ADSL Protocol Basics: ISSUE1.0

Jun 2006
ADSL Protocol Basics

ISSUE1.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

For internal use only
Page 1
As the Internet develops rapidly, human

being demands more and more of the
network rate and bandwidth. The great
demand urges the network to develop
from low-speed to high-speed, sharing to
switching, and narrowband to broadband.
This course describes the Asymmetrical
Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL), a
mainstream
technology
on
access
network (AN).
Page 2
Reference
Huawei ADSL2+ Principle and Testing Service Guide 20050318-A

http://support.huawei.com/support/pages/kbcenter/view/p
roduct.do?actionFlag=detailProductSimple&web_doc_id=
SC0000104718&doc_type=123-1
Page 3
By taking this course, you can

Know the mainstream xDSL technologies
Master the ADSL/ADSL2/ADSL2+ principles

Master the ADSL/2/2+ parameters
Know the trend of the ADSL technology
Page 4
Chapter 1 xDSL Overview

Chapter 2 ADSL/ADSL/ADSL2+ Principles
Chapter 3 ADSL Parameters
Chapter 4 ADSL Trend
Page 5
Mainstream Bearer Technology on Access Network

xDSL Flourishing
Physical lines cover a large scale and resources are exclusive in the xDSL
technologies. Therefore, the xDSL technologies dominant the access network
since its birth.
Ethernet Striving
The Ethernet technology that is originally applied to the enterprise LANs has
developed a new market because of the birth of broadband access. The
Ethernet and xDSL technologies supplement each other gradually. Nowadays,
the Ethernet technology is mainly applied to the AN convergence layer and the
leased lines of VIP customers.
PON Developing
The newly-appeared Passive Optical Network (PON) technology provides the
gigabit bandwidth for users at a lower cost. It is no doubt that the PON
technology will be a superior opponent to access network.
Page 6
xDSL
The ADSL technology uses the existing twisted pairs to provide asymmetrical
upstream and downstream rate for users.
The G.SHDSL technology provides the symmetrical and high-speed leased line
access service on twisted pairs for users. It is mainly applied to the
interconnection of small and medium-sized enterprises, the base station relay of
China Mobile and the ISDN primary access.
The VDSL technology realizes the leased line connection and access. It is mainly
applied to hotel, high-speed access, video meetings, and so on.
ADSL: the Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
G.SHDSL: the Single-pair High-speed Digital Subscriber Line

VDSL: the Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line
Page 7
DSL Forming and Developing

Digital Subscriber Line
xDSL Development
Middle 1970s
Late 1980s
ISDN
HDSL
Early 1990s
ADSL
Late 1990s
VDSL
xDSL
Page 8
Time
Other DSL
ADSL Overview
ADSL is an asymmetrical xDSL technology. It makes full use of the untapped
high-frequency band to transmit data over copper cables at high speed by
diversified modulation. Its upstream band ranges from 26 kHz to 138 kHz, and its
downstream band from 138 kHz to 1104 kHz. Its upstream rate reaches 896 kbps
and downstream 8160 kbps.
ADSL has capability of adapting rate and anti-interference. Namely, the ADSL
technology can adjust its rate to a proper degree based on the line conditions,
such as distance, noise, and so on. In the ADSL technology, the longer the
transmission distance is, the lower the transmission rate is and the more the
transmission attenuates. But the transmission distance and attenuation are not in
linear proportion.
Page 9
G.SHDSL Overview
G.SHDSL is a new symmetrical subscriber line technology developed from the Highspeed Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL), the Simultaneous Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)
and the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). SHDSL has many features such as
multi-rate, optimized performance, lower power consumption for transmitting and
compatible spectrum. The rate of a single pair ranges from 192 kbps to 2312 kbps, and can
be adjusted adaptively with 8k as its granularity based on the line conditions. The
transmission reaches 3 km to 5.5 km in the G.SHDSL technology.

