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1 Introduction
paper will be possibly adopted to conduct research on long term cyclic loading behaviour of
pile and bucket foundations. It is well known that
Monopod bucket foundations are likely to bewhen conducting small-scale tests, the scale efcome a reliable and cost-effective option for
fect greatly threatens the experiment outcome.
offshore wind turbine foundations.
As reported in LeBlanc (2009) such foundations can
be installed without using heavy vessels, and
thereby, considerably lowering the cost of installation. Bucket foundations have been studied over the last decade especially at Aalborg
University, Oxford University and University of
Western Australia. While in the early years
the ultimate capacity of the structure was addressed, more recently attention focused on lateral cyclic loading (Zhu et al., 2010). Wind
turbine foundations are characterized by strong
horizontal forces caused by wind and waves,
and a rather low vertical load. An offshore wind
turbine mounted on a bucket foundation support
is sketched in Figure 1 where h is the height of
the wave loading, d the skirt length and D the
the diameter of the bucket. Waves and winds
are naturally cyclic, consequently, a wind turbine is exposed to millions of cycles over its lifetime. For this reason investigating the wind turbine foundations behaviour under cyclic loading,
shall be considered as necessary, for a correct
design framework. The new method of static Figure 1: Wind turbine mounted on a monotesting of bucket foundations presented in this pod bucket foundation. After LeBlanc (2009).
1
Throughout this paper, results obtained by conducting monotonic tests on a bucket foundation
in dense sand at different soil effective stress
are presented and analysed. The data elaboration is mainly aimed at investigating the following features:
1
2
3
4
5
6
Overburden Pressure
[kPa]
0
0
15
30
20
10
0
50
100
Depth, mm
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
200
400
600
Tip Resistance, N
800
1000
0
50
100
Depth, mm
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Tip Resistance, N
Test 1
Test 2
.
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 6
tr
[ ]
52.31
52.28
51.92
51.87
51.63
51.25
tr
[ ]
17.72
17.67
17.21
16.13
16.85
16.37
ID
[-]
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.72
0.70
[kN/m3 ]
10.64
10.54
10.34
10.14
10.14
9.96
Value
0.14
1.78
2.64
0.86
0.55
Unit
[mm]
[-]
[g/cm3 ]
[-]
[-]
To increase the effective stress of the soil suction was applied between the soil surface and
a membrane. The suction system consisted of
a membrane with four suction spots, each of
them connected to a vacuum pump through a
4
Figure 9: Sign convention for loads and displacements. After Butterfield et al. (1997).
5
3000
0 kPa
0 kPa
10 kPa
15 kPa
20 kPa
30 kPa
2500
Moment, Nm
2000
1500
1000
500
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
Rotation,
3.5
4.5
10
10
10
10
10
Test 1
Test 2
.
Test 6
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
0 kPa
0 kPa
10 kPa
15 kPa
20 kPa
30 kPa
10
Rotation, rad
10
10
[-]
0.24
0.30
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.48
Figure 12: Raw dimensionless momentrotation data for all the tests on a logarithmic
plane.
Test no.
.
10
9
4
C
[-]
4.24
3.79
51.06
64.39
76.14
93.39
10
Suction
[kPa]
0
0
10
15
20
30
8
7
0 kPa
10 kPa
15 kPa
20 kPa
30 kPa
1
2
6
3
4
5
Ultimate Moment
Capacity
[Nm]
213
234
1008
1444
1674
2401
6
5
0.4
15
Horizontal displacement u, mm
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
10
0 kPa
0 kPa
10 kPa
15 kPa
20 kPa
30 kPa
0.8
1
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Normalized horizontal position u/D
0.4
0.5
Rotation,
Loading Direction
0.4
300
250
0
200
Moment, kNm
0.2
0.2
0.4
150
100
0.6
50
0.8
0
1
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Normalized horizontal position u/D
0.4
0.01
0.5
0.02
0.03
Rotation, rad
0.04
0.05
0.06
5 Conclusions
Bucket foundations may become a costeffective option for offshore wind turbine supWithin a research led by Aalborg University port. Over the last decade small-scale experiand MBD-Offshore-power A/S seven large- ments and field trials have proven the reliability
scale tests of bucket foundation were conducted of this foundation. The loads acting on an offat the Frederikshavn test cite facility.
shore structure are mainly cyclic and the current
4 Comparison with large-scale tests
In a bid to minimize the scale effect, which is unavoidably related to small-scale physical mod- Foglia A (2011). Behaviour of Bucket Foundaels, a new testing method is set out in this pation under Horizontal Load in Dense Sand,
per. The novel method consists of applying sucMSc Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering,
tion between a membrane and the soil surface
Aalborg University, Denmark.
in order to increase the soil effective stress and
Larsen KA (2008). Static Behaviour of Bucket
to reduce thereby the scale effect. Six monoFoundations, PhD Thesis, Department of Civil
tonic tests were conducted at different overburEngineering, Aalborg University, Denmark.
den pressure applied. The results clearly shown
how the moment applied on the bucket depends LeBlanc C (2009). Design of Offshore Wind Turon the stress state of the soil.
bine Support Structures: Selected Topics in
the Field of Geotechnical Engineering, PhD
The consistency of the method was achieved by
Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalshowing that, stiffer responses of the soil correborg University, Denmark.
spond to higher overburden pressure applied by
means of the suction. The plastic response of Ibsen LB (1999). The mechanism controlling
the soil was not affected by the different overstatic liquefaction and cyclic strength of sand,
burden pressure applied. The overturning moProceedings of the International Workshop on
ment capacity was calculated for every test.
Physics and Mechanics of Soil Liquefaction,
This will be useful to calibrate the load magA. A. Balkema.
nitude of cyclic loading tests. Due to the disIbsen LB, Larsen KA, Nielsen SA (2005). Intinct boundary conditions, tests in normal connovative Foundation Solutions, The Novel
ditions showed a slightly different failure mode
Bucket Foundation. Copenhagen Offshore
than tests with overburden pressure increased.
Wind Conference and Exhibition, 26-28 OcThis conclusion was reached by plotting rotatober 2005, Denmark.
tion against horizontal displacement curves and
by analysing the instantaneous centres of rota- Ibsen LB, Hanson M, Hjort T, Thaarup M (2009).
tion locations of different tests. Further numeriMC-ParameterCalibration for Baskarp Sand
cal simulations should take heed of the different
No. 15, DCE Technical Report No.62 .Departfailure mode presented by the tests with effecment of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University.
tive stress increased.
Schmertmann, JH (1978). Guidelines for cone
The method capability of representing realpenetration test, performance and design, US
scale behaviour, was proved by making a comFederal Highway Administration, Washington
parison between large and small-scale test. The
DC, Report, FHWA-TS-78-209, 145.
moment-rotation curve of the large-scale test
Zhu B, Houlsby GT, Byrne BW (2010). Cyclic
was found to some extend similar to that of the
moment loading of suction caisson in sand,
new small-scale experiment.
Proceedings of the international symposium
The overall method was found to be consistent
on Frontiers in offshore geotechnics II, Perth
and gave the expected results. Interesting inforAustralia, November 2010.