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ARCL 1009
INTRODUCTION TO EGYPTIAN AND NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY
2015-16
Year 1 Option
0.5 unit
Turnitin Class ID: 2970078
Turnitin Password : IoA1516
Co-ordinator: Dr Mark Altaweel
m.altaweel@ucl.ac.uk
Room 103. Tel: 020 7679 74607 (Internal: 24607)
Left: An archaeological mound in Iraqi Kurdistan. Right: The temple of Edfu, Egypt.
OVERVIEW
DESCRIPTION
To provide an introduction to the archaeology of Egypt and the Near East from the early
prehistory, that is the beginning of the Holocene Epoch (nearly 12,000 years ago) to the
dawning of the 20th century AD, with a focus on historical periods between 3000 BC to 330
BC.
Some of the major aims of the course are:
To provide an introduction to the archaeology and early history of the Near East, with
emphasis on the civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Levant, Anatolia, and Iran.
To consider major issues in the development of human society in Egypt and the Near
East, including the origins and evolution of sedentism, agriculture, complex societies,
urbanism, literacy, and empires.
Major issues including the development of interest in Egypt and the Near East and its legacy
are also included.
The course is taught through two-hour lectures over Term II
Assessment will be through two essays, each of about 2500 words.
This course is normally a prerequisite for the second/third year course options including
ARCL2033 Archaeology of the Near East from Prehistory to 2000 BC and ARCL2034
Archaeology of the Near East 2000-300 BC.
OBJECTIVES
On successful completion of this course a student should:
Have a broad overview of the archaeology of Egypt and the Near East, with a
focus on specific themes that shaped the region and beyond.
Appreciate the significance of the archaeology of Egypt and the Near East
within the broad context of the development of human society.
Contextualise our modern world with relevance to the ancient societies of Egypt
and the Near East.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of the course students should be able to demonstrate: Understanding and critical
awareness of arrange of primary and secondary sources.
Written and oral skills in analysis and presentation.
Appreciation of and ability to apply methods and theories of archaeological and
historical analysis.
COURSE INFORMATION
This handbook contains the basic information about the content and administration of the
course. See also http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/ for general
information common to all courses. Additional subject-specific reading lists and individual
session handouts will be given out at appropriate points in the course. If students have
queries about the objectives, structure, content, assessment or organisation of the course,
they should consult the course coordinator.
TEACHING METHODS
The course is taught over Term II through two-hour lectures, which include a major
element of discussion.
PREREQUISITES
There are no formal prerequisites for this course.
WORKLOAD
There will be 20 hours of lectures, including discussion. Students will be expected to
undertake around 80 hours of reading for the course, plus 40 hours preparing for and
producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of 140 hours for the course.
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
a)
two written essays (2,375-2,625 words, each 50% of course-mark);
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the
course coordinator.
The nature of the assignment and possible approaches to it will be discussed in class, in
advance of the submission deadline. See below for the questions and details on the
assignments.
ATTENDANCE
A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the
lecturer by email. Departments are required to report each students attendance to UCL
Registry at frequent intervals throughout each term. Students are expected to attend at least
70% of classes.
INFORMATION FOR INTERCOLLEGIATE/INTERDEPARTMENTAL
STUDENTS
Students enrolled in Departments outside the Institute should collect hard copy of the
Institutes coursework guidelines from Judy Medringtons office (411A).
LIBRARIES
The library of the Institute of Archaeology will be the principal resource for this course.
Please note that the required readings for this course will largely placed on Moodle.
MOODLE
Please note that materials relevant to this course can be found on UCLs Virtual Learning
Environment at Moodle: http://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/. This course can be found by looking for
its title and course number (ARCL1009). Access to this course is obtained by enrolling
using the following key: IoA1516. For help with Moodle, please contact the course
coordinator.
WEEK-BY-WEEK SCHEDULE
THE FRAMEWORK
Lecture 1: 15th January 2016
Aims and Objectives
Geography and Time
Egypt and the Near East in World Archaeology
Lecture 2: 22rd January 2016
Big Discoveries: The Wider Context
FOUNDATION OF CIVILIZATION
Lecture 3: 29th January 2016
The Neolithic Revolution
Lecture 4: 5th February 2016
The Early States
Lecture 5: 12th February 2016
Sacred Kingship
Reading Week (February 15-19, 2016)
EARLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES
Lecture 6: 26th February 2016
Origin of the Urban World
Lecture 7: 4th March 2016
Archaeology of the Middle Class
Lecture 8: 11th March 2016
Globalization
FROM EAST TO WEST: THE IRON AGE AND BEYOND
Lecture 9: 18th March 2016
The Earliest Universal Empires
Lecture 10: No Lecture (materials posted online)
Current Research Projects
The Intellectual Heritage of Egypt and the Ancient Near East
Van De Mieroop, M. (2007) A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC, Second
edition. Oxford: Blackwell. INST ARCH DBA 100 MIE
Wilkinson, T.J. (2003) Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. Tucson, AZ:
University of Arizona Press.
