CALCULATION SHEET

Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Title
Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Title
Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet

1
of
Example: Determination of loads on a building
envelope
This worked example explains the procedure of determination of loads on a
portal frame building. Two types of actions are considered: wind actions
and snow actions.
8
CALCULATION SHEET
7,30
5,988
of
Basic values
vb
= cdir cseason vb,0
Where: vb
basic wind velocity
cdir
directional factor
cseason
seasonal factor
vb,0
fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
vb,0
= 26 m/s (for Aachen - Germany)
Terrain category II

z0 = 0,05 m
z > zmin
Basic data
Total length :
b = 72,00 m

Spacing:

s = 7,20 m

Bay width :
d = 30,00 m

Height (max):
h = 7,30 m

Roof slope:
= 5,0
Height bove ground:
h = 7,30 m
= 5
le ds to:
EN 1991-1-4
4.2
Fund ment l v lue of the b sic wind velocity (see Europe n windm p):
[m]

8
Determin tion of b sic wind velocity:
0
7,2
30,00
2
1 Wind lo ds

,00
72
Sheet

EN 1991-1-4
4.3.2
Table 4.1

vb = cdir cseason vb,0 = 26 m/s

For simplification the directional factor cdir and the seasonal factor cseason a
re
in general equal to 1,0.
Basic velocity pressure
qb =
1
2
ai
v b
2
whe
e:
ai
= 1,25 kg/m (ai
density)

qb =
EN 1991-1-4
4.5
eq. 4.10
1
1,25 26 2 = 422,5 N/m
2
Peak pressure
h = 7,30 15 tan 5 = 5,988 m
1
q p (z) = [1 + 7l v (z)] v m (z) 2
2
Calculation of vm(z)
vm(z)
mean wind velocity
vm(z) = c
(z) co(z) vb
EN 1991-1-4
4.5, eq. 4.8

CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Title
Example: Dete
mination of loads on a building envelope
Title
Example: Dete
mination of loads on a building envelope
Eu
ocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Eu
ocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Ch
istian Mlle

Date
June 2005
Checked by
Ch
istian Mlle

Date
June 2005
Whe
e: co(z)

is the o
og
aphy facto

c
(z)
is the
oughness facto

z
c
(z) = k T ln
z0
kT
3
of
8
0

,07
0 ,05
0,19
ln (7 ,30 / 0,05)

0 ,05

is the te

ain facto
, depending on the
oughness length z0

calculated using
z0,II = 0,05 (te

ain catego
y II)
is the minimum height
zmax
is to be taken as 200 m
EN 1991-1-4
4.3.2
Table 4.1
Whe
e: kI
z
so:
EN 1991-1-4
7.2
A positive wind load stands fo
p
essu
e whe
eas a negative wind load
indicates suction on the su
face. This definition applies fo
the exte
nal wind
action as well as fo
the inte
nal wind action.
Exte
nal p
essu
e coefficients
The wind p
essu
e acting on the exte
nal su
faces, we should be obtained f
om
the following exp
ession:

EN 1991-1-4
5.2 eq. 5.1
we = qp(ze) cpe
tu
bulence intensity
l v = l v ( z min )
8
2
(p
essu
e coefficients fo
inte
nal f
ame)
Calculation of lv(z)
kI
lv =
co ( z ) ln( z / z 0 )
of
Wind p
essu
e on su
faces
0 , 07
zmin
4

7
2
3
= 1 +
422,5 0,947 10 = 0,911 kN/m
,
/
,
ln
(
7
30
0
05
)

is the roughness length

Where:
Sheet

1
7
2
qp (7 ,30) = 1 +

 2 1,25 26
ln
(
7
30
0
05
)
,
/
,

for z z min
z
k T = 0,19 0
z 0,II
lv(z)
CALCULATION SHEET
fo
z min z z max
c
(z) = c
( z min )
Whe
e: z0
Sheet
whe
e: ze
fo
z min z z max
EN 1991-1-4
4.4 eq. 4.7
cpe
fo
z < z min
is the
efe
ence height fo
the exte
nal p
essu
e
is the p
essu
e coefficient fo
the exte
nal p
essu
e
depending on the size of the loaded a
ea A.
= cpe,10 because the loaded a
ea A fo
the st
uctu
e is la
ge

than 10 m
is the tu
bulence facto

ecommended value fo
kI is 1,0
= 7,30 m
zmin < z < zmax

1
7k I
2
q p (z) = 1 +
k T ln( z / z 0 ) )
v b (1

44244
3
2 4243
o ( z ) ln( z / z 0 )
14c4
1
wind profile
424443 basic pressure
squared gust factor
a) vertical walls
h 7,30
for =
= 0,24 0,25
d 30,00
D:
cpe = 0,7
E:
cpe =  0,3
EN 199114
7.2
Table 7.1

CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX016aENEU
Document Ref:
SX016aENEU
Title
Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Title
Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref
EN 199113, EN 199114
Eurocode Ref
EN 199113, EN 199114
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet

5
of
8
EN 199114
7.2
Table 7.4a
b) duopitch roofs
with = 5,0,
= 0 (wind direction)
e = min (b; 2h)
= min (72,00; 14,60)
= 14,60 m
cpe = - 1,2
H:
cpe = - 0,6
I:
cpe = - 0,6
J:
cpe = 0,2 / - 0,6
6
Sheet
of
The intern l pressure coefficient depends on the size nd distribution of the
openings in the building envelope.
Within this ex mple it is not possible to estim te the perme bility nd
opening r tio of the building. So cpi should be t ken s the more onerous of
+ 0,2 nd 0,3. In this c se cpi is unf vor ble when cpi is t ken to + 0,2.
EN 1991-1-4
7.2.9 (6)
Note 2
The wind lo dings per unit length w (in kN/m) for n intern l fr me
c lcul ted using the influence width (sp cing) s = 7,20 m:

re

2) downwind f ce
w = (cpe + cpi) p s
Intern l nd extern l pressures re considered to ct t the s me time. The
worst combin tion of extern l nd intern l pressures re to be considered for
every combin tion of possible openings nd other le k ge p ths.
cpe = - 0,6
(see Table 7.4a , Note 1)

Characteristic values for wind loading in [kN/m] for an internal frame:

- zones D, E, G, H, I and J
I: w = 5,25
D: w = 4,59
External pressure coefficients cpe (for zone D, E, G, H, I and J):
H: c pe = -0,6
J: w = 5,25
H: w = 5,25
E: w = 3,28
J: c pe = -0,6
I: c pe = -0,6
e/10 = 1,46
1,46
30,00
D: c pe = 0,7
E: c pe = -0,3
Internal pressure coefficient
The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure, wi should be
obtained from the following expression
wi = qp(zi) cpi
where: zi
cpi
7,30
G: w = 9,18
G: c pe = -1,2
8
Wind loads
1) upwind face
G:
CALCULATION SHEET
is the reference height for the internal pressure
is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure
EN 1991-1-4
5.2 eq.5.2
[m]
EN 1991-1-4
7.2.9

CALCULATION SHEET
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Document Ref:
SX016a-EN-EU
Title
Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Title
Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Eurocode Ref
EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Made by
Matthias Oppe
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Checked by
Christian Mller
Date
June 2005
Sheet

7
of
8
2 Snow loads
CALCULATION SHEET
Sheet
8
of
Snow load on the roof
s = 0,8 1,0 1,0 0,772 = 0,618 kN/m
General
spacing = 7,20 m
Snow loads on the roof should be determined as follows:
s = i ce cz sk
where: i
EN 1991-1-3
5.2.2 eq.5.1
is the roof shape coefficient
is the exposure coefficient, usually taken as 1,0
ct
is the thermal coefficient, set to 1,0 for normal situations
sk
is the characteristic value of ground snow load for the
relevant altitude
for an internal frame:
s = 0,618 7,20 = 4,45 kN/m
s = 4,45 kN/m

7,30
ce

Roof shape coefficient

Shape coefficients are needed for an adjustment of the ground snow load to a
snow load on the roof taking into account effects caused by non-drifted and
drifted snow load arrangements.
The roof shape coefficient depends on the roof angle.

0 30

1 = 0,8
EN 1991-1-3
5.3
Table 5.1
Snow load on the ground
The characteristic value depends on the climatic region.
For a site in Aachen (Germany) the following expression is relevant:
A 2
s k = (0,264 2 0,002) 1 +
kN/m
256
Where: z
A
is the zone number (depending on the snow load on sea
level), here: z = 2
is the altitude above sea level, here A = 175 m
175 2
s k = (0,264 2 0,002) 1 +
= 0,772 kN/m
256
EN 199113
Annex C
Table C1
30,00
[m]
8