranges from 40-100
lpcd.
In terms of sources of drinking water in urban areas, 78.4% of urban households have
access through taps, 7.5% through tube wells and the remaining through other sources
such as ordinary wells. 75 towns, where water is supplied by KUWS&DB depend on
ground water as a primary source. The sustainability of ground water for continued
use for drinking purposes is an issue that needs to be addressed. 42 towns in the state
are yet to be covered by surface water supply.
b) Sanitation: Access to bath rooms and latrines within the house and type of
drainage are the two key indicators of sanitation. The proportion of urban households
having bath rooms and latrines within the house in the State is 79.1% and 75.2 percent
respectively. In other words, nearly 25% households needs to be provided with toilets.
However, there is significant regional disparity with a number of northern districts
lagging behind. Coverage of toilets is below 50% in the five districts of Gadag
(33.5%), Bagalkot (33.7%), Koppal (39.4%), Raichur (43%) and Bijapur (43.2%).
The coverage is more than 80% only in 6 districts of the State.
In respect of drainage connectivity for waste water outlet in urban households, it is
observed that 19% lack in any kind of drainage facility, 41.6% have closed drainage
and 39% have open drainage.
d) Road Infrastructure: Roads constitute the arteries of cities and are critical to rapid
urban development. Urban Karnataka suffers from serious deficiencies in road
infrastructure- inadequate road capacity, poor quality of roads, impediments on roads
such as potholes, depressions etc. which hinder free movement of vehicles and cause
accidents.
The shortfall in the road network ranges from 13% in class II cities to 56% in Class I
cities. The poor condition of roads also contributes to traffic congestion and accidents.
An analysis of the type of the roads shows that as much as 36% of the roads in most
of the towns and cities of the State are kachcha roads except in City Corporation areas
where it is 13%. Tar roads in non-Corporation urban areas constitute less than 40%.
Another serious drawback in our cities is the poor quality of sidewalks or foot paths;
in most places, they are virtually absent. This indicates the lack of concern for
pedestrians.
The maintenance of storm water drains leaves much to be desired. Most of the
drains are open drains which join naalaas or water bodies. At times, the storm water
and sewerage water gets mixed and lead to water contamination. Irregular desilting
results in blocking of drains.
e) Urban Transport: The spatial and economic growth of urban Karnataka in the last
three decades has placed a heavy demand on its transport facilities. The State has
witnessed a steep increase in the number of motor vehicles in recent years.
The number of vehicles increased from 16 lakhs in 1991 to 82 lakhs in 2008-09, a
fivefold increase in 18 years. It must, however, be pointed out that bulk of them i.e.,
as many as 30 lakh vehicles have been concentrated in Bangalore (40%). The modal
split indicates that 71.6% of the vehicles are two wheelers followed by cars (10.5%),
goods vehicles (3.56%) and auto rickshaws (3.5%). One of the reasons for increase in
number of private vehicles in the State is inadequate public transport services. Urban
transport and traffic is one of the most serious challenges faced in all the major cities
in Karnataka and India.
Solid Waste Management
While there is no precise assessment of the waste of municipal solid waste (MSW)
generated in most of the towns, it is estimated that Bangalore generates about 3000
metric tons per day and the other urban areas generate 4,300 tons a day. About 23% of
the waste generated does not get collected. The more serious problem relates to the
lack of treatment and disposal facilities. The unscientific manner of disposal of solid
waste, dumping in open sites and low lying areas constitutes a serious public health
issue. All the ULBs are spending a considerable part of their budget on solid waste
management (including the salaries of concerned staff) and cities are nowhere as
clean as they should be.
Environmental Challenges
The physical expansion and demographic growth of urban areas have exerted an
adverse impact on the urban environment. The large scale conversion of agricultural
land in the urban periphery for urban uses like industries, housing and infrastructure
has resulted not only in loss of greenery but in creation of urban heat islands. A large
number of trees and water bodies have given way to concrete structures. The increase
CRISIL is Rs. 27,825 crores for the above services and an additional Rs. 25,299
crores for transport and traffic. Thus the total requirement of the State of the order of
Rs. 90,000 crores.
The pace of urban infrastructure development in Karnataka depends to a large extent
on mobilizing the needed resources and building the institutional capabilities for
service delivery.
Risks
Health, hygiene and environmental implications due to the absence of safe disposal
system, and
Inability of the poorest households to bear capital costs, which will have
implications for tariff and subsidy design
Solid Waste Management
Key Issues.