Basic Texts, Egypt:
Baines, J. and J. Mlek (2000) Cultural atlas of Ancient Egypt. Revised edition. New
York: Fact on file. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 2 BAI; ISSUE DESK IOA BAI
2
*Bard, K. 2007. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Malden, Mass.,
Oxford: Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 29
Brewer, D. J. (2012). The Archaeology of Ancient Egypt: Beyond Pharaohs. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY E 5 BRE
*Kemp, B.J., 2006. Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization. 2nd edition. London:
Routledge. INST ARCH ISSUE DESK KEM; EGYPTOLOGY B 5 KEM
Lloyd, A. B. (ed.) (2010) A Companion to Ancient Egypt. 2 volumes. Chichester: WileyBlackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO
Nicholson, P. T. and I. Shaw (eds) (2000). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS S 5 NIC
*Shaw, I. (ed.) (2000) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA
*Trigger, B. G. and A. Lloyd, B. Kemp, D. OConnor (1983) Ancient Egypt. A social
history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 5 TRI, ISSUE
DESK IOA TRI 1
Van de Mieroop, M. (2011). A History of Ancient Egypt. Malden Oxford: Blackwell.
EGYPTOLOGY B 5 MIE
*Wendrich, W. (ed.) (2010) Egyptian Archaeology. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Wilkinson, T. (ed.) (2007) The Egyptian World. London: Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY A 5
WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10
Wilkinson R. H. (ed.) (2008) Egyptology Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY A 9 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 16
Encyclopedias, Egypt:
Bard, K. (ed.) (1999) Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London:
Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 BAR; ISSUE DESK IOA BAR 17
Redford, D. B. (ed.) (2001) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 2 OXF
Texts in translation, Egypt:
Allen, J. P. (2005) The ancient Egyptian pyramid texts. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of
Biblical Literature. EGYPTOLOGY V 30 ALL
Breasted, J. H. (2001 [1906-7]) Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical documents from the
earliest times to the Persian conquest. Chicago: Chicago University Press/Urbana:
University of Illinois EGYPTOLOGY T 6 BRE
Faulkner, R. O. (2004 [1973]). The ancient Egyptian coffin texts: spells 1-1185 and
indexes. Oxford: Aris and Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY V 30 FAU
Frood, E. (2007) Biographical texts from Ramessid Egypt. Atlanta: Society of Biblical
Literature. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 FRO
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT DETAILS
The deadlines for submission of assessed work are:
Essay A:
Essay B:
(A10) In the cases where we do see Mesopotamian kings claiming divinity, why did they
do this and why was kingship not generally considered a divine position in
Mesopotamia? (See reading list for session 5)
Choose one of the following for Essay B.
Essay Titles
Section B.
(B1)
Would you say that the evidence of the workmen settlement at Giza solves the
town problem (Bietak) in third millennium Egypt? (See reading list for session
6)
(B2)
What motivated the development of early cities such as Tell Brak and Uruk in the 4th
and 3rd millennium BC? (See reading list for sessions 6)
(B3)
How would you characterise the role of nomarchs in the Egyptian society of the
Middle Kingdom? Explore the archaeological evidence of Beni Hassan and discuss
wider. (See reading list for session 7)
(B4)
How did writing enable households to accumulate wealth and make trade links
across the Near East? (See reading list for sessions 7)
(B5)
To what extent do the Amarna letters shed light on Egyptian imperial practices in
adjacent countries? (See reading list for session 8)
(B6)
What motivated the larger and smaller states, such as the Hittites and Alalakh, to
form mutually beneficial relationships? (See reading list for session 8)
(B7)
How was the Neo-Assyrian empire different from previous empires in the Near
East in terms of their administrative and military practices? Did that fundamentally
change the Near Easts social makeup? (See reading list for session 9)
(B8)
What cultural and technical innovations from the Near East and Egypt have most
influenced Western societies. Give specific examples (See reading list for sessions
10)
(B9) Discuss the primary research aims of the projects conducted by UCL in Egypt and
the Near East? What is motivating these endeavours? (see lecture and readings in
session 10).
GENERAL ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION
If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the
Course Co-ordinator.
Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays or other coursework in order to
try to improve their marks. Students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a
given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment.
The course co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the
assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.
WORLD-COUNT
Strict new regulations with regard to word-length were introduced UCL-wide with effect
from 2013:
Penalties for Over-length Coursework
Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no
penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply
for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected. The following applies:
i) The length of coursework will normally be specified in terms of a word count
ii) Assessed work should not exceed the prescribed length.
iii) For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than10% the mark will be
reduced by ten percentage marks; but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the
pass mark, assuming the work merited a pass.
iv) For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more, a mark of zero
will be recorded.
vii) In the case of coursework that is submitted late and is also overlength, the lateness
penalty will have precedence.