The SHDSL technology has the following advantages:
Extends the transmission distance of E1/V.35 (TDM) to 3 5.5 km that is four times or
more farther than that of the common E1/V.35.
Provides long-distance leased line access and extends the FR/CES networking distance
based on the TDM mode.
Makes full use of the existing copper cables to access broadband services asymmetrically.
Page 10
VDSL Overview
VDSL is a new xDSL technology to provide symmetrical or asymmetrical upstream and
downstream rate over twisted pairs. Its transmission reaches about 1.5 km, the highest
downstream rate is 52 M (asymmetrical) and the highest upstream rate is 12 M

(symmetrical). VDSL is the fastest xDSL technology at present.
ITU-T G.993.1 serves as the VDSL.

At home or in office, VDSL is thought as the technology to get the closest transmission
rate provided by optical fibers. VDSL permits the connection by analog telephones and
by high-speed data simultaneously, but it can transmit high-speed data only with short
reach. VDSL is similar to ADSL. But it is much easier to realize VDSL because ADSL is
designed for the line conditions that are worse than those of VDSL.
Page 11
xDSL Performance
Feature Comparison
xDSL
Symmetry
G.SHDSL
Asymmetrical
ADSL
Asymmetrical
ADSL2+
Asymmetrical
VDSL
Symmetrical/A
symmetrical
Maximum Rate
Maximum
Distance (km)
2.3 Mbps
Downstream: 8196 kbps
Upstream: 896 kbps
Downstream: 25 Mbps
Upstream: 3 Mbps
Downstream: 52 Mbps (asymmetrical)
Upstream: 12 Mbps (symmetrical)
Twisted
Pair
POTS
Service
5.5
No
Yes
6.5
Yes
1.5
Yes
Page 12
Questions
1. What are the technical features of the ADSL, VDSL and
G.SHDSL technologies?
2. What are the applications of the ADSL, VDSL and G.SHDSL

technologies?
Page 13

Page 14
Chapter 2 ADSL/ADSL2/ADSL2+ Principles

2.1 ADSL Protocols Standardization
2.2 ADSL Principle
2.3 ADSL2 Features

2.4 ADSL2+ Features
Page 15
ADSL Standards
Some international organizations take on the standardization of the ADSL technologies, including
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the ITU Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Sector (ITU-T), and the ADSL Forum.
FAMILY
DESCRIPTION
RATIFIED
ADSL
G.992.1/ T1.413 G.dmt
1999
ADSL
G.992.2 G.lite
1999
ADSL2
G.992.3 G.dmt.bis
2002
ADSL2
G.992.4 G.lite.bis
2002
ADSL2+
G.992.5 ADSL2 PLUS
2003
Page 16

2.2 ADSL Principle
2.3 ADSL2 Features

2.4 ADSL2+ Features
Page 17
Internet
ADSL Model
PSTN
ATU-R
Splitter
Twisted pair
Splitter
ADSL features
1. The upstream rate reaches
896 kbps and downstream
rate 8 Mbps.
2. ADSL: Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line
3. Transmit voice and data on a
twisted pair simultaneously.
ADSL standards
G.992.1(G.dmt)
G.992.2(G.lite)
T1.413
Standard
of ADSL
without
signal
splitter
Standard
of full-rate
ADSL
Standard
of full-rate
ADSL
Page 18
G.Lite Overview
In G.dmt mode, ADSL needs voice splitters and cannot connect the
devices manufactured by different vendors. However, in G.Lite mode,
ADSL does not need voice splitters and cuts down the cost of chips and
installation.
Features of the low-speed G.Lite

1. G.Lite cuts down costs and needs no splitter.
2. G.Lite uses the DMT line encoding mode that performs the antiinterference well.
3. G.Lite provides asymmetrical rate, 512 kbps for upstream and 1.5 Mbps
for downstream.
4. G.Lite extends the transmission distance to 7 km at most.
G.Lite is rarely used in China by taking bandwidth and market into account.
Page 19
ADSL Modulation & Demodulation

