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1. INTRODUCTION
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In the table below, classes refer to a tags basic functionality (i.e., it either has a
memory or an on-board power), while generation refers to the tag specifications major
release or version number.
A reader contains an antenna to transmit and receive data from the tag. The reader
also contains a decoder and an RF module. It could be mounted or built as a portable
handheld device. The computer host acts as an interface to an IT platform for exchanging
information between the RFID system and the end-user. This host system then converts the
information obtained from the RFID system into useful information for the end-user.
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2. TECHNOLOGIES
Currently, the following technologies are in use / discussion:
1. Toll Collection:
2. Manual collecting
3. DSRC = Dedicated Short Range Communication
4. Video, ANPR (automatic number plate recognition), LPR (License Plate Recognition)
5. Tag / Transponder / RFiD Recognition (electronic license-plate)
6. GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
7. W-LAN / W-MAX
8. Vehicle Classification:
9. Inductive loops
10. Laser scanner
11. Weigh-in-Motion
12. Video
13. Tags / RFiD
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3. RELATED WORK
The ETC system is currently being used throughout the world. In the United States
alone, various states have implemented an ETC system called E-Z Pass. Other countries
that have applied the ETC system are Canada, Poland, thePhilippines, Japan and
Singapore, among many others.
Some of the applied ETC systems are discussed in the proceeding section.
3.1 Canada
The ETC system used in Canada is known as the Canada 407 Express toll route
(ETR). It is one of the most sophisticated toll roads in the world . The Canada 407 ETR is a
closed-access toll road, which means that there are gantries placed at the entrance and exit
points of each toll. In this system, cameras are equipped with Optical Character Recogntion
(OCR). The OCR cameras are used to photograph license plate numbers of vehicles that do
not have transponders.
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The toll bill will then be sent directly to the registered address of the vehicle
owners. Other than that, two laser beam scanners are placed above the roadway to detect
the types of vehicles passing through the gantries. Nevertheless, this toll road bears a very
high infrastructure cost, and the users are the ones who help recover the cost through
increments in their toll bills
3.2 Poland
The ETC system used in Poland has been proposed by the Motor Transport Institute
along with the University of Technology in Warsaw and Dublin. This system is called the
National Automatic Toll Collection System (NATCS), and consists of the National
Automatic Toll Collection Center (NATCC), control gates, and on-board units (OBU). The
NATCS uses a combination of mobile telecommunication technology (GSM) with satellitebased Global Positioning System (GPS). Using GPS technology, the OBUs determine the
kilometers that have been driven, calculate the toll fees and rates, and then transmit the
information to the NATCS computer center. Each vehicle will be charged from the highway
entrance up until the end of the highway. In order to identify the plate numbers of trucks,
the system has control gates equipped with digital short range communication (DSRC)
detection equipment and high resolution cameras. Due to the technical specifications, this
system incurs a high cost for motorists.
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3.3 Philippines
The ETC system used in the Philippines has been implemented at the South Luzon
Expressway (SLEX) since August 2000. The ETC is referred to as the E-PASS system,
which uses Transcore technology. Here, electronic transponders are placed in front of a
vehicles rearview mirror. Each time a vehicle enters the toll booth, the tag is read by the
receiver, automatically identifying the account and debiting the toll fee amount from the
corresponding account. Once the amount has been debited, the control gate will lift and the
vehicle is allowed to pass through.
3.4 US Patent
In 2007, Tang et al. filed a US patent on their proposed ETC system. Their
proposed system provides two lanes: one on the side and the other where overhead-based
antennas are installed per lane. Both antennas are used for conducting toll transactions. Of
the two, the side antenna will act as a backup in case the overhead antenna fails to capture
the signal emitted from the vehicles. In thecase of a failure, the overhead antenna will be
deactivated, and the side antenna will be activated. If the side antenna also fails, then an
error signal will be issued.
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ETC is an advanced automatic toll collection system that enables nonstop tollgate
transitions.
In Japan, ETC service started in March 2001, installing 19million automobile by
August 2007.
Used by about 5.5 million automobiles/day, the utilization rate has soared to reach
about 66%.