The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of
figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, captions and
contents of tables and figures, appendices, and wording of citations.
SUBMISSION PROCEEDURES
Students are required to submit hard copy of all coursework to the course co-ordinators
pigeon-hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception by the appropriate deadline. The
coursework must be stapled to a completed coversheet (available from the web, from
outside room 411A or from the library). Late submission will be penalized in accordance
with these regulations unless permission has been granted by college. Please note the
stringent penalties for late submission that have been introduced (UCL-wide) from 201213. Additionally, please use Turnitin on the course Moodle site (i.e., not the Turnitin site).
Students should put their Candidate Number on all coursework. This is a 5 digit
alphanumeric code and can be found on Portico: it is different from the Student Number/
ID. Please also put the Candidate Number and course code on each page of the work.
It is also essential that students put their Candidate Number at the start of the title line on
Turnitin, followed by the short title of the coursework.. e.g., YBPR6 Funerary practices
Please note the stringent UCL-wide penalties for late submission given below. Late
submission will be penalized in accordance with these regulations unless permission has
been granted and an Extension Request Form (ERF) completed.
Please see the Coursework Guidelines on the IoA website (or your Degree Handbook) for
further details of penalties.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook/submission
Turnitin advisers will be able to help you via email: ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk if you need
help generating or interpreting the reports.
TIMESCALE OF MARKED COURSEWORK
You can expect to receive your marked work within four calendar weeks of the official
submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written
explanation from the marker, you should notify the IoAs Academic Administrator, Judy
Medrington.
KEEPING COPIES
Please note that it is an Institute requirement that you retain a copy (this can be electronic)
of all coursework submitted. When your marked essay is returned to you, you should
return it to the course co-ordinator within two weeks.
CITING OF SOURCES
Coursework should be expressed in a students own words giving the exact source of any
ideas, information, diagrams etc. that are taken from the work of others. Any direct
quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed
between inverted commas. Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious irregularity,
which can carry very heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to read and abide by the
requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism to be found in the
IoA Coursework Guidelines on the IoA website.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/administration/students/handbook.
Strict new penalties for plagiarism have been introduced since the 2012-13 session.
For guidelines on referencing in assessed work, please see:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/referencing.htm
For guidance on the use of illustrations in your essays, please see:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/illustrations.htm
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
The term plagiarism means presenting material (words, figures etc.) in a way that allows
the reader to believe that it is the work of the author he or she is reading, when it is in fact
the creation of another person.
In academic and other circles, plagiarism is regarded as theft of intellectual property. UCL
regulations, all detected plagiarism is to be penalized and noted on the students record,
irrespective of whether the plagiarism is committed knowingly or unintentionally. The
whole process of an allegation of plagiarism and its investigation is likely to cause
considerable personal embarrassment and to leave a very unpleasant memory in addition to
the practical consequences of the penalty. The penalties can be surprisingly severe and
may include failing a course or a whole degree. It is thus important to take deliberate steps
to avoid any inadvertent plagiarism.
Avoiding plagiarism should start at the stage of taking notes. In your notes, it should be
wholly clear what is taken directly from a source, what is a paraphrase of the content of a
source and what is your own synthesis or original thought. Make sure you include sources
and relevant page numbers in your notes.
When writing an essay any words and special meanings, any special phrases, any clauses
or sentences taken directly from a source must be enclosed in inverted commas and
followed by a reference to the source in brackets. It is not generally necessary to use direct
quotations except when comparing particular terms or phrases used by different authors.
Similarly, all figures and tables taken from sources must have their origin acknowledged in
the caption. Captions do not contribute to any maximum word lengths.
Paraphrased information taken from a source must be followed by a reference to the
source. If a paragraph contains information from several sources, it must be made clear
what information comes from where: a list of sources at the end of the paragraph is not
sufficient. Please cite sources of information fully, including page numbers where
appropriate, in order to avoid any risk of plagiarism: citations in the text do not contribute
to any maximum word count.
To guard further against inadvertent plagiarism, you may find it helpful to write a plan of
your coursework answer or essay and to write the coursework primarily on the basis of
your plan, only referring to sources or notes when you need to check something specific
such as a page number for a citation.
COLLUSION, except where required, is also an examination offence. While discussing
topics and questions with fellow students is one of the benefits of learning in a university
environment, you should always plan and write your coursework answers entirely
independently.
GENERAL MATTERS
ATTENDANCE: A minimum attendance of 70% is required, except in case of illness or
other adverse circumstances which are supported by medical certificates or other
documentation. A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class,
please notify the lecturer by email.
DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your
lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia
should indicate it on each coursework cover sheet.
WEEK-BY-WEEK SYLLABUS
The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and
supplementary readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in
the UCL library system individual readings are available; their location and Teaching
Collection (TC) number, and status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the
eUCLid computer catalogue system. Readings marked with an * are considered essential to
keep up with the topics covered in the course. Student, however, should utilise all readings
for possible research topics.