As for the modulation-demodulation technology, we often use the high-speed digital signal
processing technology and the modulation coding with optimized performance to get high speed and
long distance in transmission.
So far, the ADSL modulation-demodulation system uses the following three line encoding
technologies:
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): It modulates two signals into a carrier frequency. The
amplitude modulation frequency of the two signals are the same but their phase difference is 90
degree.
Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation (CAP): It is based on QAM to modulate data to a single
carrier.
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT): It modulates data to multi-carrier, and the data on each carrier is
modulated by QAM. DMT is by far the mainstream modulation technology.
The DMT modulation technology dominants the market for its powerful anti-interference and popular
style.
Page 20
DMT
DMT is by far the commonly-used modulation technology. It segments the transmission
band into multiple subchannels, each subchannel corresponds to a carrier of different
frequency and is modulated on the corresponding carrier in the QAM mode. The transmission
performance of the current subchannels decides the capacity of the transmitted information in
each subchannel. Information capacity defines the bits of the data modulated by each carrier.
DMT uses 4.3125 kHz bandwidth as its unit. It divides a 1 MHz band into 256 subchannels.
The POTS service occupies the band ranging from 300 Hz to 4 kHz on the telephone wire. By
taking the isolation into consideration, DMT assigns the band from 0 kHz to 25 kHz (namely,
the first six channels) to the POTS service. Therefore, only 250 subchannels are actually
assigned for transmitting digital services.
Each subchannel uses QAM in the DMT technology except the first six subchannels. QAM
piles up the output waveform since each subchannel has its own frequency, and then outputs
the piled waveform to lines. The peer receive end first restores the piled waveform based on
the frequency, and distributes them to each subchannel; then each subchannel uses QAM to
demodulate the waveform into data bits.
Page 21
DMT Sub-Carrier
Subchannel
Available band
SNR
noise
attenuate
s
Data
Object 1
276 kHz: downstream pilot

tone
69 kHz: upstream pilot tone
Object 2
4.3125 kHz
7
Voice
tone
16
26KHz
64
31
256
1.1MHz
Upstream subcarrier
Downstream subcarrier
Page 22
ADSL System Initialization

Aims
The ADSL system initialization aims to test the performance of actual
subchannels, and to balance the transmission configuration between
ATU-C and ATU-R before their work, such as the upstream and
downstream rate, the number of sub-band, and so on. And finally, the
ADSL system initialization sets up an available link for communication.
Process
Activate the request and
confirm the procedure
Transceiver negotiation
Channel analyzing
Page 23
Parameter switching

2.2 ADSL Principle
2.3 ADSL2 Features

2.4 ADSL2+ Features
Page 24
ADSL2 Standard
ADSL2 is developed from ADSL, its standard (G.992.3) has been
defined in June, 2002.
ADSL2 assigns the band as ADSL does, their downstream band

is 1104 kHz. Since ADSL2 uses the enhanced modulation mode, its
downstream rate can theoretically reaches 12 Mbps and its
upstream rate 1.2 Mbps or so.
The Annex I/J of G.992.3 enhances the all-digital loop mode.
Annex I works if the loop line carries the POTS service; Annex J
works if the loop line carries the ISDN service. The Annex L of
G.992.3 refers to the long-distance ADSL2.
Page 25
Comparison Between ADSL2 and ADSL

ADSL2 has better performance.
Because ADSL2 uses the enhanced modulation mode, it
weakens the impact on signal from line noises, gets more line
coding gain, and promotes the rate for connecting.

ADSL2 uses the variable overhead bit, its overhead rate ranges
from 4 kbps to 32 kbps. ADSL uses the constant overhead rate

32 kbps. Compared with ADSL, ADSL2 increases its rate by 50
kbps and extends its transmission distance by 200 m. Namely,
the coverage of ADSL2 is increased by 6%.
Page 26
Comparison Between ADSL2 and ADSL
Page 27
New Features of ADSL2 Lower Power Consumption

ADSL2 manages the power consumption to lower the running consumption. This new function is presented as
follows:
1) ADSL2 lowers the transmitting power consumption to reduce the unexpected noise margin. Namely, lower the
futile power consumption on the premise of the service stability. The supplementary L2 mode lowers the power
consumption. This mode only guarantees the power consumption to transmit the required management
messages and synchronization signals (for example, using 1-bit constellation ) when no service data is
transmitted. In addition, when there is the user data that needs transmitting, the power consumption can be
restored at once. The power consumption in L2 mode is only 30% of that in normal operation.
2) The central office (CO) and the customer premise equipment (CPE) of ADSL2 can perform the function
power cutback ranging from 0 dB to 40 dB. By working with the first rule, this function can lower the power
consumption in transmission when the device runs normal. For ADSL, only CO has such a function and ranges
from 0 dB to 12 dB.
Page 28
New Features of ADSL2 Modularization Architecture