Inadequate dustbin facility in slums,
No regular collection of disposed waste, and
Blocking of roadside drains, improper disposal and irregular collection,
Health and hygiene implications, animal nuisance, and implications on the
surrounding environment
Roads and Drainage
Key Issues.
Poor condition of approach roads due to lack of regular maintenance,
Lack of roadside drains, and if present, improper management, and
Blocking of roadside drains due to disposal of solid waste and night soil
Some of the key LA and R&R issues identified during compliance reporting include:
Possession of Land and Fencing. It was observed that at many sites though land
acquisition process is completed and ownership has been transferred in urban local
bodys (ULB) name, ULB has not taken the possession of land.
These lands were also not adequately fenced due to lack of funds with the ULB.
Moreover, such work is built into contractors cost and is a contractors responsibility.
This practice has given a chance to APs to continue with cultivation activities at the
acquired site (at least wherever civil works are not started or considerably delayed)
and again claim for compensation.
Temporary Impacts during Pipe laying. Though it has been indicated that
network/pipelines will be laid within the available existing right of way (RoW) of the
road or along the natural drain etc., construction activities (excavation, dumping,
refilling, vehicle movement) require additional space. Wherever approach/road is
narrow and there is an ambiguity in ownership (natural drains etc.) temporary impacts
on adjoining private lands are unavoidable. Not identifying and addressing such
impacts prior to construction has lead to construction delays and financial
implications
Summary of Proposed Actions.
Support to APs during early stages of Land Acquisition. Land acquisition (LA)
process follows a structured process and requires stipulated time for field verification,
verification of ownership records, estimation of losses, issue of public notifications,
addressing of complaints/grievances etc. As per the ADBs safeguard policies and
NKUSIPs Resettlement Framework it is mandatory to complete LA and R&R
activities before taking possession of land and start of civil works. However, it has
been observed in almost all LA cases under NKUSIP that the affected people (APs)
were compensated much later after the land possession was taken. Among these also
include cases that are delayed due to court intervention for enhancement of
compensation for losses incurred.
Many of the consulted landowners in such cases were of opinion that accepting lower
compensation reduces merit of their case in Court and hence they preferred to wait.
Discussion with many APs also indicated that though they were well informed, they
did not had the support during initial stages (when land acquisition was being
processed) like the support they receive during RP implementation from
Implementing NGO as most of them are not well educated and do not understand the
legalities involved.
Fencing of Acquired Lands. All government lands that are identified for subprojects
and all private lands for which acquisition process is completed needs to be fenced to
avoid possibility of further encroachments. ULB should also place sign board at the
site indicating project information.
Preparation of Intermediate Corrective Action Plans. Towns where temporary
impacts are envisaged/identified will be required to prepare corrective action plans to
mitigate/address incurred losses.
Impact: Traffic in town could be disrupted by vehicles en route to and from site,
delivering material or removing waste
Mitigation: Plan routes to avoid narrow streets, congested routes, important / fragile
buildings, key religious & tourism sites
Impact: Ground disturbance could damage archaeological and historical remains
Mitigation: Request state and local archaeological authorities to assess
archaeological potential of proposed STP site. Include state and town historical
authorities as a project stake holders to benefit from their expertise.
Develop and apply protocol to protect chance find (excavation observed by
archaeologist stop work if find are suspected: state authority to plan appropriate
Impact: Workers and the public are at risk from accidents on site
Mitigation: Prepare and implement a site health and safety plan that includes
measures to:
- Exclude the public from site
- Ensure that workers use Personnel Protective Equipment
- Provide Health & Safety training for all personnels
Impact: Economic benefit if local people are employed in contractor force
Mitigation: Contractor should employ at least 50% of workforce from communities
in vicinity of construction sites
Impact: Dust nuisance
Due to dry weather conditions, the dust generated due to the construction activity may
be significant.
Mitigation: Dust suppression activities such as water sprinkling shall be employed
Operation Impacts
Impact: Silting and pollution of water bodies due to non-clearance of construction
work site
Mitigation: Ensure clearing of debris/waste and material from the drainage bed
Pre-Construction Impacts
Utilities. Telephone lines, electric poles and wires, water lines within the proposed
subproject locations may require to be shifted in few cases. To mitigate the adverse
impacts due to relocation of the utilities, CSS will
(i) Identify the locations and operators of these utilities to prevent unnecessary
disruption of services during construction phase; and
(ii) Instruct construction contractors to prepare a contingency plan to include actions
to be done in case of unintentional interruption of services
Social and Cultural Resources. Any work involving ground disturbance can uncover
and damage archaeological and historical remains. For this subproject, excavation will
occur in open area, so it could be that there is a medium risk of such impacts.