Lecture 1: 15th January 2016
Aims and Objectives
Geography and Time
Egypt and Near East in World Archaeology
The Ancient Near East and Egypt are the oldest civilizations on the globe and are deeply
ingrained in Western thought. This lecture outlines how scholars found their way into an
archaeological engagement with Egypt and the Ancient Near East and describes the
different environmental and chronological settings of Mesopotamia, Iran, Anatolia, the
Levant, and Egypt.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Baines, J. and N. Yoffee, 1998. Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth in Ancient Egypt and
Mesopotamia. In Feinman, G. and J. Marcus, J. (eds.), Archaic States, 199-260.
Santa Fe: SAR Press. INST ARCH BD FEI
Meskell, L (e.d.). 1998. Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in
the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Chapters 5. Routledge, London.
ISSUE DESK IOA MES 2
Murnane, 1995. The History of Ancient Egypt: An Overview. In Sasson, J. (ed.) (1995)
Civilizations of the Ancient Near East II, 691-718. New York: Scribners. INST
ARCH DBA 100 SAS
Wilkinson, T.J. 2003. Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. Tucson, AZ:
University of Arizona Press. Pages 15-32. ISSUE DESK IOA WIL 20
Further Readings:
Introduction and Geography of the Near East
Cordova, Carlos E. (2005) The degradation of the ancient Near Eastern environment in A
Companion to the Ancient Near East. Daniel C. Snell (ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Pages 109-125. ANCIENT HISTORY B 5 SNE
Issar, A. and Zohar, M. 2007. Climate Change: Environment and History of the Near East.
INST ARCH DBA 100 ISS.
Pollock, S. and Bernbeck, R. 2005. Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical
Perspectives. Chapters 3-6. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. ISSUE DESK IOA POL 4
Potts, D.T. (e.d.). 2012. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.
Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. INST ARCH DBA 100 POT (Chapters 1-6).
Redman, C.L. 1978. The Rise of Civilization. From Early Farmers to Urban Society in the
Ancient Near East, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. Pages 16-49. INST ARCH DBA
100 RED
Egyptian Archaeology and Geography
Baines, J. and J. Mlek (2000) Cultural atlas of Ancient Egypt. Revised edition. New
York: Fact on file. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 2 BAI; ISSUE DESK IOA BAI
2
Bell, B. 1975. Climate and History of Egypt: The Middle Kingdom. American Journal of
Archaeology 79/3: 223-269. Available through www.jstor.org
Butzer, K. W. 1960. Archaeology and Geology in Ancient Egypt. Science, New Series 132
(no. 3440, Dec. 2): 1617-1624. Available through www.jstor.org
Butzer, K. W. 1984. Long-term Nile flood variation and political discontinuities in
pharaonic Egypt. In Clark, J. D. and S. A. Brandt (eds.), From hunters to farmers:
The causes and consequences of food production in Africa, 102-112. Berkley,
London: University of California Press. INST ARCH DC 100 CLA
Hassan, F. A. 1997. The Dynamics of a Riverine Civilization: A Geoarchaeological
Perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt. World Archaeology 29/1: 51-74. Available
through www.jstor.org
Jeffreys, D. 2007. The Nile Valley. In Wilkinson, T. (ed.), The Egyptian World, 7-14.
EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK WIL 10
Murnane, 1995. The History of Ancient Egypt: An Overview. In Sasson, J. (ed.) (1995)
Civilizations of the Ancient Near East II, 691-718. New York: Scribners. INST
ARCH DBA 100 SAS
Parcak, S. 2010. The Physical Context of Egypt. In Lloyd, A. B. (ed.), A Companion to
Ancient Egypt I, 3-22. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO,
available online via SFX
Redford, D. B. 2008. History and Egyptology. In Wilkinson, R. (ed.), Egyptology Today,
23-35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press EGYPTOLOGY A 9 WIL
Spalinger, A. J. 2001. Chronology and Periodization. In Redford, D. B. (ed.), The Oxford
encyclopedia of ancient Egypt, Vol. I, 264-268. Oxford University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY A 2 OXF
Wilson, P. 2007. The Nile Delta. In Wilkinson, T. (ed.), The Egyptian World, 15-28.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 WIL, ISSUE DESK
WIL 10
Lecture 2. 22nd January 2016:
Big Discoveries: The Wider Context
While many major globally relevant discoveries have been found in the Near East and
Egypt, such as the first writing, first cities, first law code, etc., how do these discoveries fit
the wider context of understanding these regions in their archaeological and social context?
Ray, J. D. 2007. The Rosetta Stone and the rebirth of ancient Egypt. London: Profile
books.
Parkinson, R. 2005. The Rosetta Stone. London: British Museum Press. INST ARCH
EGYPTOLOGY T 30 ROS, IOA ISSUE DESK PAR 4.
