The periodic table

An ELEMENT is a substance that consists of atoms of one

type only. The 92 elements that occur naturally, and the 17
elements created artificially, are often arranged into a chart
called the periodic table. Each element is defined by its
atomic number- the number of protons in the nucleus of
each of its atoms (it is also the number of electrons present).
Atomic number increases along each row. (period) and
down each column(group). The shape of the table is
determined by the way in which electrons arrange
themselves around the nucleus : the positioning of
elements in order of increasing atomic number brings
together atoms with a similar pattern of orbiting electrons
(orbitals). These appear in blocks. Electrons occupy shells
of a certain energy (see pp. 308-309). Periods are ordered
according to the filling of successive shells with electrons,
while groups reflects the number of electrons in the outer
shell (valency electrons). These outer electrons are
important-they decide the chemical properties of the atom.
Elements that appear in the same group have similar
properties because they have the same number of
electrons in their outer shell. Elements in Group 0 have
"filled shells", where the outer shell holds its maximum
number of electrons and are stable. Atoms of Group I
elements have just one electrons in their outer shell. This
makes them unstable - and ready to react with other
substance.

Automic Number
21
BP in 0C
0
MP in C
Densitying cm -3
Electronegativity

Group I
1
-252.87
-259.2
0.0899
2.2

1.0
-1, 1

Atomic number is
number of protons
in each nucleus

H
Group II

1S
Hydrogen

3
1347
180.5
0.54
1.0

6.9
1

Li

(He)2s
Lithium
23.0
11
1
882.9
97.81
0.97
1
(Ne)3s
Sodium
39.1
19
1
774
63.65
0.86
0.90
(Ar)4s
Potassium
85.5
37
1
688
38.89
1.5
0.9
(Kr)5s
Rubidum
132.9
55
1
678.4
28.40
1.9
0.90
(Xe)6s
Cesium
87 (223.0)
1
(677)
(27)
0.90
(Rn)7s
Francium

Na

Rb

Cs

Fr

9.0
2

2970
1278
1.85
1.5

45.0
3
2831
1541
3.0
1.2
(Ar)3d 4s
Scandium

Oxidation State

Sc

Chemical Symbol
Electronic
Configuration

DIAMOND
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
Atomic mass (formerly atomic
weight) is the mass of each atom
of an element. It is equal to the
number of protons plus the
number of neutrons (electrons
have negligible mass). The figures
given are the averages for all the
different versions (isotopes) of
each element, measured relative
to the mass of carbon-12.

Atomic number
goes up by one
along each
period

Group III

GRAPHITE

Ca

Sr

1st transition metals

21

45.0
3
2831
1541
3.0
1.2
(Ar)3d4s
Scandium
88.9
39
3
3338
(1522)
4.5
1.1
(Kr)4d5s
Yttrium
57-71

Sc

Ba

22

47.9
3.4
3287
1660
4.50
1.3
(Ar)3d4s
Titanium
91.2
40
4
4377
1852
6.51
1.2
(Kr)4d5s
Zirconium
178.5
72
4
4602
2227
13.28
1.2
(Xe)4f14 5d 6s
Hafnium
(261)
104

Ti

Zr

Hf

89-103

Ra

23

52.0
2,3,6
2672
1857
7.14
1.6
5
(Ar)3d 4s
Chromium
95.9
42
2,3,4,5,6
4612
2617
10.28
1.3
5
(Kr)4d 5s
Molybdenum
183.9
74
2,3,4,5,6
5660
3410
19.3
1.4
(Xe)4f145d46s
Tungsten
(263)
106
-

Unp

Unh

Nb

Ta

Unq
Unnliquadium

24

Unnilpentium

Cr

Mo

25

54.9
2,3,4,6,7
1962
1244
7.43
1.6
5
(Ar)3d 4s
Manganese
99.0
43
7
4878
2172
11.5
1.4
6
(kr)4d 5s
Technetium
186.2
75
2,4,7
5627
3180
21.0
1.5
(Xe)4f145d56s
Rhenium
(262)
107
-

