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Article history:
Received 28 December 2008
Received in revised form
27 August 2009
Accepted 5 October 2009
Available online 21 October 2009
In this study, the role of Lewis and Damkohler numbers on the premixed ame propagation through
micro-organic dust particles is investigated. It is presumed that the fuel particles vaporize rst to yield
a gaseous fuel, which is oxidized in the gas phase. In order to simulate the combustion process, the ame
structure is composed of four zones; a preheat zone, a vaporization zone, a reaction zone and nally
a post ame zone, respectively. Then the governing equations, required boundary conditions and
matching conditions are applied for each zone and the standard asymptotic method is used in order to
solve these differential equations. Consequently the important parameters on the combustion
phenomenon of organic dust particles such as gaseous fuel mass fraction, organic dust mass fraction and
burning velocity with the various numbers of Lewis, Damkohler and the onset of vaporization are plotted
in gures. This prediction has a reasonable agreement with experimental data of micro-organic dust
particle combustion.
2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Dust particles
Lewis number
Damkohler number
Gaseous fuel mass fraction
Organic dust mass fraction
Burning velocity
Asymptotic analysis
1. Introduction
Dust explosions are the phenomena that ame propagates
through dust clouds in air with increasing degree of subdivision of
any combustible solids. They have been a recognized threat to
humans and property for the last 150 years [1]. In industries that
manufacture, process, generate, or use combustible dusts, an
accurate knowledge of their explosion hazards is essential [2]. With
the advancement of powder technology and the increase of powder
handling processes, hazard assessment and the establishment
of preventive methods for dust explosions have become more
important from the viewpoint of industrial loss prevention [1].
In spite of signicant efforts to obtain information on the explosibility of dusts, the fundamental mechanisms of ame propagation
in dust suspension have not been sufciently studied. This is mainly
due to experimental difculties in the generation of a uniform dust
suspension, as well as the fact that particle size and size distributions
can signicantly inuence the combustion mechanisms [1,3].
Han et al. [1,4] conducted an experimental study to elucidate the
structure of ame propagating through lycopodium dust clouds in
a vertical duct. The maximum upward propagating velocity was
0.50 m/s at a dust concentration of 170 g/m3. Despite the employment of nearly equal sized particles and its good dispersability and
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 98 77 240 197; fax: 98 21 77 240 488.
E-mail address: bidabadi@iust.ac.ir (M. Bidabadi).
1290-0729/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2009.10.002
Nomenclature
x
t
T
Ys
Yg
Tf
Tu
tvap
tchem
Da
C
Cs
Cp
Dm
Le
E
R
Ze
ns
axial coordinate
time
temperature
mass fraction of the fuel in the solid phase
mass fraction of the fuel in the gaseous phase
ame temperature
temperature of fresh mixture
characteristic time of vaporization
characteristic time of chemical reaction
Damkohler number, tvap =tchem
heat capacity of mixture
specic heat of solid particle
specic heat of the gaseous phase
mass diffusion coefcient
Lewis number, l=rCDm
activation energy of the reaction
universal gas constant
Zeldovich number, ETf Tu =RTf2
local number density of particles (number of particles
per unit volume)
rp
B
Q
Qv
Uf
b
x
b
xv
535
Greek symbol
r
mixture density
rs
density of a fuel particle
l
thermal conductivity
u_ chem
rate of chemical reaction
u_ vap
rate of dust cloud vaporization
q
non-dimensional form of temperature
qv
non-dimensional form of threshold temperature
of vaporization
Fu
overall equivalence ratio of the initial combustible
mixture
3
expansion parameter, 1=Ze
536
Le
l
rCDm
(1)
Ze
E Tf Tu
RTf2
(2)
nF F nO2 O2 /nProd P
(3)
where the symbols F;O2 and P denote the fuel, oxygen and product,
respectively. Also, the quantities nF ; nO2 and nProd denote their
stoichiometric coefcients. The constant rate of the overall reaction
is written in the Arrhenius form.
It is noticing that the fuel particles burn with an envelope
diffusion ame surrounding each particle everywhere in the reaction zone for small ns (local number density of particles). In the
analysis developed here, it is assumed that the value of ns is large
enough so that the standoff distance of the envelope ame
surrounding each particle is much larger than the characteristic
separation distance between the particles.