For ADSL2/ADSL2+, the ADSL transceiver is functionally divided
as follows:
Transport protocol specific transmission convergence (TPS-TC)
Physical media specific transmission convergence (PMS-TC)
Physical media dependent (PMD)
Management protocol specific transmission convergence (MPS-TC)
Each sublayer is encapsulated, and messages between these sublayers

are defined. This is helpful for the interconnection between devices
made by different vendors.
Page 29

2.2 ADSL Principle
2.3 ADSL2 Features
2.4 ADSL2+ Features
Page 30
ADSL2+ Standards
ADSL2+ is the second generation full-rate ADSL. In 2003, ITU
presents G.992.5 that is also called the ADSL2+ standard. G.992.5
is compatible with the first generation ADSL standard, and it has

more functions, higher rate and more stable operation. For its
advantages account, ADSL2+ attracts more attention and prevails
in application.
ADSL has high rate, supports multi-service, and is maintainable.
Therefore, ADSL has been the mainstream xDSL technology

nowadays.
Page 31
ADSL2+ Feature High Rate & Long Distance
Higher rate and Wider downstream bands

The following figure compares the spectrum distribution of ADSL2 and ADSL2+.
Compared with ADSL2, the ADSL2+ frequency ranges higher (tone 32511), and
ADSL2+ has more subbands (512). Therefore, ADSL2+ provides 24 Mbps or
more for the upstream rate. Besides, ADSL2+ extends the transmission distance.
Page 32
ADSL2+ Features
Longer transmit distance
The transmit distance of ADSL2/ADSL+ reaches 6.5 km or more with the rate
of 192/96 kbps
ADSL2 supports 1-bit constellation, and ADSL supports 2-bit constellation at
minimum.
ADSL2 annex L uses a new spectrum allocation. If the distance is over 4 km,
the subband higher than Tone 128 are disabled to promote the transmit power
of the subband that is lower than Tone 128, and to increase the distance.
The frame overhead can be flexibly configured to provide 28 kbps bandwidth.

This is very important in the case of long distance.
The receiver decides the tone ordering and the pilot tone. This improves the
problem that ADSL cannot be activated pilot tone because of the low SNR of
the ADSL pilot tone signal. In addition, the 2 bits carried by the pilot tone can
provide 8 kbps extra bandwidth.
Page 33
ADSL2+ Features
Page 34
ADSL2+ Features
Rate Binding
Carriers often need provide the service of different levels for various customers. The
diversified services are made a whole through binding multiple telephone wires to promote
the rate for the home user and the business user. The ADSL2 standard supports the IMA
standard of the ATM operation to bind the services. Using the IMA technology, ADSL2
binds two or more copper wires as one ADSL connection. In this case, the downstream
rate promotion is flexible.
IMA adds a new sublayer between the physical layer and the ATM layer of ADSL. At the
transmit end, the IMA sublayer distributes the ATM data stream from the ATM layer into
multiple ADSL physical layers. The process at the receive end is on the contrary.
To bind the services of various bit error rate and delay, the IMA sublayer defines the IMA
frame, protocol and managing function in a detailed manner. Meanwhile, the IMA sublayer
requires some functions of the ADSL physical layer to be updated. For example, discard
the idle cell and the error code at the receive end.
Page 35
ADSL2+ Features
More reliable running & Good spectrum compatibility
The receiver decides the tone ordering based on the channel analysis result, and
selects the tone of the best performance as the pilot tone. This makes for the
stable ADSL connection.
During the negotiation, the tone is disabled, and the receiver tests the distribution
of the radio frequency interference (RFI) for bypassing the RFI signal and reducing
the crosstalk on other twisted pairs.
ADSL2+ has a good capability of dynamic adaptation. For example, it enhances
the bit swap function, and changes the line rate seamlessly and dynamically.
The power cutback of the receiver and the transmitter is 40 dB high, and reduces
the echo and crosstalk at local end.
The receiver decides the pilot tone, and avoids that the line cannot be activated
because of the line connector interference or the AM interference.
ADSL2+ shortens the negotiation process, and quickly restores the connection
synchronization from errors.
Page 36
ADSL2+ Features
SRA
ADSL2+ can improve the crosstalk problem by using the seamless rate adaptive
(SRA) technology. Using SRA, ADSL2+ can change the ADSL transmit power without
changing the ADSL connection rate and bit error rate. When detecting the channel
condition change, ADSL2+ adapts the rate to the change. This point is transparent to
subscribers.
SRA is used for the decoupling at the modulation layer and the framing layer of the
ADSL2+ system. Decoupling enables the modulation layer to change the transmit rate
parameter, but it does not change the parameter of the framing layer. Pay attention
that the bit error will occur and cause the system restarted if the parameter of the
framing layer changes and causes the frame synchronization loss.
Page 37
ADSL2/ADSL2+ Features Overview

