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The peak-to-peak ripple is an enormous 2V and cannot be smoothed unless the circuit is eectively turned
into one of the more sophisticated forms.[1] This is the
circuit (with diode reversed) used to supply the negative
high voltage for the magnetron in a microwave oven.
Greinacher circuit
Voltage doublers are a variety of voltage multiplier circuit. Many, but not all, voltage doubler circuits can be
Figure 2. Greinacher circuit
viewed as a single stage of a higher order multiplier: cascading identical stages together achieves a greater voltage
The Greinacher voltage doubler is a signicant improvemultiplication.
ment over the Villard circuit for a small cost in additional
components. The ripple is much reduced, nominally zero
under open-circuit load conditions, but when current is
1 Voltage doubling rectiers
being drawn depends on the resistance of the load and
the value of the capacitors used. The circuit works by following a Villard cell stage with what is in essence a peak
1.1 Villard circuit
detector or envelope detector stage. The peak detector
cell has the eect of removing most of the ripple while
preserving the peak voltage at the output. The Greinacher
circuit is also commonly known as the half-wave voltage
doubler.[2]
The Villard circuit, due to Paul Ulrich Villard,[p 1] consists simply of a capacitor and a diode. While it has the
great benet of simplicity, its output has very poor ripple
characteristics. Essentially, the circuit is a diode clamp
circuit. The capacitor is charged on the negative half cycles to the peak AC voltage (V ). The output is the superposition of the input AC waveform and the steady DC
of the capacitor. The eect of the circuit is to shift the
DC value of the waveform. The negative peaks of the AC
waveform are clamped to 0 V (actually VF, the small
forward bias voltage of the diode) by the diode, therefore the positive peaks of the output waveform are 2V .
1.3
Bridge circuit
2.2
2.1
Clock
Figure 7. Dickson charge-pump voltage-doubler
3
the on state. However, integrated circuit designers prefer
to use the easily available MOSFET and compensate for
its inadequacies with increased circuit complexity.[14]
As an example, an alkaline battery cell has a nominal
voltage of 1.5 V. A voltage doubler using ideal switching
elements with zero voltage drop will output double this,
namely 3.0 V. However, the drain-source voltage drop of
a diode-wired MOSFET when it is in the on state must
be at least the gate threshold voltage which might typically be 0.9 V.[15] This voltage doubler will only succeed in raising the output voltage by about 0.6 V to 2.1
V. If the drop across the nal smoothing transistor is also
taken into account the circuit may not be able to increase
the voltage at all without using multiple stages. A typical
Schottky diode, on the other hand, might have an on state
voltage of 0.3 V.[16] A doubler using this Schottky diode
will result in a voltage of 2.7 V, or at the output after the
smoothing diode, 2.4 V.[17]
The Dickson charge pump, or Dickson multiplier, consists of a cascade of diode/capacitor cells with the bottom
plate of each capacitor driven by a clock pulse train.[p 7]
The circuit is a modication of the Cockcroft-Walton
multiplier but takes a DC input with the clock trains providing the switching signal instead of the AC input. The
Dickson multiplier normally requires that alternate cells
are driven from clock pulses of opposite phase. However, since a voltage doubler, shown in gure 7, requires 2.2
only one stage of multiplication only one clock signal is
required.[12]
The Dickson multiplier is frequently employed in integrated circuits where the supply voltage (from a battery
for instance) is lower than that required by the circuitry.
It is advantageous in integrated circuit manufacture that
all the semiconductor components are of basically the
same type. MOSFETs are commonly the standard logic
block in many integrated circuits. For this reason the
diodes are often replaced by this type of transistor, but
wired to function as a diode - an arrangement called a
diode-wired MOSFET. Figure 8 shows a Dickson voltage
doubler using diode-wired n-channel enhancement type
MOSFETs.[13]
Figure 9. Cross-coupled switched-capacitor voltage doubler
Clock
Figure 8. Dickson voltage doubler using diode-wired MOSFETs
5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
voltage doublers both supplying the output from out of [17] Yuan, p.17
phase clocks. The primary disadvantage of this circuit is
that stray capacitances are much more signicant than [18] Peluso et al., pp.36-37
Liu 2006, pp. 232-234
with the Dickson multiplier and account for the larger
[20]
part of the losses in this circuit.