Mn

Tc

Re

26

55.9
2,3,6
2750
1535
7.87
1.6
6
(Ar)3d 4s
Iron
101.8
44
3,4,8
3900
2310
(12.41)
1.4
7
(Kr)4d 5s
Ruthenium
190.2
76
2,3,4,6,8
5027
3045
22.57
1.5
(Xe)4f145d66s
Osmium
(265)
108
-

Fe

Ru

Os

Uns

Unnilhexium Unnilseptium

Soft, Silvery and

highly reactive metal

Group V

58.9
2,3
2870
1495
8.9
1.7
7
(Ar)3d 4s
Cobalt
102.9
45
1,2,3,4
3727
1966
12.39
1.5
8
(Kr)4d 5s
Rhodium
192.2
77
1,2,3,4,6
4130
2410
22.61
1.6
(Xe)4f145d76s
Iridium
(266)
109
-

Co

Rh

Ir

3rd transition metals

28

58.7
2,3
2732
1453
8.91
1.8
8
(Ar)3d 4s
Nickel
106.4
46
2,4
3140
1552
11.99
1.4
10
(Kr)4d
Palladium
195.1
78
2,4
3827
1772
21.41
1.4
(xe)4f145d96s
Paltinium

Ni

Pd

Pt

29

63.5
1,2
2567
1083
8.95
1.8
10
(Ar)3d 4s
Copper
107.9
47
1,2
2212
961.9
10.49
1.4
10
(Kr)4d 5s
Silver
197.0
79
1,3
2807
1064
19.32
1.4
(Xe)4f145d106s
Gold

Cu

AG

Au

30

65.4
2
907
419.60
7.14
1.7
10
(Ar)3d 4s
Zinc
112.4
48
2
765
320.90
8.65
1.5
10
(Kr)4d 5s
Cadmium
200.6
80
1,2
356.60
-38.84
13.53
1.5
(Xe) 4f145d106s
Mercury

Zn

Cd

Hg

10.8 6
12.0
3
-4,2,4
2550
4827
(2079)
(3367)
2.35
2.26
2.0
2.5
(He)2s2p
(He)2s2p
Boron
Carbon
27.0 14
28.1
13
3
4
2467
4
660
2355
2.70
1410
1.5
2.34
(Ne)3s3p 1.7(Ne)3s3p
Aluminium
Silicon
69.7 32
72.6
31
3
4
2403
2830
29.78
937.4
5.90
5.32
1.8
2.0
10
10
(Ar)3d 4s4p
(Ar)3d 4s4p
Aluminium
Germanium
114.8 50
118.7
49
3
2,4
2080
2270
156.60
232
7.31
7.27
1.5
1.7
10
10
(Kr)4d 5s5p
(Kr)4d 5s5p
Indium
Tin
204.4 82
207.2
81
1,3
2,4
1457
1740
303.5
327.5
11.85
11.34
1.4
1.6
(Xe)4f145d106s6p (Xe)4f145d106s6p
Thallium
Lead

AI

Si

Ga

Ge

In

Sn

TI

Pb

16.0
-2.-1
-182.96
-218.4
1.13
3.5
(He)2s2p4
Oxygen
32.1
16
-2,2,4,6
444.67
112.8
2.1
2.4
4
(Ne)3s3p
Sulpher
79.0
34
-2,4,6
684.9
217
4.19
2.5
(Ar)3d104s4p4
Selenium
127.6
52
-2,4,6
990
449.5
100.25
2
10
4
(Kr)4d 5s5p
Tellurium
84 (210.0)
2,4,6
962
254
9.14
1.8 14 10
4
(Xe)4f 5d 6s6p
Polonium

