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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental

Engineering

PART 1
Lecture 1: Introduction, hydrologic
cycle, the state of water in the world,
national and international water bodies
Associated paper: Vörösmarty, CJ. et al. (2000) Global water resources:
vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science 289:284-288
Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Introduction:What is Water
Resources Management?
1950-1970‘ Policy
WRM is a primary engineering task to build dams,
lay pipelines, install pumps, and operate systems

Today‘s Policy
WRM must pursue sustainable development with
measures that manage water for human system,
but at the same time protect and nuture natural
systems for the benefit of future generations
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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Today WRM‘ policy is a very complex problem

This is often source of deep conflicts

WR manager requires skills well beyond technical


training (e.g., pure engineering, science,
management, or law)

WR manager must be able to communicate,


cooperate in teams, speak other languages, work
with other cultures, understand environmental
problems and resolve conflicts via cooperation
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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

„Anyone who solves the problem of water


deserves not one Nobel Prize but two – one
for science and the other for peace“ [John F.
Kennedy]

The idea of sustainable development was born

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Sustainable development and integrated WRM


World Commission on Environment and
Development (1986):
„Sustainable development is a process that meets the
needs of the present without compromising our
ability to meet those of the future“

Water Quality 2000 team:


„Sustainability mirrors a society living in harmony
with healthy natural systems“
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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Integrated Water Resources Management


• Water use efficiency and conservation
• Ecological integrity and restoration
• Clean water
• Equity and partecipation in decision making
• Institutional reformes,

In general it maintains and preserves (i.e., integrates)


the water resource for future generations, and
does not degrade the natural environment
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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Water Resources Managers: required


knowledge
• Hydroecology
• Infrastructures of water management: structures
and systems, water uses and users
• Planning and decision making
• Organizational theories
• System analysis and decision support systems
• Water and environmental law
• Financial Management
• Principle of water resources managements
[Source: Grigg, 1996]
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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Hydrologic cycle and water


availability at a glance
• Life on Earth is sustained by the
presence of water, whose
existence in his form (e.g., near
the critical point of the phase
diagram) is guarranteed by the
particular location of our Planet
in the solar system.
• Compared to our „neighbourest“ planets (e.g., Venus and
Mars), Earth is therefore special.
• Water availability throughout Earth is driven by the
hydrologic cycle
P. Perona - ETH Zurich 8
Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

The hydrologic cycle


On Earth solar
radiation (∼1440
W/m^2) and
related exchange
establishes a
delicate
equilibrium which
guarrantees the
exstence of water
in all its three
phases
(Venus,
evaporation
prevails; Mars,
freezing prevails)

Conceptualization of the Water Cycle (Schematic view) from US Global


P. Perona ChangeZurich
- ETH Research Program 9
Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Water volumes
transfer across the
globe.
Atmospheric
processes make
water distribution
spread overall the
globe enhancing
either equilibrium
or non equilibrium
local mass
exchanges.
These disparities
are fundamental to
maintain active the
hydrologic cycle

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Some definition...

• Total water is the amount of all forms of


water some of which are not accessible at all
• Renewable water is the amount that is being
renewed either annually or along longer
durations
• Available water is the amount that humans
can access and use for their consumpion

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

There is plenty of water


on our Planet. The
problem is often how to
access it!
Only about 0.3 % is
directly accessible!!

Availability and distribution of water resources on the globe (from Dinar et al. 2007)

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Period of renewal for the water in the


hydrosphere

In the process of turnover the river runoff is not only recharged quantitatively, but its quality is also
restored. If it were so that man could suddenly stop to contaminate rivers, then with time water could
return its natural purity. So the river runoff, actually representing the renewable water resources, is the
most important component of hydrological cycle. SOURCE: http://webworld.unesco.org/water/
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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

The state of water use in the world


Water consumption per
person per year has
dramatically changed
350 cm → 1900
642 cm → 2000
However, the amount of
available water today is
more or less the same as
when Mesopotamian
civilization prospered
Increased consumption
led to increased water
withdrawal!
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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Irrigation is by far the largest source of water use which has expanded by
more than fivefolds in a century, albeit the increase per capita is constant

Increased
efficiency in the
food production
agriculture
technology
(FAO, 2005)

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Example: how much water do we need to produce our food, cloth and
computers?