Nevertheless, CSS/Divisional ES will:
(i) Consult CMC to obtain an expert assessment of the archaeological potential of the
site;
(ii) Consider alternatives if the site is found to be of high risk;
(iii) Include state and local archaeological, cultural and historical authorities, and
interest groups in consultation forums as project stakeholders so that their expertise
can be made available; and
(iv) Develop a protocol for use by the construction contractors in conducting any
excavation work, to ensure that any chance finds are recognized and measures are
taken to ensure they are protected and conserved.
Site selection of construction work camps, stockpile areas, storage areas, and
disposal areas. Priority is to locate these near the subproject locations. However, if it
is deemed necessary to locate elsewhere, sites to be considered will not promote
instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation, irrigation, and drinking
water supply systems.
Residential areas will not be considered for setting up camps to protect the human
environment (i.e., to curb accident risks, health risks due to air and water pollution
and dust, and noise, and to prevent social conflicts, shortages of amenities, and
crime). Extreme care will be taken to avoid disposals near water bodies, swamps, or
in areas which will inconvenience the community.
(v) Train employees in the storage and handling of materials which can potentially
cause soil contamination;
(vi) Recover used oil and lubricants and reuse or remove from the site;
(vii) Manage solid waste according to the following preference hierarchy: reuse,
recycling and disposal to designated areas;
(viii) Remove all wreckage, rubbish, or temporary structures which are no longer
required; and
(ix) Request PMU/CSS to report in writing that the camp has been vacated and
restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of work.
Social and Cultural Resources. For this subproject, excavation will occur at specific
isolated locations, so it could be that there is a low risk of such impacts. Nevertheless,
the construction contractor will be required to:
(i) Strictly follow the protocol for chance finds in any excavation work;
(ii) Request PMU/CSS or any authorized person with archaeological/historical field
training to observe excavation;
(iii) Stop work immediately to allow further investigation if any finds are suspected;
and
(iv) Inform PMU/CSS if a find is suspected, and take any action they require ensuring
its removal or protection in situ.
Operation and Maintenance Impacts
There may be minor odor and noise nuisance due to the STP. Buffer zone in
the form of landscaping and earthwork shall be created and well maintained
around the site to mitigate this impact. The buffer zone, as required by
KSPCB, will be at least 100 m around the STP compound.
Improper sludge disposal methods from the STP may lead to pollution and
health hazards. To avoid this, safe sludge handling methods shall be employed
- Personal protection equipment such as gloves, boots, shall be provided to the
operators. Sludge shall be dried in drying beds before its disposal. This sludge
may be used as manure for non- food crops or land filled. Sludge Management
Plan shall be prepared and implemented.
Pipe bursting and leakage problems will lead to public health issues. This can
be managed by regular maintenance and cleaning of the sewer system. The
CMC will be required to ensure that the leakage rectification time shall be
minimized.
Improper disposal of silt and debris removed from sewers could cause
Inconvenience to public. Silt and debris shall be collected in trucks and
transported to the Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site and shall be used as
covering material for the waste being landfilled
(i) Identify any buildings at risk from vibration damage and avoiding any use of
pneumatic drills or heavy vehicles in the vicinity;
(ii) Complete work in these areas quickly;
(iii) Consult the custodians of important buildings, cultural and tourism authorities
and local communities in advance of the work to identify and address key issues, and
avoid working at sensitive times, such as religious and cultural festivals.