As

Se

Sb

Te

Bi

Po

Group 0
2

Halogens
Group VII
9

19.0
-1
-188.14
-219.62
1.1
4.1
(He)2s2p5
Fluorine
35.5
17
-1,1,3,5,7
-34.6
-100.98
1.1
2.8
5
(Ne)3s3p
Chlorine
79.9
35
-1,1,3,5,7
58.78
-7.2
3.19
2.7
(Ar)3d104s4p5
Bromine
126.9
53
-1,1,3,5,7
184.40
113.5
4.94
2.2
10
5
(Kr)4d 5s5p
Iodine
85 (210.0)
-1,1,3,5,7
337
(302)
2.0
(Xe)4f145d106s6p5
Astatine

CI

Br

At

4.0
0

-268.934
-272.2
0.178
-0

He

1s
Helium
20.2
10
0
-246.05
-248.67
1.2
(He)2s2p6
Neon
40.0
18
0
-185.8
-189.2
1.41
6
-(Ne)3s3p
Argon
83.8
36
2,4
-152.30
-156.30
2.16
10
6
(Ar)3d 4s4p
Krypton
131.3
54
2,4,6
-107.10
-111.9
3.5
10
6
(Kr)4d 5s5p
Xenon
86 (222.0)
2
(-61.8)
(-71)
4.4
(Xe)4f145d106s6p6
Radon

Ne

Kr

Alkaline earth
metals

Poor metals

Transition metals
Lanthanides
(rare earth)

Radioactive
metals

Semi-metals
Non-metals
Noble gases

Yellow, unreactive
precious metal

Soft, shiny,
reactive metal

GOLD
3RD TRANSITION METAL

CHROMIUM
1ST TRANSITION METAL

Xe

Rn

NOBLE GASES
Group 0contains elements
that have a filled (complete) outer
shell of electrons, which means the
atoms do not need to lose or gain
electrons by bonding with other
atoms. This makes them stable and
they do not easily form ions or react
with other elements. Noble gases are
also called rare or inert gases.

Shiny
semimetal

TIN :
GROUP 4 POOR METAL

138.9
3
3457
921
6.17
1.1
(Xe)5d6s
Lanthanum

58

140.1
3,4
3426
799
6.9
1.1
(Xe)4f6s
Cerium

59

140.9
3,4
(3512)
931
6.5
1.1
(Xe)4f6s
Praseodymium

60

144.2
3
(3068)
1021
6.9
1.1
(Xe)4f46s
Neodymium

61

147.0
3
2460
1168
1.1
Xe4F56s
Promethium

62

150.4
2,3
1791
1077
7.54
1.1
(Xe)4f66s
Samarium

63

152.0
2,3
1597
822
5.1
1
(Xe)4f76s
Europium

64

157.3
3
3266
1313
8.0
1.1
(Xe)4f75d6s
Gadolinium

65

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

La

227.0
3
3200
1050
1
(Rn)6d7s
Actinium

Ac

PLUTONIUM
ACTINIDE SERIES METAL

Long
period

Unreactive, colourless gas

glows red in discharge tube

Hard,
silvery
metal

57

Actinides

Short
period

Ar

NEON :
GROUP 0
COLOURLESS GAS

ANTIMONY :
GROUP 5 SEMI-METAL

TYPES OF ELEMENT KEY :

Alkali metals

Period

p-block

Atomic mass is estimated,

as element exists fleetingly

Unniloctium Unnilennium

14.0
-3,2,3,4,5
-195.8
-209.86
0.81
3.1
(He)2s2p
Nitrogen
31.0
15
-3,3,5
280w
44.2w
1.82w
2.1
(Ne)3s3p
Phosphorous
74.9
33
-3,3,5
613
817
5.77
2.2
10
(Ar)3d 4s4p
Arsenic
121.8
51
-3,3,5
1750
630.70
6.70
1.8
10
(Kr)4d 5s5p
Antimony
209.0
83
3,5
1560
371.3
9.81
1.7
14
10
2
(Xe)4f 5d 6s 6p
Bismuth

