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DesignofWaterSupplyNetworks
CIVL5995ProjectI

AhmadSana
DepartmentofCivilandArchitecturalEngineering
SultanQaboosUniversity,Oman

Designofwaterdistributionsystem
Amunicipalwaterdistributionsystemisusedtodeliverwatertothe
consumer.
Wateriswithdrawnfromalongthepipesinapipenetworksystem,for
computationalpurposesalldemandsonthesystemareassumedtooccur
atthejunctionnodes.
Pressureisthemainconcerninawaterdistributionsystem.Atnotime
shouldthewaterpressureinthesystembesolowthatcontaminated
groundwatercouldenterthesystematpointsofleakage.
Thetotalwaterdemandateachnodeisestimatedfromresidential,
industrialandcommercialwaterdemandsatthatnode.Thefireflowis
addedtoaccountforemergencywaterdemand.

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Componentsofawaterdistribution
system

FunctionalComponentsofaWaterUtility

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Largediameterwatermains

PressureReducingandCheckValve

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ATypicalPumpingStationSchematic

Pumphouse

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Centrifugalpumps

Typicalelevatedwater
tanks

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Reservoirpumptanksystem

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Pumpcurves

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Typesofvalves

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Typicallayoutofwatersupplysystem

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Usingboosterpumps

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Operationofawatersupplysystem

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Systemheadcurve

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Pumpoperatingpoint

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Operatingpoints(Max.andMin.)

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Operatingpointsforvariouspumps

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Operationpointsforvariouspipes

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Typicalpipenetwork

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DesignGuidelinesandStandardsforWater
SupplySystems
Public Authority for Electricity and Water, Sultanate of Oman

WaterDemand
Totalwaterdemandatanodeisequaltotheaveragewaterdemandper
capitamultipliedbythepopulationservedbythatnode.
Thepopulationmaybeestimatedbyanyoftheavailablemodelsof
populationgrowth.Thesemodelsusethepreviouslyavailablepopulation
dataforfutureprojections.
Forexample,accordingtoArithmeticmodel:

P(t ) P0 kt
P(t) isthepopulationattimet andP0 isthereferencepopulation.
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WaterDemand
Similarlyahigherorderpolynomialfunctioncan
2
3
beobtainedasfollows: P(t ) P0 at bt ct
Example:Youareintheprocessofdesigninga
watersupplysystemforatown,andthedesign
lifeofyoursystemistoendintheyear2020.
Thepopulationinthetownhasbeenmeasured
every10yearssince1920andisgivenbelow.
Estimatethepopulationinthetownusing
graphicalextensionandarithmeticgrowth
projection.
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Populationprojection
Year
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990

Population
125,000
150,000
150,000
185,000
185,000
210,000
280,000
320,000

From the graph, if the line is extended to year

2020, we get, the population as: 440,000

By regression on the data for 1970 to 1990, we get the following expression:

P (t ) 60000 5500t
where, t is the time in years starting from year 1920. So, for year 2020, t= 100,
and we get the population: 490,000
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Demandpattern

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Firedemand
Insurance Services Office, Inc. (ISO, 1980) formula:

NFFi C i Oi ( X P ) i

where, NFFi is needed fire flow at location i, Ci is the construction factor based on
size and type of construction of the building, Oi is the occupancy factor reflecting
the kinds of material stored in the building (value range from 0.75 to 1.25), and
(X+P)i is the sum of the exposure factor and communication factor that reflects the
proximity and exposure of other buildings (value range from 1.0 to 1.75).

Ci ( L / min) 220 F Ai
Ai is the effective floor area in square meters, typically equal to the area of the
largest floor in the building plus 50% of the area of all other floors, F is a
coefficient based on the class of construction. The maximum value of Ci and
typical F values are given below:

Classof
Construction
1
2
3
4
5
6

Description

Max.Ci(L/min)

Frame
Joisted masonry
Noncombustible
Masonry, noncombustible
Modified fire resistive
Fire resistive

1.5
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6

30,000
30,000
23,000
23,000
23,000
23,000

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Combustibilityclass
C1 Noncombustible
C2 Limited combustible
C3 Combustible
C4 Freeburning
C5 Rapid burning

Firedemand

Examples
Steel or concrete products storage

Oi
0.75

Apartments, mosques, offices

Department stores, supermarkets
Auditoriums, warehouses
Paint shops, upholstering shops

0.85
1.0
1.15
1.25

Average value of (X+P)i is 1.4. The NFF should be rounded to the nearest
1000L/min if less than 9000 L/min and to the nearest 2000L/min if greater than
9000L/min.
Requiredfireflow(L/min)
<9000
1100013000
1500017000
1900021000
2300026000
2600030000
3000034000
3400038000
3800045000

RequiredfireflowDuration(h)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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Operating criteria for water supply systems

Primary functions of a water-supply system
1. Meet the demand while maintaining acceptable pressures
2. Supply water for fire without affecting the water supply to the rest of the system
3. Provide sufficient level of redundancy to serve during emergency conditions
Minimum acceptable pressure:
Under normal conditions = 240 to 410 kPa
During fire or emergency = >140 kPa
Maximum pressure (not strict) : 650kPa.

Storage facilities
1. 20% to 25% of the maximum daily demand volume
2. Fire demand
3. Emergency storage (minimum storage equal to average daily system demand)
4. Minimum height of water in the elevated storage tank based on minimum
piezometric head in the service area
5. Normal operating range 4.5 to 6.0 m.
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