Capacity Building of Urban Local Bodies
The issues that need attention are as follows:
i. Lack of personnel with appropriate skill sets: The specific areas identified for
attention are socio-economic planning, environmental management, urban planning,
citizen participation, public relations, urban reforms, municipal accounting and
financial management, e-Governance, municipal service delivery including water
supply, solid waste management, sewerage and sanitation.
ii. Inadequate skill sets of personnel already deployed: Experience of training and
capacity building programmes show that many of the functionaries of the ULBs have
never received any training in their career. There are no programmes for facilitating
cross learning and exposure to best practices in innovative technologies etc. The
problem is indeed acute in smaller ULBs for whom hardly any programmes exist as of
now.
depending on the city, of the municipality, the urban town and country
planning department, a development authority, State
Government public works department, state government irrigation
department, city police, city fire department and the State Government
(particularly where the levy of a user fee by the municipality may be
required). At times the same service may have multiple authorities having
jurisdiction over it, for example the supply of water may be governed by
the municipal corporation
Recommendations
In light of the multiple level of issues that are involved in attempting to
address the requirements of urban infrastructure sector in India, the
recommendations of this committee are divided into two broad categories:
A. Measures that can be implemented in the short term, and
B. Measures that require a greater time horizon
ii. The TAs should be funded by the Central Government as part of the
Central Government Project, on a flat market fee basis. In other words,
transparent norms should be evolved whereby the TA fee structure is a
fixed percentage of project cost linked to project milestones etc.
To prepare a financial road map for the ULB such that the ULB
achieves some measure of self sustenance. This is unlike the
current City Development Plan(CDP) which is more often than not
used by ULBs to become eligible for JNNURM assistance and is,
thereafter, forgotten
The TA would undertake all project development work including
feasibility, DPRs etc. for upgrading infrastructure projects and other
services
To provide the requisite oversight for project implementation
including Project Management and Consultancy (PMC) skills
b) The creation of such funds would not require any amendment to the
existing legal regime and the same can be undertaken through executive
directions and contractual documentation.
applied. The base FSI of the newly developed area or redeveloped area is
fixed based on the zoning or development plan of the city. Premium FSI
can then be provided over and above the base FSI through legal
provisions/provisions in Development Control Regulations of the local
authority. The local body provides basic infrastructure like access, water,
drainage, waste collection, etc for the plot for Gross FSI (Base FSI +
premium FSI) for which betterment charges may be levied. The base FSI is
available to the owner of the plot whereas premium FSI has to be
purchased from the ULB by the owner or developer at market prices.
Again, bigger plots or plots with frontage on wider roads can be given
higher ADR. This will encourage and facilitate plot amalgamation and lead
to optimization of use of land and development will be proportional to
intensity of land use and carrying capacity of infrastructure.
established;
Tax on persons exercising any profession or carrying on any trade;
Entertainment tax on theatres and other public amusements;
Tax on outdoor advertisements; and
iv. Additional Stamp Duty: Certain State municipal laws provide for the
State
Government to notify levy of additional stamp duty in relation to execution
of documents that it may identify, if such documents are executed within
the municipal jurisdiction. Such additional stamp duty levy is then
provided to the municipality;
vi. State Grants: The State may from time to time, provide grants to
municipalities to support the functioning of the municipalities. It should be
noted that in light of the general poor financial conditions of smaller
municipalities, State grants is the main source of revenue for most of the
smaller municipalities. It has been observed that the payment of salaries
constitutes nearly 40% to 80% of the ULBs revenues.
c) Generally, municipalities are allowed to borrow only for the purposes of:
i. Construction of permanent works authorized under the relevant
municipal law; or
ii. Land acquisition; or
iii. Repayment of loans validly taken by the municipality; or
iv. Slum clearance and construction of tenements; or
v. Defraying any costs incurred in the implementation of the relevant
municipal law. Some laws provide a general authorization to raise loans for
carrying out the purposes of the relevant law under which the relevant
municipal bodies are created
The lacuna, drawbacks and limitations of the extant means and sources of
finance have been detailed in the preceding section.
a) It is the considered view of the Committee that unless and until there is
a major augmentation in the resource base of the ULBs, little or no
meaningful improvement in the quality of urban infrastructure and
services is possible. There is enough empirical evidence garnered from
multi-lateral studies that even a modest or token user fee can have a
multiplier effect in terms of improvement/augmentation of services. As has
been briefly mentioned elsewhere in this report, it is not the capacity or
unwillingness to pay but the unwillingness to charge that is a major
deterrent.
b) Notwithstanding the above, there are specific issues and measures that
need to be addressed to enable financing of urban infrastructure projects.
There is a crucial need to access long term funding.
i. Typically, projects in urban sector have construction periods ranging
from 2-5 years
ii. Initial resistance towards paying user charges
iii. Accordingly paybacks vary from 15 to 30 years
f) Apart from SEBI and RBI regulatory issues which would allow
banks/Financial