d-block

Une

Group VI

Purple-black
solid turns to
gas easily

d-block

Silvery,
reactive
metal
MAGNESIUM :
GROUP 2 METAL

27

Uno

Two series always separated out from

the table to give it a coherent shape

SODIUM
GROUP 1 METAL

CARBON POWDER

2nd transition metals

50.9
2,3,4,5
3380
1890
6.11
1.5
(Ar)3d4s
Vanadium
92.9
41
3.5
4742
2468
(8.57)
1.2
4
(Kr)4d 5s
Niobium
181.0
73
5
5425
2996
16.65
1.3
(xe)4f145d6s
Tantalum
(262)
105

Group IV

Mg

s-block
METALS AND NON-METALS
Elements at the left-hand side of each period are
metals. Metals easily lose electrons and form
positive ions. Non-metals, on the right of a period,
tend to become negative ions. Semi-metals which
have properties of both metals and non-metals,
are between the two.

ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
IODINE :
Some elements exist in
GROUP 7
more than one fromSOLID NONthese are known as allotropes.
SULPHUR
:
METAL
Carbon powder, graphite
GROUP 6 SOLID NON-METALS
and diamond are allotropes
of carbon. They all consist of
carbon atoms, but have very
Boron and
Nitrogen and
different physical properties.
carbon groups
oxygen groups

Chemical Symbol

Be

(He)2s
Beryllium
24.3
12
2
1090
648.8
1.74
1.20
(Ne)3s
Magnesium
40.1
20
2
1484
839
1.55
1
(Ar)4s
Calcium
87.6
38
2
1384
769
2.63
1.0
(Kr)5s
Strontium
137.4
56
2
1640
725
3.62
1.0
(Xe)6s
Barium
226.0
88
2
1140
700
5.5
1.0
(Rn)7s
Radium

Bright yellow
crystal

At. Wt.

Ce

232.0
4
4790
1750
11.7
1.1
(Rn)6d7s
Thorium

Th

Pr

231.0
4,5
1600
15.4
1.1
(Rn)5f6d7s
Protactinium

Pa

Nd

238.0
3,4,5,6
3818
1132
19.05
1.2
(Rn)5f6d7s
Uranium

Pm

237.0
3,4,5,6
3902
640
1.2
(Rn)5f46d17s2
Neptunium

Np

Sm

242.0
3,4,5,6
3232
641
1.2
(Rn)5f67s
Plutonium

Pu

Eu

243.0
3,4,5,6
2607
994
1.2
(Rn)5f77s
Americium

Am

Gd

247.0
3,4
1340
1.2
(Rn)5f6d7s
Curium

Cm

f-block

162.5
3
(2562)
1412
8.5
1.1
(Xe)4f106s
DysProsium

67

97

247.0 98
251.0
3,4
3,4
1.2
(Rn)5f97s
(Rn)5f107s
Berkelium
Californium

99

1.2

158.9
3
3123
1356
8.27
1.1
(Xe)4f86s
Terbium

Tb

Bk

66

Dy

Cf

164.9
3
2695
1474
8.8
1.1
(Xe)4f116s
Holmium

Ho

68

167.3
3
2900
1497
9.07
1.1
(Xe)4f126s
Erbium

Er

254.0 100 253.0

3
3
1.2
(Rn)5f117s
(Rn)5f127s
Einsteinium
Fermium

Es

Fm

69

168.9
2,3
1947
1545
9.33
1.1
(Xe)4f136s
Thulium

173.0
70
2,3
1194
(819)
6.98
1.1
(Xe)4f146s
Ytterbium

101

102

Tm

256.0
3
1.2
(Rn)5f137s
Mendelevium

Md

Yb

71

175.0
3
(3395)
(1663)
9.84
1.1
(Xe)4f145d6s
Lutetium

Lu

254.0 103 257.0

2,3
3
(Rn)5f147s
(Rn)5f1476ds
Nobelium
Lawrencium

No

No

Lr