The target utilization rate is 80% by next spring.
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Using this system, all problems related to manual toll fee collection will be
eliminated, thereby achieving a higher efficiency rate per transaction. This is because this
system requires no human interactions that could lead to cheating and human errors. In
addition, compared with the existing system, in which motorists need to pay hundreds of
Ringgits in order to own the two-piece tag required, the proposed system would only
motorists to pay minimal fees as the cost of the whole system is not as high as the existing
system.
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The differences among the proposed system and the ones discussed previously are
illustrated in the table below.
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1.
2.
Offer when used with flexible fees opportunities tocontrol the spatial
distribution of traffic volumes within thenetwork
3.
4.
5.
6.
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2.
3.
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6.3 Technology
6.3.1 Objectives:
Transport infrastructure funding
User pays principle
Efficient use of transport system
Emission reduction
Fairer competition between road transport and the railways
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6.3.2Chances
Change in travel patterns
Public transport improvements
Traffic flow improvements
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AVI technologies such as a bar coded label affixed to the vehicle, proximity card, radio or
infrared
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Transponder, and automatic license plate recognition. A majority of the AVI systems used
involve radio frequency identity (RFID) and plate recognition technologies. The RFID
system uses an antenna to communicate with a transponder in each registered vehicle,
while video tolling identifies the license plate and charges a customer or sends a bill to unregistered drivers with help from the Department of Motor Vehicles address database.
Back Office and Customer Service: The back office consists of the host and/or
plaza system, customer service center, and violation processing center. The main functions
of the host and plaza systems are to aggregate transactional data from all the lanes, data
summarization, report generation, download of files such as a toll rates, toll schedules, and
transponder status list. The customer service center is responsible for processing the AVI
and video tolling transactions, matching transactions with account holders, debiting the
correct toll amount, managing accounts, generating a valid tag list, and providing customer
support to name a few. The violation processing centers main function is to process the
images of the licenses plates, identify violators, and mail notices.
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8.2In-road Sensors:
Sensor systems may be subsurface, roadside or overhead. Inductive sensors
embedded in theroad surface can determine the presence of a vehicle. Treadles register a
count of the number ofaxles as a vehicle passes over them and, with offset-treadle
installations, also detect dual-tirevehicles. Light-curtain laser profilers record the shape of
the vehicle, which can helpdistinguish trucks and trailers. Sensors can also detect gaps
between vehicles to provideinformation on the number of vehicles crossing a location.
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Blurry images, particularly motion blur, most likely at higher vehicle speeds.
Poor lighting and low contrast due to overexposure, reflection, shadows, or plate
background color or style.
An object obscuring (part of) the plate, quite often a tow bar, or dirt on the plate.
The Toll Checker captures 3-dimensional data and reads license plates regardless of
lanechanges and the speed of the vehicle.
The Toll Checker identifies the class of the vehicles and ascertains whether each
has topay a toll, and whether each has paid the correct amount.
All the data for trucks that have paid the toll or vehicles that are not required to pay
thetoll are deleted immediately.
It works in conjunction with both global positioning systems (GPS) and Dedicated
ShortRange Communication (DSRC).
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Single gantry solution: set up requires only 15 minutes shut down of lane and no
sensorloops are needed.
bookings.
Safety:
o Fully ORT compliable
o No visible lighting to distract driver, even at night.
International license plate recognition.
Seamless integration with GPS and DSRC.
LPI/R manufacturers have touted additional uses for their technology other than for
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equipment to keep track of thenumber of miles traveled. Based on the results of the pilot
test, ODOT will draft legislation to beput before the state legislature in 2009.
During the fall of 2005, a pre-pilot program of twenty volunteers started the
program to work outany unexpected issues that could occur. Volunteers cars were
equipped with on-board mileage countingequipment In spring 2006, 280 volunteers in
Portland had the equipmentadded to their vehicles. For a period of one year, volunteers will
pay a fee equal to
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1.2 cents amile and will not pay the gas tax. There will be two service stations in the
Portland area equippedwith mileage reader devices and pilot participants will be asked to
fill their vehicles at theseparticipating service stations when convenient. When refueling,
the on-board mileage counterwill communicate with the mileage readers placed at the
pumps. When the purchase is totaled, the gas tax will be deducted automatically and the
road user fee will be added automatically.