Said, E. 2003. Orientalism. Penguin: London. HISTORY 6 A SAI.
Pritchard, J.B. 1958. The Ancient Near East: Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton
University Press. INST ARCH DBA 100 PRI
Reid, D.M. 1985. Indigenous Egyptology: The decolonization of a profession. Journal of
the American Oriental Society 105: 233-246. Available through www.jstor.org
Reid, D. M. 2002. Rediscovering Ancient Egypt: Champollion and al-Tahtawi. In Reid, D.
M. (ed.), Whose Pharaohs? Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity
from Napoleon to World War I, 21-63. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of
California Press. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 REI
Trigger, B. G. 2006. A history of archaeological thought. 2nd edition. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH AG TRI
Lecture 3. 29th January 2016:
The Neolithic
Gordon Childe coined the term of the Neolithic Revolution for describing developments
such as the beginning of sedentism and domestication of animals and plants, pivotal for the
emergence of larger polities. The Ancient Near East is the birthplace of modern ways of
life adopted later also in other areas of the world such as in Egypt. Childes model has a
great explanatory power but is now controversially debated with new data from across the
globe. The lecture sets recent archaeological results against a wider discussion of the
Neolithisation of the world.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Khler, E. Christiana. 2011. Neolithic in the Nile Valley (Fayum A, Merimde, el-Omari,
Badarian). Archo-Nil 21, 17-20. INST ARCH PERS
Byrd, B.F. 2005. Reassessing the emergence of village life in the Near East. Journal of
Archaeological Research 13(3):231-290.
Watkins, T. 2009. From foragers to complex societies in Southwest Asia, in C. Scarre
(ed.) The Human Past. World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies.
London: Thames and Hudson, Pages 200-233. INST ARCH BC 100 SCA
Wengrow, D. 2006. Neolithic economy and society. In Wengrow, D., The Archaeology of
Early Egypt: Social Transformation in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC, pp.
41-62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. EGYPT B 11 WEN, ISSUE
DESK IOA WEN 7
Further Readings:
Early villages in the Fertile Crescent
Bar-Yosef, O. and Meadow, R.H. (1995) The origins of agriculture in the Near East, in
D.T. Price and A.B. Gebauer (eds.) Last Hunters, First Farmers: New Perspectives on
the Prehistoric Transition to Agriculture, Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American
Nicoll, K. (2004). Recent environmental change and prehistoric human activity in Egypt
and Northern Sudan. Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 561-580. Kuper, R. and S.
Krpelin 2006. Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of
Africas Evolution. Science 313: 803-807. Accessible online.
Shirai, N. 2013. Was Neolithisation a struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest,
or merely the survival of the luckiest? A case study of socioeconomic and cultural
changes in Egypt in the Early-Middle Holocene. In Shirai, N. (ed.) Neolithisation
of Northeastern Africa, 213-236. Berlin: Ex Oriente. (On Fayum) DC 100
QUARTOS SHI
Tassie, G. J. 2014. Prehistoric Egypt: socioeconomic transformations in north-east Africa
from the last glacial maximum to the Neolithic, 24,000 to 6,000 cal BP. London:
Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLOGY B 11 TAS
Wendorf, F. and R. Schild (1998). Nabta Playa and its role in Northeastern African
Prehistory. Journal of Anthropologcial Archaeology 17.2: 97-123. Available
through SFX
Wendorf, F. and R. Schild (2004). The Western Desert during the 5th and 4th millennia
BC: the Late and Final Neolithic in the Nabta-Kiseiba Area. Archo-Nil 14: 13-30.
Lecture 4. 5th February 2016:
The Formation of Early States
The Fourth millennium sees the formation of regionally specific styles of visual display,
material culture, increasing social hierarchies and early urbanisation ultimately leading in
some regions of the Ancient Near East to early states. This is coupled with the invention of
writing and bureaucracy, usually seen as key factors for the Great Divide between Prehistory and History. The lecture summarises the major developments in Egypt and
Mesopotamia and concludes with some critical comments on the underpinnings of
archaeological discussions on the period.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Algaze, G. 2012. Expansionary dynamics of some early pristine states. American
Anthropologists 95(2):304-333.
Khler, E. C. 2010. Theories of state formation. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian
Archaeology, 36-54. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Levy, T. 1995. Cult, metallurgy and rank societies: Chalcolithic period. In The
Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land (ed. T. Levy). Leicester, pp. 226-243.
DBE 100 LEV and Issue Desk
Wenke, R. J. 1991. The evolution of early Egyptian civilization: issues and evidence.
Journal of World Prehistory 5: 279-329. Available through SFX
Further Readings:
Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic societies in the Levant
Banning, E.B., Rahimi, D., and Siggers, J. (1994) 'The late Neolithic of the southern
Levant: Hiatus, settlement shift, or observer bias? The perspective from Wadi Ziqlab.'