1. Enhanced coding function
2. Lower power consumption
3. Modularization structure
4. High rate & Long distance
5. Rate binding function
6. More stable running & Good spectrum compatibility

7. Seamless rate adaptation technology
Page 38
Summary
ADSL is widely used on the existing network. ADSL2 is
only a connecting point in technology development, so it
is rarely used for commercial purpose. Now, ADSL is
being upgraded to ADSL2+.
Standard/ Working
Upstream/Down-
Transmit
Step
Features
Frequency (Hz) stream rate (bps)
Distance (km) (kbps)
ADSL
26138 k
896 k/8196 k
32
1.2 M/12 M
5.2
3 M/25 M
6.5
1381.1 M
ADSL2
26138 k
1381.1 M
ADSL2+
26138 k
138K2.2 M
Page 39
Questions
1. Briefly describe the three line coding technologies for ADSL
modulation & demodulation.
2. What new features does ADSL/ADSL2+ have?
Page 40

Page 41
Configuration Parameters of ADSL Service

This chapter chiefly describes the parameter in the ADSL line profile for
activating the ADSL port
ADSL transmission mode
Rate setting
Upstream/downstream channel bit swap
Trellis code
Channel mode
Noise margin
Signal attenuation
Page 42

3.1 ADSL Transmission Mode
3.2 ADSL Rate Parameter
3.3 ADSL Stability Parameter
Page 43
ADSL Transmission Mode

Customers use this parameter to choose a standard for activating
the ADSL line. The parameter corresponds to the T1.413 issue 2
presented by ANSI and the following standards by ITU : G.992.1,
G.992.2, G.992.3 (G.dmt.bis), G.992.4 and G.992.5
(G.dmt.bisplus).
The maximum downstream rate can be 8 Mbps or more in G.dmt
(G.992.1, G.992.3 and G.992.5) and T1.413, but only 1.5 Mbps in
G.lite. Therefore, G.dmt together with T1.413 is called full-rate
transmission mode.
In addition, ITU defines a specific handshake protocol G.994.1
(G.hs) for DSL, and G.dmt and G.lite use the protocol. Therefore,
G.dmt and G.lite are called G.hs mode.
Page 44
Standard For Port in Negotiation

Mode Supported by CO
Negotiated Mode of Line
All
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated by any of the following
standards: G.dmt, G.dmt.bis, G.dmt.bisplus, G.lite and T1.413.
Full rate
standards: G.dmt, G.dmt.bis and G.dmt.bisplus and T1.413.
G.lite
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated by the G.lite standard.
T1.413
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated by the T1.413 standard.
G.dmt
standards: G.dmt, G.dmt.bis and G.dmt.bisplus.
G.hs
standards: G.dmt, G.dmt.bis, G.dmt.bisplus and G.lite.
G992.1
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated only by the G.dmt standard.
G992.2
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated only by the G.lite standard.
G992.3
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated by either the G.dmt standard
or the G.dmt.bis.
G992.4
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated only by the G.lite standard.
G992.5
According to the mode supported by CPE, the port can be activated only by the G.dmt.bisplus
standard.
Page 45