A federal requirement of the Pilot Program is to test the ability to count separately
the milestraveled during rush hour within a congested area. Some of the pilot volunteers
will be in a rushhour pricing group to test this concept. Because the pilot is a test, many
policy options remain fordecision-makers, such as charging a lower rate-per-mile for
vehicles that achieve a certain fuelefficiency, for motorists that avoid rush hour zones, or
for those participating in otherenvironmentally-friendly activities. The road user fee
program does not track, store or collectprivate information. There is a switching device that
counts the number of miles the vehicle hastraveled. The device cannot record the location
of the vehicle except when the vehicle passesthrough certain designated rush-hour zones.
The device counts only the number of miles traveledwithin the zone, not the time of day,
location in the zone, or even the day.
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There is also a GPS receiver in the cars that simply tells the electronic odometer
whether tocount the miles as in state or out of state. This is to prevent Oregonians from
being charged formiles driven outside the state. No location data is transmitted anywhere or
stored in the device orelsewhere; since vehicle location data is not collected, it cannot be
accessed. The only datacollected and transmitted is the mileage, which is sent to the gas
pump reader through a radiofrequency that can only travel about 8 to 10 feet. As the driver
fuels up, the VMT is calculatedand the gas tax is deducted.
The Oregon Road User Fee concept recommends that only new vehicles be
equipped with theon-board technology. All of the technologies being used in the pilot
program are already beingmanufactured in cars today. Some automobile manufacturers
have already announced that keycomponents will be standard equipment on all models
within the next few years. The FederalHighway Administration (FHWA) and transportation
standards organizations are working toadopt universal standards for the same technologies
being used in the pilot program. In the nearfuture, therefore, it is very likely that a state
adopting a GPS-based mileage fee would not needto require additional hardware to be
installed in vehicles. Some sort of software upgrade seemsmore likely.
With the Road User Fee Pilot Program, Oregon is not looking to raise revenue but
to look atoptions for the inevitable future road revenue decline. The ODOT is obliged to
test congestionpricing in the pilot program (as a requirement of ODOTs FHWA Value
Pricing Pilot Programgrant). It is not an indication of a specific policy directive adopted by
the Oregon DOT or thestate legislature. Any future policy decision Oregon may make on
the mileage fee does notnecessarily translate into application of congestion pricing, as these
two policy decisions areseparate. The pilot program will simply test whether or not an
electronically collected mileagefee could technologically include congestion pricing,
should policymakers ever decide to go inthat direction.
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The distance to one satellite defines a sphere of possible solutions; the distance to
threedefines a single, common area.
The accuracy of the distance measurements determines how small the common area
isand thus the accuracy of the final location.
In practice, a receiver captures atomic-clock time signals sent from the satellites
and converts them into the respective distances.
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10. CONCLUSION
Electronic Toll Collection may become an increasing important instrument within
the big bundle of measures for regional demand and traffic management. In this article, the
authors have discussed various types of ETC systems applied in some countries. The
proposed ETC system discussed in this work applies passive RFID technology. By doing
so, increased efficiency will be guaranteed since RFID is known as a highly stable
technology. With the elimination of human interaction in the entire toll collection process,
we can create a better ETC system to be implemented in Malaysia. It can also significantly
improve the efficiency of toll stations and the traffic abilities of the toll road.ETCapplications with directly traffic-related fees are not yet in regular operation on a wider
scale.
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REFERENCES
1
Berkeley
and
Caltrans.http://www.calccit.org/
itsdecision/serv_and_tech/Electronic_toll_collection/electron_toll_collection_report
.html#avi
9
Toll
CollectFAQ
http://www.tollcollect.
e/faq/tcrdifr004_faq.jsp;jsessionid=
Accessed02/06
http://www.tollroadsnews.com/cgi-
bin/a.cgi/LoSDAtB7EdmcEIJ61nsxIA
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