Escolar Documentos
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ISSN: 2042-4876
Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011
Submitted: August 08, 2011
Accepted: September 08, 2011
Abstract: Nitrite, a curing agent of meat products, is a precursor of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines during
processing of meat products or under human stomach conditions, as well as having its own toxicity. To
investigate the residual nitrite level in meat products marketed in Egyptian markets, 160 samples of cured
cooked (luncheon and frankfurter) and cured raw (oriental sausages and pastirma) meat products (40 sample
each) were analyzed for residual nitrite by a spectrophotometric method. Samples were subjected to irradiation
(3.0 and 5.0 kGy) by electron beam accelerator to evaluate its effect on the residual nitrite level in the examined
cured meat products. For statistical analysis, means and standard errors of residual nitrite level were determined
and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. The results revealed that the residual nitrite level was ranging
between 10.45-251.6 ppm in the examined meat products and that pastirma had the highest residual level
(p<0.05) while luncheon showed the least level. Residual nitrite level was significantly reduced (p<0.05) by
electron beam irradiation (5.0 kGy) and the reduction was dose dependent. This demonstrated that it would still
be important to strengthen on control of residual nitrite level in Egyptian meat products and food safety
education for public people.
Key words: Cooked, irradiation, meat products nitrite
by the bloodstream through the mechanism of oxidizing
hemoglobin to methemoglobin especially in infants
(Newberne, 1979; Pierson and Smoot, 1982). Exposure to
preformed nitrosamines in food should be minimized by
appropriate technological practices such as lowering the
levels of nitrate and nitrite salts added to foods to the
minimum required to achieve the necessary preservative
effect and to ensure microbiological safety (EFSA, 2010)
or by adding ascorbates or erythorbates to accelerates the
depletion of nitrite and reduce nitrosamine formation
(Giese, 1994). Concentration of nitrite added to a meat
product is affected by several factors including: cooking
process, water activity, salt concentration, pH storage
time and temperature. Hence, the lowest level of nitrite to
have a protective effect against microbiological risks,
such as C. botulinum, will differ in different products
(Rahman, 2007).
Permissible limits for residual nitrites in meat
products have been established Worldwide, according to
the processing condition of the meat product ranged
from40-100ppm (ESS/3597, 2005; ESS/3598, 2005;
Shemshadi et al., 2006 and Bao-jin et al., 2007).
Ionizing radiation is known to be the best method to
destroy pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms without
compromising the nutritional properties and sensory
quality of food (WHO, 1999) and its use is gradually
INTRODUCTION
Nitrate and nitrite as sodium and potassium are used
in processed meat products specially cured products
because they stabilize red meat color, inhibit some
spoilage and food poisoning anaerobic microorganisms
such as Clostridium botulinum, delay the development of
oxidative rancidity and contribute to flavour development
(Pierson and Smoot, 1982; Skibsted, 1992; Kanner, 1994;
Cassens, 1995; Rahman, 2007). At the commercial level,
nitrate is used as reservoir to nitrite in meat products
because it is more stable than nitrite (Daniel and Alan,
1998). Nitrates are reduced to nitrites in meats by
naturally occurring bacteria and nitrites are reduced to
Nitric Oxide (NO), the compound that reacts with
myoglobin to produce the typical color of cured meat.
Cassens et al. (1976) reported that most of the added
nitrite is present in meat as NO bound with myoglobin (515%), sulphydryl groups (5-15%), lipids (1-5%) and
proteins (20-30%), partially is present as nitrate (<10%)
and as nitrite (10-15%). However, nitrite can react with
secondary amines to form carcinogenic compounds called
nitrosoamines, in food products or in the digestive system.
Which constitute the major adverse effect of nitrites
because of its possible cancer induction. Another wellknown effect of nitrite is the lowering of oxygen transport
Corresponding Author: M.A. Gehan Kassem, Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University,
Giza, Egypt
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5.0
3.0
0.0
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Pastirma
Sausage
Luncheon
CONCLUSION
Frankfurter
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors provide gratefully thanks to National Center
for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Cairo
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