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Applied Science lab Manual

INDEX
CONTENTS

SL.no EXPERIMENTS PAGE.NO

GROUP-A

1 Vernier calipers

2 Screw guage

3 Verification of lami’s theorem

4 Verification of Law of parallelogram of forces

5 Verification of Law of triangle of forces

6 Moment Bar

GROUP –B

7 Surface tension of water by capillary rise


method
8 Viscosity of water (poiseuilles method)

9 Young’s modulus

10 A Sonometer –I (comparision method)

10 B Sonometer –II(Absolute method)

11 Velocity of sound by resonance air column


method

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Experiment No.1 VERNIER CALIPERS


Aim: 1) Determination of volume of Solid Cylinder. 2) Determination of volume of Hallow
Cylinder.
Apparatus: Slide Calipers, Solid Cylinder, Hallow Cylinder and Sphere.
Procedure: i) Volume of Solid Cylinder: The object on whose external dimension has to
be measured is kept properly between the two lower jaws by sliding movable jaw. Note down
the main scale reading 3 or 4 times are taken and in each case the total reading calculated.
The average total reading is length of the cylinder. For corresponding main scale reading,
Note down the co-inside vernier scale division (C.V.S.D) Similar find the diameter of the
object, Take average value (d). The volume of the solid cylinder is calculated using the
formula.
𝜋𝑑 2 𝐿
𝑉= 𝑐𝑚3 , where d = diameter, L=length, π =3.14
4
ii) Volume of Hollow Cylinder: - The given hollow cylinder is kept between the jaw with its
axis parallel to the cage of the scale and corresponding main scale reading by rotating the
cylinder between the jaws and length “L” is calculated. The cylinder is again kept in between
the jaws. To find the external diameter “D” with its axis perpendicular to the plane of the
measurement is repeated 3 or 4 times and the average diameter “D” is calculated.

To find the internal diameter “d” of the hollow cylinder the jaw extension are used to kept the
cylinder from within corresponding M.S.R and noted. The measurement is repeated 4 or 5
times by rotating the cylinder above the jaw extension can be calculated using the following
formula

𝜋(𝐷 2 −𝑑 2 )𝐿
𝑉= 𝑐𝑚3 , D=External Diameter
4
d=Internal Diameter
L=length
𝜋 = 3.14
Value of MSD
Least Count LC = cm
𝑁𝑜 .𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑆
Value of 1 main scale Division = ………………cm
No. of division on vernier Scale = ……………….cm

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OBSERVATION:

Dimension object MSR CVSD LC Total reading Average


cm cm TR=MSR+(CVSD x LC) In cm

DIAMETER 1)
(d) SOLID 2)
CYLINDER
3)
LENGTH 1)
(L) 2)
3)
INTERNAL 1)
DIAMETER 2)
(d) HOLLOW
3)
CYLINDER
EXTERNAL 1)
DIAMETER 2)
(D)
3)
LENGTH 1)
(L) 2)
3)

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Experiment no: 2 SCREW GAUGE


Aim: To determined
The thickness of a plate
The volume of a wire
The volume of lead shot

Apparatus required: Screw gauge, glass plate,wire and lead shot.

Procedure: The given sample of the wire or lead shot is placed between the jaws of the
screw gauge on the corresponding pitch scale reading and corresponding head scale reading
are note down. The total reading is calculated using the relation. Total reading = pitch scale
reading+ (H.S.R±Z.C) least count. The experiment is repeated for different position of
object. The screw gauge is said to be zero setting when the jaws are brought closed together
as shown in figure. If the pitch line consider with zero of the head scale then there is no zero
error. If the head scale zero about pitch scale then error is negative and correction because
positive it is shown in the figure. If head scale zero is below pitch line the error is positive
and correction in negative.

