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-> cause of motion

-> either a push or a pull
-> interaction of two objects or of an object with its environment
-> vector quantity
-> SI unit (Newton, N)

NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

Spring Balance -> common force-measuring device

Contact Force -> causing motion by having physical contact

Ftot

Any number of forces applied at a point on a body have

the same effect as a single force equal to the vector
sum of the forces.

-> normal force, frictional force, tension force

Ftot F F1 F2

Any force can be replaced by its component vectors,

acting at the same point.

F Fxi Fy j

Long-Range Force
-> causing motion without physical contact
-> electric force, magnetic force,
gravitational force (weight)

F
3

Fx Fy
2

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Example: F1 = 3N, F2 = 3N , Find the total force (magnitude & direction) on block A.

Ex: F1 = 2N, F2 = 3N , Find the total force (magnitude & direction) on block A.

Ftot

Solution:

Ftot F1 F2

F1 F1 x i

F1 3N i

F2 F2 xi F2 y j

F2 x F2 cos
F2 x

3N cos 60
1.5N

60

Ftot 3N i 1.5 N i 2.6 N j

Ftot 4.5 N i 2.6 N j

magnitude

F2 y F2 sin

F2 1.5N i 2.6 N j

4.5N

2.6N

60

tan 1

Ftot 5.19N

F2 y 2.6 N

2.6N
4.5N

30

-> systems in equilibrium (zero net force on a body)

30

direction

Ftot

3N sin 60

Ftot

Solution:

-> non-zero net force on a system

-> Law of Inertia

A net force acting on a body causes the body

to accelerate in the same direction as the net
force.

An object at rest, remains at rest and an object in motion,

remains in motion, unless acted upon by a net external force

m
a

-> A body acted on by no net force moves with zero acceleration

(constant or zero velocity) in a straight line.

x and y components

F
0

ma x

ma y

equivalence of 1 Newton

1N 1 kg
7

m
s2
8

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Ex: A worker pushes a 40kg cargo box with a force of 20 N on

a smooth level floor. What is the acceleration of the box?

-> Law of Action and Reaction

For every action, theres always an

equal and opposite reaction.

Solution:

FA on B FB on A

Fx max
ax

20N
Fx
m

0.5 2
m
40kg
s

Mass -> amount of matter in a body

Weight -> force exerted by gravity on a body due to its mass

w mg
Ex. A 60 kg person will experience a weight equivalent to:

10

-> force exerted by a surface on a body in contact with it

-> directed perpendicular to the surface

w mg

w mg
(60kg)(9.8m/s2 )

w 588N

0
11

w cos
12

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-> force exerted by a rope, cable or cord on a body

-> force experienced by a body due to friction

-> always directed opposite to the direction of motion

T1

-> directly proportional to normal force

m1

w1

T2

coefficient of friction
Static frictional force -> force that acts on a body at rest

m2

-> minimum force needed to move a body from rest

T1 T2

-> coefficient of static friction s

w2

f s s
13

14

Example: How much pushing force must be given to the

980 N cargo box, in order for it to start to move if the
coefficient of static friction between the box & the floor
is 0.4?

Kinetic frictional force -> force that acts on a moving body

-> coefficient of kinetic friction k

f k k

Solution:

fs

980N

f s s

f s s (maximum static friction)

w
f s s w

Rolling frictional force -> force that acts on a rolling body

-> coefficient of rolling friction r

f r r

(0.4)(980N)

f s 392N
15

In order to move the box, one must apply a force of at least 392 N.

16

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Example: A constant force of 370 N is required to move

a 980 N cargo box on a level floor at a constant velocity.
What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
box and the floor?

1.

fk

980N

A dockworker applies a constant horizontal force of 80.0N to a block of ice on a smooth

horizontal floor. The frictional force is negligible. The block starts from rest and moves 11.0m
in 5.00s. (a) What is the mass of the block of ice? (b) If the worker stops pushing after 5.00s,
how far does the block move in the next 5.00s?

Solution:

F 0

fk F

k F

5.00s

5.00s

370N
980N

80 N

k 0.38

m
11.0m

x=?

17

18

-> 2D analysis of forces acting on a body

2.

Superman throws a 2400-N boulder at

an adversary. What horizontal force must
Superman apply to the boulder to give it
horizontal acceleration of 12.0m/s2?

-> treat the body as a single point at the origin

y
FBD for m1 :

Fx= ?
2400N

12m/s2

T1

f
m1

w1

T
m2

w1
3.

At the surface of Jupiters moon Io, the acceleration due to gravity is gIo = 1.81m/s2. A
watermelon weighs 44.0 N at the surface of the earth. (a) What is the watermelons mass on
the earths surface? (b) What are its mass and weight on the surface of Io?

19

If this system is in equilibrium, then

F
F

T1 f 0

w 0

w2
If this system is accelerating to the right, then

F T f m a
F w 0
x

1 x

20

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-> 2D analysis of forces acting on a body

-> treat the body as a single point at the origin

y
FBD for m2 :

T1

f
m1

T2

w1

T2

m2

w2
If this system is in equilibrium, then

Fx 0
F

T2 w 0

w2
If this system is accelerating downward, then

F
F

T2 w ma y
21