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Differences
Social norms can take into account desirability, statistical cant
Social is easier to be identified as abnormal, statistical you have to carry out
tests
Statistical more valid, social subjective
Define reliability in clinical psychology
Same diagnosis with same symptoms
Use same testing tools to make decision
If using same tools should give same diagnosis if symptoms are the same
Issues
Clinicians dont agree on diagnosis
Patient doesnt describe symptoms first hand
Symptoms dont remain constant
Define validity in clinical psychology
Course of treatment given successfully
Same treatment used with people with similar symptoms
Issues
Treatment not successful
More than one cause exists
Patient presents more than one disorders (co-morbidity)
Cultural issues in clinical psychology
DSM culturally biased, eastern culture may be wrongly diagnosed
Escobar and Vega, low cross cultural applicability because of western bias
Cinnerella and Lowenthal, ethinic group and religion has a strong effect on
perception on mental illness, needs to be taken into account
Gender bias, woman are treated more by NICE than men
Malgady, hearing voices in Costa Rica is talking to God, in USA symptom of
schizophrenia
Depression linked with women illness, alcoholism with men
Unipolar Depression
Biological Explanation
Focus on genes
Children with depressed parents more likely to get it
McGuffin concordance rate 46% MZ twins 20% DZ twins
MZ twins share 100% DNA DZ 50% DNA, so genes must account for higher
concordance.
Genes related to production of serotonin
Adoption studies shows influence of genes away from home envirorment.
Short form of serotonin transporter gene makes particularly vulnerable, but
doesnt lead to depression on its own.
Evaluation
Wilhem, teachers in Australia with short version serotonin transporter gene more