Page 46
Rate Parameters
Minimum transmit rate: It presents the minimum activation rate required in the current direction
after the line activation.
Maximum transmit rate: It presents the maximum activation rate in the current direction after
the line activation. If the rate is fixed, the maximum and the minimum activation rates must be
identical.
After the activation, the actual line rate will satisfy the activation requirement after being
adapted from the expected maximum rate to the minimum rate. Such an activation requires that
the error bit rate must be smaller than 10-7, and the noise margin must be around the target noise
margin.
During the ADSL connecting, if the line is in good conditions, and the calculated downstream
rate is bigger than the configured maximum rate, the system will restrict the downstream rate to
the maximum rate and increase the downstream SNR margin. If the line is in poor conditions,
and the calculated maximum downstream rate cannot satisfy the configured maximum value, the
system will set up the connection at the actual downstream rate on the premise of guaranteeing
the target downstream SNR margin.

Configure the upstream rate and the downstream rate in the same way.
Will you set parameters for rate? (y/n)[n]:Y
Page 47
Low Upstream Rate Affecting Downstream Rate

[Fault Description]
The upstream rate is configured too low and causes the low downstream rate.
[Troubleshooting]
Check the port parameter, and it is found that the upstream rate of the ADSL port
on the MA5100 is 64 kbps, and the downstream rate is 960 kbps. Change the
upstream rate to 512 kbps, and the fault is troubleshot.
[Fault Analysis]
As charging is involved, the downstream rate and the upstream rate differ greatly.
In application, however, if the upstream rate is lower than 128 kbps, such as 64
kbps, the downstream rate will be affected seriously.
[Cause Analysis]
If an ADSL modem connects a large number of LAN subscribers, or the subscriber
uses many Internet services, a lot of TCP sessions will occur. In this case, a
multiple of TCP receivers send the ACK message at a time and causes the
upstream congestion or delay. As a result, the transmitter resends the TCP
packet, and the actual downstream rate is low. Therefore, it is recommended not to
set the upstream rate to be lower than 128 kbps.
Page 48
Upstream/Downstream Channel Bit Swap

The bit swap function supports the bit distribution or the power adjustment between
subbands without line activation.
During the line activation, SNR and the bit allocation are calculated independently for each
subband. After the line activation, the line SNR may change for the external environment
account. Therefore, the line SNR change may be represented as that SNR increases on
some subbands and decreases on some others. If the state persists for a long time, the bit
error rate of the line may increase, or cannot satisfy the activation rate and requires the line to
negotiate again. If a subband SNR decreases too much and the subband cannot carry the
allocated bits, the bit swap functions to shift some bits of the subband to other subbands of
high SNR for bit swapping, such as the upstream/downstream channel bit swap.
Configure the bit swap as follows:
> Downstream channel bit swap 0-disable 1-enable (01) [1]:
> Upstream channel bit swap 0-disable 1-enable (01) [1]:
Page 49

Page 50
Trellis Coding
Trellis coding works out the best coding gain using a special coding calculation to
increase the line SNR gain. The practice proves that using trellis coding can increase
the line SNR gain by 36 dB at least, but the portion of the error control redundancy
code in the line bandwidth does not increase. The improvement is represented as that
the activation rate increases a lot compared with that in its failure case after the trellis
coding switch is enabled.
According to the ADSL standard (G.992.1), the trellis coding function is optional. At
present, all Huawei ADSL board series support this function. In the ADSL2/ADSL2+
standard (G.992.3/G.992.5), the trellis coding function is forcibly supported. Now,
Huawei ADSL2+ board series also support this function.
Enable or Disable the trellis function as follows:
> Trellions mode 0-disable 1-enable (01) [1]:
Page 51
Channel Mode
There are two channel modes: interleaved mode and fast mode.
Fast mode: This mode has short delay and general error correction
capability. So it applies to the delay-sensitive service.
Interleaved mode: This mode can solve the burst noise and has a good
capability of correcting errors. The deeper the interleaved depth is, the
better the error correction capability is, and also the longer the delay is.
Therefore, the interleaved mode applies to the delay-insensitive service
that requires low reliability.
Unit of interleaved delay
DMT: Use the depth as its unit directly, namely, the interleaved depth.
MS: Use millisecond (ms) as its unit, namely, the interleaved delay.
Choose the channel mode:
> Please select channel mode 0-interleaved 1-fast (01) [0]:
Page 52
Interleaving Principle
Span N=7
Interleaving process
Enter the data from FEC
21
216, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Read the data