Palorient 20(2):151-164.
Rowan, Y.M. And Golden, J. (2009) 'The Chalcolithic period of the southern Levant: A
synthetic review,' Journal of World Prehistory 22(1):1-92.
Chalcolithic Societies of Mesopotamia and Iran
Curtis, J. (ed.) (1993) Early Mesopotamia and Iran, London: British Museum. Pages 23-30.
INST ARCH DBA 100 CUR
Nissen, H. (1986) Early History of the Ancient Near East, Chicago: University of Chicago
Press. INST ARCH DBA 600 NIS
Nissen, H.J., Damerow, P. and Englund, R.K. (1993) Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing
and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East, Chicago:
University of Chicago Press. INST ARCH DBA 600 NIS
Oates, D. and Oates, J. (1980) The Rise of Civilization, Oxford: Elsevier Phaidon. INST
ARCH DBA 100 Qto OAT
Pollock, S. (1999) Ancient Mesopotamia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pages
5-6, 93-116, 149-72. INST ARCH DBB 100 POL; ISSUE DESK IOA POL
Potts, D.T. (1999) The Archaeology of Elam. Formation and Transformation of an Ancient
Iranian State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH DBG 100 POT;
ISSUE DESK DBG 100 POT
Redman, C.L. (1978) The Rise of Civilization. From Early Farmers to Urban Society in
the Ancient Near East, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. Pages 198-201. INST ARCH
DBA 100 RED
Safar, F., Mustafa, M.A., and Lloyd, S. (1981) Eridu. Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Culture
and Information, State Organization of Antiquites and Heritage.
Stein, G. (1994) 'Economy, ritual, and power in 'Ubaid Mesopotamia.' In G. Stein and M.S.
Rothman (eds.), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational
Dynamics of Complexity. Monographs in World Archaeology, No. 18. Madison, WI:
Prehistory Press. Pages 35-46.
Stein, G. (2007) Local identities and interaction spheres: Modeling regional variation in
the Ubaid horizone, in: Beyond the Ubaid: Transformations and Integration in the
Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East, Robert Carter and Graham Philip (eds.).
SAOC 63. Pages 23-44. (see: http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc63.pdf).
Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods in Egypt
Archo-Nil: Revue de la socit pour l'tude des cultures prpharaonique de la valle du
Nil. (This journal offers papers on Egyptian Prehistory to Early Dynastic Egypt in
English, French, and German. Each volume concludes with bibliographic review
providing easy access to recent literature in the field.) INST ARCH PERS
Bard, K.A., 1994. From Farmers to Pharaohs. Mortuary Evidence for the Rise of Complex
Society in Egypt. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. EGYPTOLOGY
QUARTOS E 7 BAR
van den Brink, E. C. M. and T. Levy (eds.) 2002. Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations
from the 4th through the early 3rd Millennium BC. London, New York: Leicester
University Press. INST ARCH BRI 7, ISSUE DESK IOA BRI 7
Craig Patch, D. (ed.) (2011). Dawn of Egyptian Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of
Art. EGYPTOLOGY M 5 PAT
Koehler, E. C. 2010. Prehistoy. In Lloyd, A. B. (ed.), A Companion to Ancient Egypt I, 2547. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 LLO, available online via
SFX
Midant-Reynes, B. 2000. The Prehistory of Egypt from the First Egyptians to the First
Pharaohs. Translated from the French by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
EGYPTOLOGY B 11 MID
Teeter, E. (ed) 2011. Egypt Before the Pyramids. The Origins of Egyptian Civilization.
Chicago: Oriental Institute. EGYPTOLOGY QARTOS B 11 TEE and available
online: http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/oimp/oimp33.html
Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 11 WEN, ISSUE DESK IOA WEN 7
Wenke, R. J. 2009. The ancient Egyptian state: the origins of Egyptian culture (c. 8002000 BC). New York: Cambridge University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 6 WEN
Yoffee, N. 2005. Myths of the archaic state: Evolution of the earliest cities, states, and
civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH BC 100 YOF
State formation, general and Egypt
Anelkovi, B. 2006. Models of state formation in Predynastic Egypt. In Kroeper, K. And
C. Marek, M. Kobusiewicz (eds.), Archaeology of early Northeastern Africa: In
Memory of lech Krzyaniak, 593-609. Poznan: Archaeological Museum. INST
ARCH DC 100 KRO, ISSUE DESK IOA KRO 1
Anelkovi, B. 2011. Factors of state formation in Protodynastic Egypt. In Friedman, R.F.
and P. N. Fiske (eds.), Egypt at its origins 3: Proceedings of the Third
International Conference Origin of the state: Predynastic and early dynastic
Egypt, London 27th July - 1st August 2008, 1219-1228. Leuven: Peeters.