Formula
𝜋𝑑 2 𝐿
Volume of wireV= 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚3
4
𝜋𝑑3
Volume of lead shot 𝑉 =
6
𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚3
Thickness of the glass plate = t = …………….mm

Result:
Volume of a wire = ……………mm3
Volume of a lead shot = …………..mm3
Thickness of the glass plate = t = …………….mm

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OBSERVATION

𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉
𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝑳𝑪 = = ⋯ … … … … … … … 𝒎𝒎
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝑯𝑺
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆
𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 = = ⋯ … … … . . 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒎
𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅

𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = … … … … … … … . 𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = … … … … … … … . .

L.C in Total reading


OBJECT DIMENSION TRIAL mm PSR HSR TR = PSR+(HSR±ZC)LC) AVERAGE
in mm
Diameter (d) i)
WIRE ii)
iii)
i)
Length (L) ii)
iii)
LEAD i)
SHOT Diameter(d) ii)
iii)
GLASS i)
PLATE Thickness (t) ii)
iii)

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Experiment No. 3 VERIFICATION OF LAMI’S THEOREM

Aim: To verify lami‟s theorem


Apparatus: Drawing Board, Drawing pins, Pulleys Thread, Slotted Weights, Mirrors.
Statement: If three forces acting at a point keep it in equilibrium them each force is
proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces .
Procedure: Fix a paper on the drawing board; attach two smooth pulleys to the board at its
top. Take three strings and the one end each together to get a common knot. Pass two of them
over the pulleys and from the free ends of the strings suspend weight hanger. Adjust the
weights so that they remain in equilibrium. Take the shadow of three strings with help of
mirror. Take out paper join the lines and indicate the directions by arrow marks. Find the
angles between the forces. P.Q. & R. in all cases it will be found that.
𝑝 𝑞 𝑅
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾
Repeat the experiment taking different weights.

observations
Trial Forces in gmwt Angles 𝒑/𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶 𝑸/𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷 𝑹/𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜸
no

P Q R 𝜶 𝜷 𝜸

RESULT: Hence Lami‟s theorem is verifiedp/sinα= Q/sinβ = R/sinγ

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Experiment No: 4
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF LAW OF PARALLELOGRAM
OF FORCES
Aim : To verify law of parallelogram of forces.
Apparatus : Drawing Board, pulleys, Drawing pins, thread, Weight and Mirror.
Statement : If two forces acting at a point be represented both in magnitude and direction
by two sides of parallelogram draw from a point. Then the resultant is given by parallelogram
draw through that point.
Procedure : Fix a paper on the drawing board, attach two smooth pulleys to the board at
the top. Take three strings and the one of each together to get a commonknot. Pass two of
them over the pulleys and from the free ends of string suspend weight hanger, weight hanger,
adjust the weights so that they remain in equilibrium. Take out the paper join the lines and
indicate the directions by arrow marks. Taken a convenient scale (say 50 GMS=1CM) and
represent three forces acting at O as OA, OB & OC. Complete the parallelogram having OA
and OB as adjacent sides. Join OC which represent forces R it will be seen that OC=OC 1
with acts in opposite direction and ∟COC1 =1800Repeat the experiment taking different
weights.

TRIAL P gmwt Q gmwt Rgmwt OA cm OB cm OC OC1 ∟COC1


NO cm cm

RESULT: Hence the law of parallelogram of force is verified.𝐎𝐂 = 𝑶𝑪𝟏 = ∟𝐂𝐎𝐂𝟏

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Experiment No. 5
VERIFICATION OF LAW OF TRIANGLE OF FORCES
Aim : To verify the triangle law of forces
Apparatus : Drawing Board, pulleys, Drawing pins,Thread,Weight and mirror
Statement : If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium represented in magnitude
And direction then force can represent by three sides of triangle taken in order.
Procedure : Fix a paper on the drawing board, attach two smooth pulleys to the board at
The top take three strings and tie one end so each together to get common knot. Pass two So
than over the pulleys and from free ends suspends weight hangers.Adjust.So that They
remains in equilibrium. Taken shadow of the string with the help of mirror. Take out The
paper join the points and indicate the direction by arrow marks. Draw parallel lines. Indicate
directions forces P.Q & R and name the triangle in order
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
It will be found that = 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐹𝐷
𝐷𝐸

