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Aditi, had Varuna (lord of the ocean, controller of waters) as one of her
chief sons. He is the deity of the ocean (samudra), the latter signifying
the primeval source of the universe in which all matters exist in an
undifferentiated form, and which conceals within its womb all the
possibilities of existence.
Prithvi, the earth (female) and Dyaus, the sky or heaven, were symbolised
as cow and bull respectively. Ushas (the dawn) was their daughter and
Indra (storm god) and Agni (fire god) were their sons.
Cosmogony
A theory about the origin and the evolution of the universe and the
branch of astrophysics that studies the origin and evolution of specific
Varaha Avtara, Raja Ravi Verma Press astronomical systems and the universe as a whole.
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Upanishad clearly says, ”O Shwetkatu, precede thou from effect to cause
and learn that solids (earth) proceed from liquids, Apah (water) from
Tejah (fire) whose properties are heat and light etc, and Tejah from the
uncreated Prakriti. This Prakriti is the source of all universes.
Water thus plays a prominent role in Vedic cosmogony. The genesis of the
Universe takes place in the primeval water. Once the chaotic condition
existing before the genesis is overcome through creative process, the
emergent one abhu emerges into an orderly cosmos. Thereafter, water-
element ap-tattva appears as one of the products of creative process. It
has a role to play in the further development of the Universe through its
transformations.
A striking feature of Vedic Cosmology is the distinction made between ap
chakras and salila, i.e., ‘waters’ and ‘creative waters’ respectively.
This egg (anda) is described as a coconut which has an interior seed (or
fluid) with outer parts (meat and husk). The outer sections of this egg are
prakriti, mahat, the threefold ahamkara and the elements. The inside, a
great womb, contains the waters, the oceans, mountains, gods, demons,
and mankind.
The mythical sage Manu, claims in his code that he created mankind
though not universe. He acknowledges the superiority and precedence of
Brahma- whom he recognizes as his father. Manu says “This universe was
enveloped in darkness, unperceived, indistinguishable, undiscoverable,
unknowable, as it were entirely sunk in sleep. Then the irresistible, self
existent Lord, undiscerned, causing this universe with the five elements
and all other things to become discernible, was manifested. He who is
beyond the cognizance of senses, subtle, indiscernible and eternal and
is the essence of all beings, and inconceivable, shone forth. He desiring,
seeking to produce, various creatures from his own body, first created
the waters, and deposited in them a seed. This (seed) became a golden
egg, resplendent as the sun, in which he himself was born as Brahma,
the progenitor of all the world. That lord having continued a year in the
egg, divided it into two parts by his mere thought. With these two shells
he formed the heaven and the earth, and in the middle he placed the
sky, the eight regions and the eternal abode of the waters.” (From Sacred
books of the East edited by Max Muller.)
Day and night follow each other; creation follows dissolution and
dissolution follows creation. Both precede each other. Prior to formation,
particular universe comes in a state of emptiness where all its material
elements exist in form of potential as space particles. This has been
the eternal process. So universe has neither a beginning nor an end.
Universe is eternally in Pravah (flow), following each other in alternative
succession.
Prakriti
Symbolically, water is
a source and grave of life
a vehicle of cleansing
a centre of regeneration
The mass of water represents the infinite nature of possible, the formless
potential represented by the Apsara.
The primaeval waters, the image of prima matter, also contained all solid
bodies before they acquired form and rigidity. Limitless and immortal, the
waters are the beginning and end of all things on earth, forever in flow
(pravah). It is the preserver of life, circulating throughout the whole of
nature, in the form of rain, sap, milk, blood.
The idea of the presence of energy/heat in primal waters, later gave rise
to the conception of va·av¡nala being present in waters. Ap¡m Nap¡t,
according to Oldenberg, was originally a water-dragon. He, later on, got
identified with Agni because of latter’s relation to the cloud-water in the
form of lightning. The presence of lightning in the water-laden cloud gave
rise to the concept of fire being a child who resides in the watery womb
of cloud before its birth.
The jar stands as a divine womb sometimes in the Vedas; the water-filled
jar is a symbol of the mother goddess in present times. The jar is also
considered to be symbol of Parvati’s organ, which when holds the organ
of Shiva (linga) forms the source of manifestation, the union, along with
an arrow, which symbolises the generative organ.
Poorna Kalash- the lotus flower, represents the whole universe and the
lotus petal, one petal of the flower represents the earth.
A lotus is also the symbol of the womb, spreading fertility to each and
every direction. It stands at the base of all cosmos.
‘The gods Mitra and Varuna once saw the nymph Urvasi and got passionate. They could
not resist the release of their semen; and as the semen fell off, they collected it in a jar.
From the top portion of the water mixed semen Vasistha was born, while Agastya was
born from the lower portion‘. (RV VIII.33.10-13)
The ordinary rural earthen pot when filled with water symbolises fullness
of life, Purnakumbha with inter-connectedness and inter-relatedness with
nature; had a divine status of a temple.
The symbol of earth is square, as it is most stable. In the fire altar, the
lateral walls either atmosphere or the surrounding ocean. The water in
a pot used for constructing this Yajnakunda symbolises the primordial
waters as well as the sky which holds water.
Panchamahabhuta
According to Hinduism there are 5 subtle elements which are responsible
for life. They are called the Panchamahabhutas:
Earth or Prithvi; Water or Jal; Fire or Agni; Air or Vayu and then
Ether or Akasha.
It was not that they were created in random order. All the elements were
created from the subtle energy called ‘Tanmatra’.