EGYPTOLOGY A 6 FRE
Campagno, M. 2011. Kinship, concentration of population and the emergence of the state
in the Nile Valley. In Friedman, R.F. and P. N. Fiske (eds.), Egypt at its origins 3:
Proceedings of the Third International Conference Origin of the state:
Predynastic and early dynastic Egypt, London 27th July - 1st August 2008, 12291242. Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 FRE
Feinman, G. M. and J. Marcus (ed.) (1998). Archaic States. Santa Fee, NM: School of
American Research Press. INST ARCH BD FEI
Grajetzki, W. 2004. Tarkhan: A cemetery at the time of Egyptian state formation. London:
Golden House Publications. EGYPTOLOGY E 7 GRA
Guksch, G. E. (1991). Ethnological models and processes of state formation: Chiefdom
survivals in the Old Kingdom. Gttinger Miszellen 125: 37-50.
*Khler, E. C. (2010). Theories of State Formation. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian
Archaeology, 36-54. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
Smith, M. E. (ed.) (2012). The Comparative Archaeology of Complex Societies. New
York, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH AH SMI#
Egypt and Africa
Celenko, T. (ed.) (1996). Egypt in Africa. Indianapolis: Indianapolis Museum of Art.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B20 CEL
Davies, W. V. (ed.) (1999). Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam. London:
British Museum Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 DAV
Derricourt, R. 2011. Ancient Egypt and African sources of civilisation. In Derricourt, R.,
Inventing Africa: History, archaeology and ideas, 103-119. New York: Pluto
Books. INST ARCH DC 100 DER
Edwards, D. N. (2004). The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. London:
Routledge. EGYPTOLOGY E 120 EDW
Edwards, D. N. (2007). The Archaeology of Sudan and Nubia. Annual Review of
Anthropology 36: 211-228. Available through SFX (an introductory overview of
Nubian history)
Exell, Karen (ed.) (2011). Egypt in its African context: proceedings of the conference held
at The Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, 2-4 October 2009. Oxford:
Archaeopress. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 20 EXE
Howe, S. (1998). Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes. London, New York:
Verso. INST ARCH DC 200 HOW
Levkowitz, M. (1997). Not out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach
Myth as History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Main library ANCIENT
HISTORY P 72 LEF
OConnor, D. (1990). Egyptology and Archaeology: An African Perspective. In
Robertshaw, P. (ed.), A History of African Archaeology, 236-251. London: Currey.
INST ARCH DC 100 ROB, ISSUE DESK IOA ROB 4
OConnor, D. (1993). Ancient Nubia: Egypts Rival in Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University
of Pennsylvania EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 OCO
Roth, A. M. (1995). Building bridges to Afrocentrism. Newsletter of the American
Research Center in Egypt 167.1: 14-17 and 168.1:12-15. See also online:
http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/afrocent_roth.html
Shaw, T. (ed.) (1993). The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns. London:
Routledge. INST ARCH DC SHA
Trk. L. 2009). Bewteen Two Worlds: The Frontier Region Between Ancient Nubia and
Egypt, 3700 BC 500 AD. Brill: Leiden. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 TOR
William, A. Y. (1977). Nubia: Corridor to Africa. London: Allen Lane. EGYPTOLOGY
B 60 ADA
Lecture 5. 12th February 2016:
Sacred Kingship: Temples, Palaces, and Pyramids
One of the fundamental social innovations of early states is the emergence of a new type of
rule characterised by the association of kings with the gods and monumental display.
While social developments are similar in the Ancient Near East and Egypt monumental
display takes individual shapes in different areas reflected in the material record. The
lecture compares some of the most iconic monuments of the pre-classical worlds and
outlines shared trajectories and unique features.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Baines, J. 1995. Palaces and Temples of Ancient Egypt. In Sasson, J. (ed.), Civilizations of
the Ancient Near East I, 303-318. New York: Scribners. INST ARCH DBA 100
SAS
Lehner, M., 1997. The Complete Pyramids, chapter IV "The Living Pyramid", p. 200-243.
London: Thames and Hudson. EGYPTOLOGY K 7 LEH The book is onlinve
available via https://archive.org/
Potts, D. 1997. Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations. Chapter 9. INST
ARCH DBB 200 POT
Van De Mieroop, M. 2007. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC, Oxford:
Blackwell. Pages 39-58. INST ARCH DBA 100 MIE
Further Readings:
Mesopotamia and Beyond
Aruz, J. (ed.) (2003) Art of the First Cities. The Third Millennium B.C. from the
Mediterranean to the Indus, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. INST ARCH
DBA 300 Qto ARU
Kuhrt, A. (1995) The Ancient Near East, c. 3000-330 BC, London: Routledge. Pages 2744. INST ARCH DBA 100 KUH.