to channels
Depth
D=3
save the data

through channels
16, 9, 2, 15, 8, 1
De-interleaving process
Object 1
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Read the
data to FEC
216, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
Object 2
Bit order
(no interleaving)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Bit order
(interleaving)
15
16
10
17
11
18
12
19
13
20
14
21
X
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
16
17
18
19
20
21
Burst error
Receiving bit
(no interleaving)
10
11
12
13
14
Receiving bit
(interleaving)
10
11
12
13
14
X
Page 53
Improper Interleaved Depth Causing a Fault

[Fault Description]
The ADSL subscriber (PPPoEoA) on the MA5100 accesses the Internet after being authenticated on the
ISN8850. After the service is available, subscribers complain that they are often offline but can dialup to be
online soon after the fault.
[Troubleshooting]
1.
By monitoring the end-user terminal, we found that the fault occurs, meanwhile, the modem is not deactivated.
2.
Partial user terminals use the networking modem+HUB+PC. Therefore, we presume that the HUB is blocked
when a lot of data are switched due to the HUB performance. We replace the HUB, but the fault persists.
3.
The fault may be traced to that the CPU utilization of the ISN8850 is too high. By checking, we found that the
CPU utilization is only 19%. It indicates that some other problems cause the fault.
4.
After excluding the two possibilities, check the data configured on the MA5100. we found that the port works in
the interleaved mode and with the interleaved depth as 64. During monitoring the user terminal, we found that
the PING packet jitters regularly. Namely, a PING packet of long delay occurs every seven/eight stable PING
packets. In the PPPoEoA mode, the ISN8850 sends the PPP ECHO packets to the client software every 40
seconds to detect whether the PPP subscriber is online. If the ISN8850 has sent such a packet for three times
(two minutes) and got no response, it will disconnect the subscriber. Therefore, the fault may be traced to that
the interleaved depth is too big and causes the PPP ECHO packet sent by the ISN8850 lost, and the ISN8850
disconnects the subscriber. After the check and analysis, we change the interleaved depth parameter of the port
to 16, the condition is improved. Change the parameter to 8, and the fault is troubleshot.
[Causes Analysis]
Too deep interleaved depth causes long delay on network, furthermore, some data lost and the ISN8850 disconnects
the subscriber.
Page 54
SNR/Noise Margin
The SNR margin refers to the additional noise that the system can tolerate on the premise
of guaranteeing the current rate and error bit rate. The SNR margin of the modem and the
stability of the ADSL connection are in direct ration. Generally, the bigger the SNR margin
of modem is, the more stable the connection is. Meanwhile, the SNR margin and the
activated physical connection rate are in inverse ratio. Namely, the bigger the SNR margin
is, the lower the activated physical connection rate is.
Target SNR Margin: It refers to the required noise margin for initialization when the bit error
rate equal to or smaller than 10-7.
Maximum SNR Margin: When the noise margin exceeds this value, ADSL must lower its
output power.
Minimum SNR Margin: When the noise margin is smaller than this value, ADSL must
promote its output power. If the promotion fails, ADSL should perform the negotiation again.
Set the SNR margin of modem as follows:
> Will you set SNR margin for modem? (y/n)[n]:y
Page 55
Signal Attenuation
SATN refers to the signal attenuation. The SATN value is the ratio of the received
signal power at the receive end to the transmitted signal power at the transmit
end. In fact, SATN is the line attenuation parameter in ADSL, ranging from 0
to 102.2 dB with the step as 0.1 dB.
If the signal attenuates too much, the ADSL service will be unstable and
deactivated frequently. SATN can be caused by the following factors:
Crosstalk
Bridge connector reflection
Line connector attenuation
Line resistance attenuation
Page 56
Locating the Line Fault Based on Channel Attenuation