For the spray combustion of liquid fuel, it is shown that if the
overall equivalence ratio of the initial combustible mixture Fu is
larger than 0.7, therefore the standoff distance of the envelope
ame surrounding each particle is larger than the existence
distance between particles. This assumption corresponds to the
continuity condition in the combustion process. The obtained
results for the spray combustion [19] can be used for the combustion of organic dust particle. Therefore it is expected that the
developed analytical model validates only for Fu > 0:7 (more
details can be found in [20]).
The governing equations are written as follow:
1. Particle fuel conservation:
vYs
vYs
rUf
ru_ vap
vt
vx
(4)
where Ys, Uf and r are the mass fraction of organic dust particle,
burning velocity and density of the mixture, respectively. u_ vap is
the particle vaporization rate which is denoted by:
u_ vap
Ys
svap
HT Tv
(5)
vYg
vYg
v2 Yg
ru_ vap ru_ chem
rUf
rDm
vt
vx
vx2
(6)
where Yg and Dm are the mass fraction of the gaseous fuel gained
from the vaporization of organic dust particles and the binary
diffusion coefcient of the gaseous limiting component,
respectively. u_ chem is the rate of the chemical-kinetic expressed
by the following relation:
E
RT
(7)
3. Energy conservation:
rC
vT
vT
v2 T
rUf C
l 2 Q ru_ chem Qv ru_ vap
vt
vx
vx
(8)
where Qv and Q are the latent heat of vaporization and the heat of
reaction, respectively. The heat capacity appearing in the above
equation is the combined heat capacity of the gas Cp and of the
particle Cs , and can be evaluated from the following expression [20]:
C Cp
4prp3 Cs rs ns
3r
(9)
where rs ,rp and ns are particle density, radius of the particle and
the average number of particles per unit volume, respectively.
3. Non-dimensionalization of governing equations
In order to non-dimensionalize the governing equations, some
dimensionless parameters for time, axial distance and temperature
are dened as follow:
bt
t
;
Dth =Uu2
b
x
x
T Tu
; q
Dth =Uu
Tf Tu
(10)
with
Dth
l
r$C
(11)
b Uf
U
f
Uu
(12)
vYs b vYs
b_ vap
u
Uf
vb
x
vbt
(13)
vYg b vYg
1 v2 Yg b
b_
u_ vap u
Uf
chem
2
Le vb
vb
x
vbt
x
(14)
vq b vq
v2 q b
u_ chem
Uf
2
vb
x
vbt
vb
x
(15)
Dth
Ze1 q
b_
u
kY
exp
g
chem
1 a1 q
Uu2
b_ vap
u
Ys
Hq qv
Da
(16)
svap
u_ chem
u_ vap
schem
T Tu
qv v
Tf Tu
fb
xj
fb
xj
fb
xj
fb
xj
N< b
x<b
x v g (The preheat zone);
b
xv b
x < 0 g (The vaporization (devolatilisation) zone);
0 b
x 0 g (The asymptotically thin reaction zone);
0 < b
x < Ng (The post ame zone).
at b
x / N0Ys 1;
Yg 0; q 0
(20)
dYg
dq
at b
xb
x v 0q qv ; Ys Yg
0
db
x
db
x
(21)
dYg
dq
at b
x 0 0Yg 0; q Yg
0
db
x
db
x
(22)
4. The convection and vaporization terms are considered negligible in the reaction zone in comparison with the reaction and
diffusion terms. Integration of reactive diffusive equations (14)
and (15) in zone III gives the below jump condition:
dq
1 dYg
db
x Le db
x
0
dq
1 dYg
db
x Le db
x
(23)
(18)
T Tu
a f
;
Tf
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
(17)
Da
where
537
(19)
q c1 c2 ebx
b
c1 0
x / N0q 0
0
b
c2 1
x /0 0q 1
(24)
538
rUf C
q exp bx exp
x
(25)
b
x v ln qv
(26)
b1 1
(33)
x v =Da 1
b2 1 1=Le$Da1 exp b
(34)
n
c2 exp Le$b
x v 1 1 1=Le$Da1
o
exp Le$b
x v 1 1 1=Le$Da1 exp b
x v =Da
(35)
Yg
5.1. Preheat zone N < b
x<b
xv
In this zone N < b
x<b
x v where the vaporization rate is zero
due to the fact that q < qv , the mass fraction of particles is equal to
unity.
