Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Increased poverty
unemployment
Ghana
Nkrumah
Kenya
Released in 1961
Only in french
Improve health services
Open more administrative position to Africans
Algeria
Revolt in 1954
Zimbabwe
Places of residence
homelands
Access to jobs
Public facilities
Other Activists
Modern Adaptation of:
African Soldier - Sonny Okosun
Chilean copper
Cuban sugar
Colombian coffee
Guatemalan bananas
Castro turned to the Soviet Union for economic aid, but only condemned Cuba to
economic stagnation and an equally damaging dependence on a foreign power.
In April 1961, the Bay of Pigs incident occurred,
through a faulty plan to overthrow the Castro
regime. This resulted in the tarnishing of the U.S.
reputation and caused Castro to say that he had a
Marxist-Leninist ideology from the start.
How
How has the Revolution succeeded, in Castro
s eyes? Who is the focus of the Revolution?
In the last months of 1945, 51 nations signed the United Nations Charter. In the
next decade, 25 new members joined. In the following decade, 46 new members
joined, making 122 members over the course of twenty years.
Few nations could organize and establish governments without experiencing
coups, rewritten constitutions, or rebellions. Many new nations faced severe
economic challenges, ie. foreign ownership, operation of key resources, and the
need to build infrastructure.
Education was a huge concern: which language should they teach in? How
should they include national unity in diverse populations? Where do the
graduates get jobs after their education is over?
The superpowers (Soviet Russia and the United States) dominated the
world but did not control it entirely. As time progressed, they dominated
it less and less.
Bandung Conference (1955)- Meeting of 29 African and Asian countries,
most of which were newly independent. The conference's stated aims
were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to
oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nation.
Bandung Conference represented
nearly one-quarter of the Earth's
land surface and a total population
of 1.5 billion people.
After WWII (1951) Japan signed a peace treaty with some of its former
enemies, and gained independence from U.S. occupation a year later.
A new constitution - renounced militarism and imperialism
limited self-defense force
banned deployment of troops abroad
gave the vote to women
Japan became a force for economic development rather than a military
occupier through peace treaties with South East Asia, specifying
reparations payable in goods and services, and cold war isolation from
world politics.
Unlike Japan, China was deeply involved in Cold War politics. The Soviet
Union was the main ally and source of arms to communist People's
Republic of China (PRC), but the two were beginning to diverge
politically about things like the USSR rejection of Stalinism, Chinas
reluctance to forever be subordinate to the USSR, and the role of the
peasant.
Maos Great Leap Forward- was supposed to maximize production
through the use of small scale industries and labor, but ended up failing.
It still demonstrated Maos willingness to carry out massive economic
and social projects on his own.
Mao started his own radical nationwide program, which called for the
mass mobilization of Chinese youth into Red Guard units, who set out to
eradicate China of traditional and Bourgeois values.
Goals: Kindle revolutionary fervor in a new generation, and ward off
stagnation and bureaucratization from the USSR.
Internal party conflict: Mao admitted that the attacks on individuals had
gotten out of hand. The last years of the revolution were dominated by
radicals led by Maos wife Jiang Qing, whose main focus was restriction
on art and intellectual activity.
Iraq, Egypt, and jordan all enjoyed some amount of nominal independence
during the interwar period but remained under indirect British control until the
1950s when military coups overthrew:
-King Faruq of Egypt in 1952
-King Faysal of Iraq in 1958
In Jordan King Husayn dismissed his British military commander in 1956 but
because Jordan was a poor desert country, it remained dependent on British, and
later on American, financial aid.
-The massive concentration of oil wealth in the persian Gulf states (Iran, Iraq, Saudi
Arabia, Qatar, UAE) was fully realized after WWII when demand for oil rose sharply as
civilian economies recovered. These states formed OPEC, the Organization of Oil
Exporting Countries to promote their collective interest in higher revenues.
-In 1973, arab oil-producing countries voted to embargo oil shipments to the US and
the Netherlands as punishment for their support of Israel. The use of oil as an
economic weapon disturbed the worldwide oil industry. Prices and feelings of
insecurity rose. OPEC responded to turmoil in the oil market by quadrupling prices,
setting the stage for an massive transfer of wealth to the producing countries, and
provoking a feeling of crisis throughout the consuming countries.
Environmental Concerns
-Superpowers were focused on economic recovery and technological innovations and were
negligent to the negative effects various initiatives and projects had on the environment.
-Particularly negligent to the environmental pesticide and herbicide use, automobile
exhaust, industrial waste disposal, and radiation hazards.
-In 1968 there was an wave of student unrest in many parts of the world. Students in NYC
protested racism and the Vietnam war. In Paris and Tokyo students rioted to reform higher
education. In Mexico, students were outraged at the amount of money the government was
spending to host the Olympic games. Youth activism grew greatly and focused awareness
on environmental issues. Earth day was first celebrated in 1970: the year the US established
the environmental protection agency (EPA).
Essential Questions