[Fault Description]
The ADSL Internet service of an office is faulty. Several ports are frequently deactivated at the interval of
several hours, or sometimes the ports are deactivated automatically because of the line fault several
times every hour. The subscriber connecting to these ports are less than 500 m away from the MA5100.
[Troubleshooting]
1. Run the related port command, and the channel attenuation is found to be too big on these port. The
channel attenuation of some of the ports is 24 dB upstream and 22 dB downstream, and that of some
other ports is 42 dB upstream and 20 dB downstream.
2. The parameter shows that the line connection is abnormal. Punching the wire down on MDF, and
connect the telephone wire again in the connection box. In this case, the line attenuation decreases to a
small value (less than 10 dB). After a test, it is found that the stability of subscriber connection is
promoted. The subscribers are offline only for once or twice within two days.
[Cause Analysis]
The channel attenuation and the distance between RTU and the MA5100 are in direct ratio but without the
simple linear relation. Nevertheless, if the distance increases by 100 m, the attenuation increases by 2
dB. In this faulty case, the subscriber is less than 500 m away from the MA5100, thus the attenuation
must be small in theory. But the attenuation is big in fact, it indicates that the signal attenuates at the
connection point but not on the copper wire. Therefore, during enabling the ADSL service, judge the line
connection status by checking the channel attenuation. If the actual attenuation is bigger than the
estimated one, the line is faulty because of either the non-standard cable or the poor connection of the
connector (this case occurs at the subscriber connection box and on MDF most of the time). Following
this way to locate the fault, improve the line condition and connection stability.
Page 57
Parameter Reference Table

The following table lists the test parameter value by using the MT880 (target noise
margin is 6). The table gives only the reference value of the line length, noise
margin, attenuation and rate. The result of the actual line test is a little worse than
the values.
Downstream
Line Length
Noise Margin
Upstream
Attenuation
Rate
Noise Margin
Attenuation
Rate
5.5
27232
1088
1000
9.5
25184
1.5
1120
2150
20
20832
23.5
1024
3050
30
9056
41.5
1056
4000
39
5472
54
992
5200
45.5
2496
63.5
896
6100
53.5
960
63.5
672
7000
12
61
192
63.5
416
Page 58
Summary
This chapter describes the key parameters of the line profile and their
meanings. During configuring the line profile, inherit the default
value for most parameters. What requires change are the following
parameters: the activation standards used by the line profile,
interleaved/fast mode, upstream/downstream activation rate range.
Page 59
Questions
1. What is the interleaved mode? Please describe the relation between

the interleaved depth and delay.
2. Which does the negotiation begin with, the high-rate mode G.992.5 or
the low-rate mode G.992.1 if CO (full compatible ) and CPE (full

compatible) work in the negotiation mode?
Page 60

Page 61
Three ADSL Problems

At present, ADSL often meets the following three problems:
Subscribers are offline exceptionally.
Subscribers access Internet at a low rate.
Subscriber accounts are stolen.
Exceptional offline fault is usually traced to either of the following causes:
PPP connection is faulty because of the loss of the Keep Alive packets that are based on the PPP
connection.
Subscribers are offline forcibly because of the Radius packet loss.
Low rate for the access to Internet refers to that the port rate is not qualified to guarantee the
promised rate. According to the survey, the low rate is often caused by the poor line quality and the
unreasonable network architecture on access network.
If the subscriber account is shared, the account is stolen and the illegal subscriber is difficult to
track. This fault is traced to that telecom carriers do not limit and protect the broadband subscriber
account because they lack an effective mechanism to identify subscribers uniquely.
Page 62
ADSL Trend
Broadband
ADSL
ADSL2
ADSL2+
VDSL2+
Full-service
Support the IPTV, Triple Play, leased line, and some other
services.
Intelligent
Speed up the ADSL application, and locate the fault range
accurately to reduce the service interruption time.
Page 63
Obtaining the Newest Documentation

The ADSL standardization begins with the regional standard, such as
T1E1.4 (North America) and ETSIM6 (Europe). Later, ITU takes charge of
the regional ADSL standardization. This organization is a leader of the
ADSL standardization.
www.itu.int/ITU-T/
International Telecommunications Union-
Telecommunications sector (ITU-T)

www.dslforum.org/
ADSL Forum
www.t1.org/t1e1
ANSI T1E1.4 (North America)
Page 64
Thank You
www.huawei.com
Page 65

ADSL Protocol Basics: ISSUE1.0

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Jun 2006

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