TRIAL Forces in gmwt Length of side in cm 𝑷/𝑫𝑬 Q/EF R/FD


NO
P Q R DE EF FD

𝐏 𝐐 𝑹
RESULT: The triangle law of force is verified. = =
𝐃𝐄 𝐄𝐅 𝑭𝑫
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Experiment No: 06 Moment Bar

Aim: to verify the condition of equilibrium of parallel forces using moment bar

Apparatus: Meter scale ,spring balances, hooks,loop of threads,weight hangers and slotted
weights

Principle: if a system of coplanar are in equilibrium then


i) Sum of upward forces = sum of downward forces
ii) Um of clock wise moments = sum of anticlockwise

Procedure: meter scale is suspended horizontally with the help of 2 springs balances which
are fixed to a rigid support.the readings of the springs balances P& Q are noted.the weight of
the scale W= P+Q is calculated.the weight hangers are suspended from the loops attached on
either side the meter scale as shown in fig.suitable loads R and S are added to the weight
hangers and their positions are adjusted so that the scale remains horizontal .the reading of
the spring balance and the distance of the points of action of different forces from a reference
point „O‟ are noted

Sum of the upward forces and sum of the downward forces are found the sum of moments of
forces in the clockwise and in the anticlockwise direction are calculated. the experiment is
repeated for different loads and at different points of action of forces the readings are
tabulated the conditions of equilibrium of parallel forces are verified

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Weight of the meter scale W = ------------------- gmwt

i) For transitional equilibrium

Trial .no P in gmwt Q in gmwt R in gmwt S in gmwt P+Q R+S+W

ii) For rotational equilibrium

Trial .no Clock wise moment Anti-clock wise

RxOD WxOC SxOE Sum PxOA QxOB Sum

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Result :
i) It is found that the sum of upwards forces = sum of downward forces
ii) It is found that the sum of clockwise moments = sum of anticlockwise moments

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Experiment No:07SURFACE TENSION OF WATER BY CAPILARY


RISE METHOD
Aim: To determine surface tension of the water by capillary rise method.

Apparatus: Capillary tube, pin or index wire breaker containing wire ,traveling
microscope.

Procedure: A clean capillary tube of uniform bore is supported vertically with its lower
end well below the surface of water taken in beaker ,the bent pin adjusted such that, its tip
just touches the surface of water. Now water rise in the capillary tube and its concave
meniscus stands at a particular height.

Now traveling microscope is adjust horizontally and focused to the base of meniscus of liquid
rises in the capillary tube. Take the microscope reading R3 now remove the beaker of water,
without disturbing capillary tube and pin lower the microscope to focus it on the top of pin
observe the microscope R4. The difference
(R3 & R4) between the two reading gives the height (h) of capillary rise.

Determine the radius r of the capillary tube by focusing the microscope on its cross-section.

OBSERVATION:

Room Temperature = t =……………. ◦c


Density of water = d = 1gm/cc.
Angel of contact of water with glass (0) = 0◦
Acceleration due to gravity g = 980 cm/s2

1) For radius determination:


𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑀𝑆𝐷
Least count of T.M.= = ………………….cm
𝑁𝑜 .𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟

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Obs. TM Reading when focused on capillary tube Diameter Radius r=d/2


No. Right Left d=R1~R2 in cm
R1=MSR+(CVD×LC) R2=MSR+(CVD×LC) in cm

2) For determination of capillary rise

Obs. T.M. Height h =R3~R4 in cm


No. Top Bottom
R3=MSR+(CVD×LC) R4=MSR+(CVD×LC)

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𝑕𝑟𝑔
Surface tension of water 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ………………………dynes/cm
𝑐

Result: surface tension of water if …………….℃ = dynes/cm

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Experiment No: 08 VISIOCITY OF WATER


Aim: To determine the co-efficient of viscosity of water.
Apparatus: Capillary, tube, stopwatch, traveling microscope beaker, scale, bottle.
Procedure: Capillary, tube is inserted into the hole. A piece of thread is tied to the end of
the capillary tube. The mass m1 of the beaker is found and collect the water drop by drop by
the time start stop clock. To the known time collect the water and find the mass m2 and find
the initial and final height on the bottle h1 and h2 respectively and measure the average
height h. The volume of water viscosity numerically equal to mass of water collected. Then
capillary tube is taken out and find internal radius by using traveling microscope and find
length L.
The co-efficient of viscosity of water is calculated using formula.