[19] Campardo et al., p.377
Peluso et al., p.36
Liu 2006, p. 234
See also
DC to DC converter
Flyback converter
Boost converter
Buck-boost converter
Voltage multiplier
References
Earl Gates (2011). Introduction to Electronics. Cengage Learning. pp. 283284. ISBN 1-111-128537.
James F. Cox (2002). Fundamentals of Linear Electronics: Integrated and Discrete. Cengage Learning.
pp. 4243. ISBN 0-7668-3018-7.
Robert Dienderfer (2005). Electronic Devices:
Systems and Applications. Cengage Learning. p.
135. ISBN 1-4018-3514-7.
5 Bibliography
Ahmed, Syed Imran Pipelined ADC Design and Enhancement Techniques, Springer, 2010 ISBN 90481-8651-X.
Bassett, R. J.; Taylor, P. D. (2003), 17. Power
Semiconductor Devices, Electrical Engineers Reference Book, Newnes, pp. 17/117/37, ISBN 07506-4637-3
Campardo, Giovanni; Micheloni, Rino; Novosel,
David VLSI-design of Non-volatile Memories,
Springer, 2005 ISBN 3-540-20198-X.
Kind, Dieter; Feser, Kurt (2001), translator Y.
Narayana Rao, ed., High-voltage Test Techniques,
Newnes, ISBN 0-7506-5183-0
Kories, Ralf; Schmidt-Walter, Heinz Taschenbuch
der Elektrotechnik: Grundlagen und Elektronik,
Deutsch Harri GmbH, 2004 ISBN 3-8171-1734-5.
Liou, Juin J.; Ortiz-Conde, Adelmo; GarcaSnchez, F. Analysis and Design of MOSFETs,
Springer, 1998 ISBN 0-412-14601-0.
Liu, Mingliang (2006), Demystifying Switched Capacitor Circuits, Newnes, ISBN 0-7506-7907-7
McComb, Gordon Gordon McCombs gadgeteers
goldmine!, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1990 ISBN
0-8306-3360-X.
Mehra, J; Rechenberg, H The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, Springer, 2001 ISBN 0387-95179-2.
Millman, Jacob; Halkias, Christos C. Integrated
Electronics, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha, 1972 ISBN
0-07-042315-6.
Peluso, Vincenzo; Steyaert, Michiel; Sansen, Willy
M. C. Design of Low-voltage Low-power CMOS
Delta-Sigma A/D Converters, Springer, 1999 ISBN
0-7923-8417-2.
Ryder, J. D. (1970), Electronic Fundamentals & Applications, Pitman Publishing, ISBN 0-273-31491-2
5
Wharton, W.; Howorth, D. Principles of Television
Reception, Pitman Publishing, 1971 ISBN 0-27336103-1.
Yuan, Fei CMOS Circuits for Passive Wireless Microsystems, Springer, 2010 ISBN 1-4419-7679-5.
Zumbahlen, Hank Linear Circuit Design Handbook,
Newnes, 2008 ISBN 0-7506-8703-7.
Primary sources
His apparatus was exhibited at the 1908 Exposition d'lectricit in Marseille, France: Georges
Tardy (August 15, 1908) Contact tournant de
la Socit franaise des cbles lectriques Systeme Berthoud-Borel, L'Electricien: Revue Internationale de l'Electricit et de ses Applications, 2nd
series, 36 (920) : 97-98. (Article includes photograph of machine.) The equipment was used to test
insulation on high-voltage commercial power lines.
The operation of Delons bridge rectier is also explained (with schematic) in: E. von Rziha and Josef
Seidener, Starkstromtechnik: Taschenbuch fr Elektrotechniker (High-current technology: A Pocket
book for Electrical Engineers), 5th ed., vol. 1,
(Berlin, Germany: Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 1921),
pages 710-711.
Delons name and dates appear in: Friedrich Heilbronner, Internationale Liste von Elektrotechnikern
(2013), pp. 14-15. Brief obituary of Jules Delon,
Technica (Journal of the Association des anciens
eleves de l'ecole centrale Lyonnaise (Association of
the Alumni of the Central School of Lyon)), 2nd series, no. 25, page 24 (December 1941). Available
on-line at: Technica. See also Delons U.S. patents
no. 1,740,076, no. 1,837,952, and no. 1,995,201.
[7] Dickson, John F. (July 1976), On-chip high-voltage
generation in MNOS integrated circuits using an
improved voltage multiplier technique,
IEEE
Journal of Solid-State Circuits 11 (3): 374378,
doi:10.1109/jssc.1976.1050739
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