Ys 1
(27)
Yg c1 c2 exp Le$b
x
(28)
n
1 1 1=Le$Da1 exp Le$b
x v 1 1
o
x v =Da
exp Le b
xb
xv
1=Le$Da1 exp b
(36)
n
o
Yg 1 1 1 1=Le$Da1 exp b
x v =Da
b
xb
xv
exp Le$b
x 1 1=Le$Da1 exp
Da
!
(37)
b
x max 1 Le$Da1 b
x v =Da
x v Da$ ln 1 Le$Da 1 exp b
(38)
where in the above equation b
x max is larger than b
xv.
x<
5.2. Vaporization zone b
xv b
0
x < N
5.3. Post ame zone 0 < b
(
Ys exp
b
xb
xv
Da
)
(29)
where Ys, which is at the interface between reaction and vaporx v =Da
ization zones, is not zero at x 0 and it is equal to expb
which is very small in the condition of Da << O1. Substituting
equation (26) into equation (29) leads to:
1=Da
Ys bx 0 exp b
x v =Da qv
(30)
Yg b1 b2 exp Le$b
x
b
xb
xv
1
exp
1 1=Le$Da
Da
!
(31)
b 1 b2
b
xv
1
exp
1 1=Le$Da
Da
!
0
(32)
Also using the relation (28) and applying the matching condix leads to
tions between zones I and II at b
x b
x v for Yg and dYg =db
two new correlations. Therefore there are three unknowns and
three correlations and these three unknowns are determined as
follow:
q 1;
Ys ycte; Yg 0
(39)
b
x 3x;
Yg 3s y; q 1 3r
(40)
1 d2 y
D k32
th 2 s y expr
Le dx2
Uf
(41)
d2 r
dx
Dth k32
s y expr
Uf2
539
(42)
d2 r Le1 y
2
dx
(43)
dr
dy
0
dx
dx
x/ N
(44)
dr
1
dx
x/ N
(45)
2Dth k32
s Le 1
Uf2
(46)
Yg bx 0
*
Yg bx 3
n
o
1
1 1 1 1=Le$Da1 exp b
x v =Da
3 bx v
!+
Da
(47)
Uf2
" *
n
2lB
Ze 1 1 1 1=Le$Da1
2
rCZe
o
exp b
x v =Da exp Le$Ze1 1 1=Le$Da1
!+
#
!
Ze1 b
xv
E
Le exp
exp
RTf
Da
Fig. 2. The variation of burning velocity as a function of mass particle concentration for
both present model and experimental published data.
(48)
Fig. 3. The variation of burning velocity as a function of equivalence ratio for different
radius of the particle for both present model and theoretical published data.
540
Fig. 4. The variation of burning velocity as a function of equivalence ratio for different
Damkohler numbers at rp 10 mm; Le 1:25.
Fig. 5. The variation of burning velocity as a function of equivalence ratio for different
Lewis numbers at rp 10 mm; Da 0:25.
Fig. 6. The variation of burning velocity as a function of equivalence ratio for different
dimensionless temperature in the onset of vaporization at rp 10 mm; Le 1:5;
Da 0:75.
Fig. 10. The variation of gaseous fuel mass fraction gained from the vaporization of the
lycopodium particles as a function of non-dimensional distance for different Damkohler numbers at qv 0:25; Le 1:25.
541
Fig. 11. The variation of gaseous fuel mass fraction gained from the vaporization of the
lycopodium particles as a function of non-dimensional distance for different Lewis
numbers at qv 0:25; Da 0:5.
Fig. 12. The variation of gaseous fuel mass fraction gained from the vaporization of the
lycopodium particles as a function of non-dimensional distance for different qv at
Le 1:25; Da 0:4.
Fig. 13. The variation of the location in which the quantity of gaseous fuel mass
fraction is in its peak as a function of Damkohler numbers for different Lewis numbers
at qv 0:3.
542
Fig. 14. The variation of the location in which the quantity of gaseous fuel mass
fraction is in its peak as a function of qv at Le 1:25; Da 0:4.
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