𝝅𝝆𝟐 𝒈𝒓𝟒
ᵑ= (ht/m)Ns/𝒎𝟐
𝟖𝒍
Mass of the empty beaker ml = …………..×10−3 𝑘𝑔
Mass of the beaker +water m2 =………………..×10−3 𝑘𝑔
Mass of water = ……………….
Initial height 𝑕1=……………………×10−2 𝑚𝑡
Final height 𝑕2=……………………..×10−2 𝑚𝑡
Time for which the water is allowed to flow drop t=30×60sec.
Density of water ρ=1gm/cc=103 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
Where r initial radius.R= …………
L is length of the capillary tube L=………………….

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Traveling Microscope Reading-R1


Traveling Microscope Reading-R2

OB Traveling Microscope Traveling Microscope Reading-R2


s. Reading-R1
No. M.S.R C.V.S.D TR1 M.S.R CVSD TR2 D=R1~R2 R=D/2
cm in cm

TR1=MSR+(CVSD X LC)
TR2 =MSR+(CVSD X LC) in cm

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Experiment No. 9 YOUNG’S MODULUS BY SEARLE’S METHOD

Aim : To determine the young‟s modulus of the given wire.

Apparatus : Slotted weights,Metal frames, lever, Spirit level.

Procedure : A reference wire A and a specimen wire B of the material, whose modulus of
elasticity is to be determined are suspended from a rigid support.Using micrometer screw
gauge the diameter of wire is noted.

The sphedometer screw is turned upwords until the air bubble of the sprit levelis at the
center.Note the reading RO (Reading for Zero load) .The put half Kg weight (M) in the
hanger.Now the experimental wire is elongated slightly. Hence frame F2 movers downwords
relative to F1 and air bubble moves left.Now the screw of sphedometer is again moved up to
bring the air bubble at the center.The reading R1 is noted. The difference between two
reading extension produced by the half Kg weight.Now weight is increased in equal steps
are reading noted. In the same way readings are noted again by decreased the load in the
same regular steps.

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OBSERVATION
i) Length of wire = L = ………………………………..Cms.
ii ) Diameter of wire using screw gauge pitch of screw gauge = ……….........mm
pitch
least young =
no. of devision on head scale

= ……………………………Cms
Zero error = ……………………..mm zero correction = ……………………mm

Obs
No. P.S.R mm CMSD div T.R = PSR+(CVSD-RC)LC

Mean diameter d= ………………………mm

𝑑
Radius of wire 𝑅= = ................................mm
2

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Obs Mass M Reading of sphedometer Extension L


no Mean
Load increasing Load decreasing

𝑀
Mean = = ……….
𝐿
𝑔𝑙 𝑀
Young‟smodulus(Y)= x mean = …………dynes/cm2
𝜋𝑟 2 𝐿

Plot graph or m verses 1 and calculate slope.


Then
𝑔𝑙
Young‟s modulus (Y) = X slope =…… ……………………….dynes/cm2
𝜋𝑟 2

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Experiment No: 10(a) Sonometer-1(comparison Method),


Aim: To verify first law of transverse vibration of string and hence find the
frequency of given tuning fork.
Apparatus: Sonometer board, slotted weights, tuning forks, rubber pad, wedges.
Theory: First law of transverse vibration of string says the tension and mass per unit
length remains constant the frequency of the string is inversely proportional to the length of
vibration segment.Sonometer is used to find the frequency of tuning fork it consist of a
hollow rectangular wooden box with wires stretched along it one of the string passes over the
pulley and carries a weight hanger. When a vibrating tuning fork is kept over the box the
string starts vibration along its length if resonance occurs.
Procedure: Firstly suitable weight are added in the weight pan a small v shaped paper
rider is kept over the string between the wedges. A tuning forkof frequency is struck against
the rubber pad and its shank is kept over the box. If the frequency of fork matches the
frequency of vibration segment the paper rider vibrates and falls down.Thiscorresponding
to resonance and unison length L is noted down Repeatingtheexperiment by taking two
known and one unknown fork the frequency can be calculated.