(from Dinar et al. 2007)

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Water scarcity: a first look


(from Dinar et al. 2007)

Water availability per capita (cm/yr) considering just one parameter


(population growth rate) has been decreasing (60 ÷ 80%) nearly
worldwide (Italy is an exception) between 1955 and 2050 (based on UN mean
population growth prediction rates in the same years).
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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Factors affecting water scarcity

Anthropic origin Hydrologic origin


(See WHH about how to
define WS)

• Water quality maintainance due to water uses


(e.g., pollution increases WS)
• High living standards (e.g, washing mashines,
swimming pools) increase WS
• Technology level of a Country (decreases WS via
water recycling technology, eg. California, Israel)
P. Perona - ETH Zurich 18
Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Water scarcity worldwide

DIA=Domestic and Industrial and Agricultural uses


Q = River discharge for a given basin
SOURCE: Vörösmarty et al. (2000) Science 289:284-288
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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Perspective
under CC

Crucial for
International (and
National) Water
bodies, e.g.
Conflicts and
Cooperations
dynamics
SOURCE: Vörösmarty et al. (2000) Science 289:284-288
P. Perona - ETH Zurich 20
Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

International (National) water bodies


• WHAT IS IT? An international water body (basin,
lake, reservoir or river) spans over the territories
shared by two or more independent States

• WHY ARE THEY GROWING IN NUMBER? More States


created due to political changes; improved tools
(e.g., GIS) to define their boundaries; Island Nations
where ignored up to 1978 (FAO Register)

• WHY IS THEIR STUDY IMPORTANT? Countries that


share the same water body may have different levels
of access and this could be a source of conflicts

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Definitions
• States that are cross or that share entirely or
partially a water course are called Riparian
States

Have you ever thought why rivers are dirty


and what are the related consequences (local
pollution and environment are just one aspect)?

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Examples of newly created International


river basins

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Well-known conflict and


cooperation problem between
Ethiopia and Egipt due to the
blue-white Nile confluence
(voice comments)

No of The shared
Countries basin

11 Congo, Niger

Somalia, 10 Nile
See
Assignment 2 9 Zambesi

8 Lake Chad

6 Volta

3 Orange

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Dispute about f the Euphrates


among Turkey (upper
riparian), Syria and Iraq
(lower riparians)

No of The shared
Countries basin

Ganges-
6 Brahmaputra-
Meghna
6 Aral Sea

The earliest water treaty of 6 Tigris and


Euphrates
any kind between
6 Tarim
Mesopotamian cities of
Umma and Lagash (3100 6 Kura and
B.C.) Araks
6 Mekong

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Danube Dispute between Hungary and


Slovakia (Variant C of the Gabzikovo-
Nagymaros Project)
Congress of Vienna
(1815): traety to No of The shared
establish rules of Countries basin
navigation on river
Rhine 17 Danube

9 Rhine

6 Kura-Arakas

5 Vistula

ITALY IS LUCKY!! Crimean War and General Treaty


of Peace (1856): rules of
navigation on Danube river
Int. Comm. Protec. Rhine
P. Perona - ETH Zurich 26
against Pollution (ICPR1950)
Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Rio Grande Dispute


between USA and
Mexico (since end 1800)
„Harmon doctrine
(1895)“: USA enjoy the
absolute sovereignty and
are free to use all Rio
Grande water regardless
of consequences for
Mexico

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

No of The shared
Countries basin

8 Amazon

5 La Plata

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Lecture notes on Water Resources Management Institute of Environmental
Engineering

Conclusions
• Present situation of water resource
• Future situation
• International water bodies may lead in the
future to conflicts, the cure of which is
cooperation
• Basis for a correct management

P. Perona - ETH Zurich 29

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