Another meaning of tan is mother, and matra also means matter- the
mother of matter. The mother of this whole world is the tanmatras.
The tanmatras are in the womb of the Cosmic Mother, Prakruti. It is this
energy that gives rise to the objective five elements. Each element is
related primarily to one tanmatra but can contain a portion of the others
as well. The elements were created in the following order from the 5
tanmatras-
Ether comes out of shabda tanmatra (sound)
Air out of shabda and sparsha tanmatras (sound and touch)
Fire out of shabda, sparsha and rupa tanmatras (sound, touch and sight)
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Water out of shabda, sparsha, rupa and rasa (sound, touch, sight and
taste), and
Earth out of shabda, sparsha, rupa, rasa and gandha (sound, touch, form,
taste and odor)
Indian Symbology
The Vedic (Hindu) tradition believes that the whole cosmos consists of
two forces- Male and Female.
Male forces- Sun, Fire, Wind
Female forces- Water
Swastika, Trishul
The shapes and colours of five elements are also represented in Yogic
concepts of the body and the six centres of psychic energy (chakras).
Varna- Waha, Va are the seed words for the waters of life. It is the quality
of life revealed psychologically.
Ranga- from the element of fire
The symbolism of the cosmic coupling of jar of Water (called Pranita- the
carried one, from river to sacrifice place) and Fire explains the proto-
philosphic concept of the primeval dark watery abyss through which
darted the first ray of light.
Story of Ganga
She is the elder daughter of Himavan and Mena. She was married to
the gods and remained in heaven until she was brought down to earth
through the efforts of Bhagiratha, grandson of Sagara, king of Ayodhya.
Sagara decided to perform the horse sacrifice as a sign of his universal
dominion, and planned to dethrone Indra. But Indra took the form of a
demon and drove the horse away. Sagara ordered his 60,000 sons who
had been given the task of guarding the horse to search for it. The sons
dug deep into the earth and found the horse near the hermitage of a sage
Kapila, but upon breaking his meditation and for theft, the sage burned
all the sons to ashes. Sagara could bring back his sons to life only if the
sacred waters of Ganga could be made to descend to earth and to flow
over their ashes in Patala (Hell). It took thousands of years, and Ganga
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was still very unwilling to leave heaven. The gods realised she would fall
as heavily as she could. Shiva agreed to break the violence of Ganga’s
fall on to Mount Kailasa by catching her waters in his tangled hair. Thus,
Ganga emerged in seven separate streams as Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati,
Sutlej. Ganga then filled the dug earth/ocean (sagara) and seeped down
into Patala, moistening the ashes of Sagara’s sons, and having purified
them, released them for admission into Swarga.
Ever since she flowed from heaven through earth and into the ocean and
Patala, Ganga is said to be the water of the three worlds.
That is why our ashes (rakh or parwaha ) after cremation is parvaha (or
put) in water or ganga water.
Many pools are holy, for they are presided over by its special deity or
Apsara (Ap-water). The ocean is the true realm of the evil spirits where
they are watched over by Varuna.
There is an ancient relationship between water and the moon was born
from the sea during the churning of the ocean (samudra manthan) by the
dev and danav. This suggests a relation between moon and sea tides.
Ganapati and Durga visarjan into the river symbolises karma- cause and
effect, wherein, earth is given back to the river from where the clay of the
idol had been originally taken from. Immersion symbolises return to the
primordial state of purity, death to the old life, and rebirth into the new
and also the immersion of the soul in the manifested world.
Water has always been a very important part of any Hindu festival- it was
always kept in a symbolic kumbha made of brass or clay or any other
material.
Let him who knows presently declare it: what is the securely
founded station of this Beautiful Bird
The Cows draw milk from his head, and wearing his vesture,
drink water with their foot.
Rigveda 1.164-1-52, Mantra 7
Lotus at the base of all cosmos This riddle symbolises Head as milk and Feet as water. Head is the
symbol of Heaven, of immortality and the devas. The Feet are the symbol
of the Earth, inanimate existence and asuric darkness. Both are fluid in
nature, but Milk represents Life and Immortality (ambrosia, elixir, nectar),
the best sustaining food that nature has created for man; whereas Water
in itself has not been able to sustain the Life-principle.
There is a principle of Motherhood in Cow, as it converts water to
milk. Milk is also water but it contains an infinitely number of tiniest of
globules of butter- Ajya or Ghrita, the Vedic symbol of the human seed.
Butter is also the symbol of Prana/ Life.
Heaven (Dyauh) is not just the sky over our heads, but symbolises Mind,
immortality, amritam, divinity, light and truth. As against this, Earth
(Prithivi) is the symbol of Matter (bhuta) Mrityu (darkness) and asura.
On the biological plane- heaven = father, earth= Mother
They are the two parents who exist in the unmanifested universal as
Svayambhu and Parameshthi and in the manifested individual as Surya
and Prithvi.
The two are like inverted bowls forming a Common Womb.
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Indian Symbology, proceedings of the Seminar. 1985. Editor Kirti Trivedi. IDC.
The Thousand Syllabled Speech. Being a study in Cosmic Symbolism in its Vedic Version.
Vision in Long Darkness. 1963. Vasudeva S. Agalwala, BHU.
Indian Mythology. 1983. Veronica Ions.
Beyond Appearances, Visual practices and ideologies in Modern India. 2003.Editor
Sumathi Ramaswamy.
Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum brochure. 2006. Pune.
The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols. 1996. Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrant.
Hindu religion- customs and manners by P. Thomas.
A document compiled by
Aditi Kulkarni
Shilpa Bisht
Niharika Manchanda
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