Trail No Frequency N in Hz Unison length N X L in cps

Nx=…………….Hz Lx=……………cm

Mean NXL=…………………cps

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑁 𝑋 𝐿
Result: Frequency of given tuning fork: ᶯ𝑥 = in Hz
Lx

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Experiment No:10(b) Sonometer 11(ABSOLUTE METHOD)

Aim: To verify second law of transverse vibration of hence finding the frequency of given
running fork.
Apparatus: sonometer box, slotted weights tuning fork, rubber pad, weight box wedges.
Theory: If the length of vibrating segment and mass per unit length are content the
frequency varies directly as the square root of stretched tension.
Procedure: Take the total marks and length so that wire a 1000 grms weight is added in
weight pan. A small v shaped paper rider is kept over the string between wedges. A tuning
fork of unknown frequency is struct against the rubber pad and its shank is kept over the box.
The wedges are adjusted such that paper rider filters and falls down when it happens, measure
the length of the wire between wedges which corresponds to unison length. Repeated the
experiment with different weights.
Observations.
Length of wire L = T=mg
Mass of wire M = where m=weight in WT pan
Mass per unit length of wire m=M/L= g=acc. due to gravity in cm

Trial Weight in WTPan Tension T Unison Length L in cm √T/L


No.
1. 1000 GRMS
2. 1500 GRMS
3. 2000 GRMS

𝑇
Mean = = …….
𝐿
1 𝑇
Frequency of Tuning Fork: f = =……………. CPS or Hz
2 𝑚 𝐿

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Experiment No : 11 RESONANCE IN AIR COLUMN

Aim: To determine the velocity of sound at lab temperature and to calculate Velocity of
sound 0.c.

Apparatus required:- (1) Resonance apparatus.


(2) Tuning fork.
(3) Rubber pad, scale.

Procedure:- In the position of maximum resonance. The air column in tube vibrates with
fundamental made of it is resonating length and wave length of note united then.
V ¼= N―>C (1)
Where “c” is end correction which is equal to 0.3 xd
(d = internal diameter of tube)
If “n” is the frequency of tuning fork. Then velocity of sound.
v=n
V =4n (C1+0.3d) (2)
If l2 is sound length of our column is resonance with the tuning fork then.
V¾= l2 + 0.033d (3)
From equation (1) & (3)
V½= l2 –l1 or 2 (l1-l2)
Or v=2n (l1-l2) (4)

Procedure:- A metal is held vertically by a clamp. So that its lower dips in water in tall jar.
An exited tuning fork of know frequency is held closed to the open of tube is whom in the
figure. Then length of the tube outside that water is adjusted such that resonance takes place
(A loud sound is heard). In this case a node at lower end and a anti node at the upper end are
formed. Stationary waves are set up in the tube between direct and reflected wave. The length
l1 of the tube is measured.

The experiment is repeted by raising the tube till as second position or resonance is obtained
and length l2 column is found. In this case are column has nodes and two anti nodes formed

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Frequency of the Resonating length Mean Velocityofsound


tuning fork in hz (n) (L) in cm 𝒗 = 𝟒𝒏 𝒍 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝒅 𝒎/𝒔

To find the diameter of the metal rod using vernier calipers


𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1𝑀𝑆𝐷
𝐿. 𝐶 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 =………………….cm

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Object Dimension M.S.R C.V.S.D L.C T.R = M.S.R+(C.V.S.D x L.C) in cm

HOLLOW
CYLINDER INTERNAL
OR DIAMETER
METAL
TUBE

Internal diameter of hallow cylinder = …………….………………..x10−2 𝑀

273
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑡 𝑚/𝑠
273 + 𝑡

Vo-- velocity of sound


Vtvelocity of sound at room temperature
t room temperature

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