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INVERSE RELATIONS
L. C. HSU
College Station,
December 1985)
TX 77843
INTRODUCTION
n-n
L S1{n9
k)bk>
bn = S2(?i9
k=0
k)ak,
k=0
where S1(n9 k) and S2(n> k) are Stirling numbers of the first and second kind,
respectively. Recall that S1(n9 k) and S2(n9
k) may be defined by the exponential generating functions
(log(i + t))klk\
and
(et -
l)k/kU
respectively, where
f(t)
= log(l + t)
and
g(t)
= et
- 1
JY(f(t))k
= A^n,
k)~;,
(2.1)
k)^-.
(2.2)
n> 0
jrv(9(t))k
= EA2(n,
n^ 0
346
[Nov.
k) = A2(n9
A^n,
k) = 0 for n < k.
0) = 1.
n = E ^ i O ^ k)bk,
bn = E A2(n,
k =0
(2.3)
k)ak9
k=0
or {bk}
is given arbitrarily.
ZA1(m9
n)A2(n9
k) = E A2(m, n)Ax{n9
k) = Smk 9
(2.4)
n> 0
n>0
hold, where Smk is the Kronecker symbol. Clearly, both summations contained in
(2.4) consist of only a finite number of terms inasmuch as
i~(g(f(t)))k
- E A2(n9
i m
= E ^
Thus, it follows that g{f(t))
k) E ^ i ( ^
fk
= g(f(t))
= .
This proves
= t 5 /(0)=#(0) = 0.
Substi-
i-m /
1
k
JL/77
n)^
=-^T(f(g(t)))
= E
h i
Y,A2(m9
n)A^n>
k)
E A2Qn, n)A1(n9
k) = &mk.
In a similar manner, the first equation contained in (2.4) can be deduced. Recalling that (2.4) is precisely equivalent to (2.3), the inverse implication
< = is also verified; hence, the theorem.
Evidently, the theorem just proved may be restated as follows:
1387]
347
{A1(n9
k)
A2(n9
k)}
i s a GSN p a i r .
Examples:
fit)
git)
A1(n9
k)
A2in9
k)
l o g ( l + t)
et
- 1
S1in9
k)
S2in9
k)
tan t
a r c tan t
T1(n,
k)
T2(n9
k)
sin t
arc s i n t
Sx(n, k)
s2(n,
k)
sinh t
arc sinh t
o1(n,
o2(n9
k)
tanh t
arc tanh t
T i ( n , k)
T2(n,
k)
t/(t
n k
t/(t
- 1)
- 1)
k)
(-l) - L(n9
k)
n k
(~l) - L(n9
k)
u,k) = (-irff(^:;)In what follows, we will give a few brief remarks that follow easily from
the ordinary theory about exponential generating functions.
Remark 1: For a pair of reciprocal elements /, ^ e F , write:
CO
fit)
00
= Z^ktk/kl9
$ktk/kl
git)
(3.1)
?nigf>
> gfn)
= EJi
nig,
(j)
f \J'n
fi
v n
+ + Jn
^J lj1
+ 2j2 +
in = 1, 2, . . . ) .
>(t9 u)
E M" fc>
tnuk
(3.2)
k),
exp[uf(t)] ;
n ,fe> 0
348
[Nc
rc*k>0
) ^
( n
'
fe +fe
i 2>
= tQQYiti>
fc!)^(n-J,
fe2)9
(3.3)
k),
viz.9
(3.4)
A CONTINUOUS ANALOGUE
= \\)(<t>(x)) = x
(4.1)
343
on (0, ) , where Lm
X[G]
(4.4)
(iii)
lim
m, n -+c
X[G]}
[G] \dx = 0.
\LmixWl
/ ;
Then by the representation theorem of Widder (cf. [8], Theorem 17, p. 318) one
may assert the existence of g(s)^L(09)
such that (4.3) holds. Consequently,
the well-known inversion theorem of Post-Widder (loc. ait.)
is applicable to
both (4.3) and (4.2), yielding
g(x)
= lim I
fix)
lim
)(e- ( - ) )) s ]&,
(4.5)
fg(s)LmiX[(ii>(e-(-^y]dS!
(4.6)
f(s)L
r.
respectively.
In fact, the reciprocity (4.5) <=^ (4.6) so obtained is just a generalization of the inverse relations for self-reciprocal integral transforms (in the
case (j) E \\j) discussed previously (cf. [4], Theorem 8 ) .
Notice that A^(n9
tives :
k)
(i
!<*,fc)= (A)V(*)>*
, A2(n9fc)=
Uitf(^t)y
t=o
Thus, recalling (4.4) and comparing (4.5) and (4.6) with (2.3), it seems to be
reasonable to consider the following two sequences of numbers:
A\(X9
A*2(x,
y; m) = LmiX [ ^(e'^)
)H ,
( )
2/
y; m) = L77.tar[OKe- " )) ]
dn = 1, 2, . . . ) ,
y e (0, ) .
= 1 - x,
cf)2(x) = cos
respectively.
x9
ty?(x)
arc cos x9
ty~(x)
= (e - ex) I (e - 1),
(^(0) = 4>i(0)
= 1
and
0.(1) = 1^(1) = 0
(i
1. 2, 3)
350
[Nov.
Quarterly
5. L. C. Hsu.
Exposition
2 (1981):119-138.
Abstract in Proceedings
of the First
Conference
on Combinatorics
in China9
1958.
8. D. V. Widder. The Laplace. Transform.
<><>
1987]
351