Liverani, M. (1993) Akkad: An introduction, in M. Liverani (ed.) Akkad. The First World
Empire, (History of the Ancient Near East Studies 5) Padova: Sargon srl: 1-10. INST
ARCH DBB 200 LIV
Pollock, S. (1999) Ancient Mesopotamia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pages
205-217. INST ARCH DBB 100 POL; ISSUE DESK IOA POL
Potts, D.T. (1999) The Archaeology of Elam. Formation and Transformation of an Ancient
Iranian State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH DBG 100 POT;
ISSUE DESK DBG 100 POT. Chapter 4.
Postgate, J.N. (1992) Early Mesopotamia. Society and Economy at the Dawn of History,
London: Routledge. Pages 25-40. INST ARCH DBB 100 POS; ISSUE DESK IOA
POS 2
Woolley, L. and Moorey, P.R.S. (1982) Ur of the Chaldees, Ithaca: Cornell University
Press. INST ARCH DBB 10 WOO
Zettler, R. L. and Horne, L. (eds) (1998) Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum. INST ARCH DBB 300 ZET
Egyptian kingship
Richards, J. (2010). Kingship and Legitimation. In Wendrich, W. (ed.), Egyptian
Archaeology, 55-84. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 WEN
OConnor, D. and D. P. Silverman (eds.) (1995). Ancient Egyptian Kingship. Leiden, New
York, Cologne: E. J. Brill. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 OCO
Frankfort, H. (1948). Kingship and the gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as
the Integration of Society and Nature. Chicago, London: University of Chicago
Press. INST ARCH DBA 200 FRA
Leprohon, R. J. (1995). Royal Ideology and State Administration in Ancient Egypt. In
Sasson, J. (ed.) (1995) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East I, 273-288. New
York: Scribners. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS
Egyptian pyramids, tombs, and funerary practice
Assmann, J., 2005. Death and salvation in ancient Egypt. Translated from the German by
D. Lorton. London: Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS
Baines, J. and P. Lacovara 2002. Burial and the dead in ancient Egyptian society: respect,
formalism, neglect. Journal of social archaeology 2/1: 5-36. Online Reading List
ARCLG197
Feldman, M.H. 2009. Hoarded treasures: The Megiddo ivories and the end of the Bronze
Age. Levant 41(2):175-194.
Knapp, A.B. (1992) Bronze Age Mediterranean island cultures and the ancient Near East,
Parts 1-2, Biblical Archaeologist (now renamed Near Eastern Archaeology 55 (2): 5273 and 55(3): 112-129 INST ARCH Periodicals B
Maeir, A.M 2000. The political and economic status of MB II Hazor and MB II Trade: An
inter- and intra-regional view. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 132(1):37-58.
Moorey, P.R.S. (1975) Biblical Lands, Oxford: Bedrick. pp. 41-64 & 33-40. INST ARCH
DBE 100 MOO; MAIN ANC HIST Qto B52 MOO
Ristvet, L. 2008. Legal and archaeological territories of the second millennium BC in
northern Mesopotamia. Antiquity 82:585-599.
Sasson, J. (ed.) (1995) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York: Scribners.
Articles by Milano, Vol. II: 1219-1230, Soldt, Vol. II: 1255-1266. INST ARCH DBA
100 SAS
Tubb, J. (1999) The Canaanites, London: British Museum. INST ARCH DBE 100 TUB
Yener, A.K. 2007. The Anatolian Middle Bronze Age kingdoms and Alalakh: Mukish,
Kanesh and Trade. Anatolian Studies 57:151-160.
Civilization, general (see also lecture 3 State Formation)
Flannery, K. V. (1972). The cultural evolution of civilizations. Annual Review of Ecology
and Systematics 3: 399-426. Available through SFX (outdated but useful as an
introduction to social evolution)
Flannery, K. and J. Marcus 2013. The Creation of Inequality: How our Prehistorical
Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire. Cambridge (MA):
Harvard University Press. INST ARCH BC 100 FLA.
Frankfort, H. (1951). The Birth of Civilization in the Near East. London: Williams &
Norgate. INST ARCH DBA 100 FRA
Wengrow, D. 2010. What Makes Civilization? The Ancient Near East and the Future of
the West, Chapters 4-5 The First Global Village and Origin of Cities. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. Issue desk WEN 8; INST ARCH DBA 100.
Smith, M. E. (ed.) (2012). The Comparative Archaeology of Complex Societies. New
York, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH AH SMI
Trigger, B. 2003. Understanding Early Civilizations: A comparative study. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH BC 100 TRI; ISSUE DESK IOA TRI 8
Egyptian Society
Allen, J. P. 2002. The Heqanakht papyri. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISSUE
DESK IOA ALL
Bourriau, J. 1988. Pharaohs and mortals: Egyptian art in the Middle Kingdom. Catalogue
by Janine Bourriau with a contribution by Stephen Quirke. Cambridge: Cambirdge
University Press. EGYPTOLOGY C 12 FIT
Franke, D. 1995. The Middle Kingdom in Egypt. In Sasson, J. et al. (eds), Civilizations of
the Ancient Near East II, 735-748. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. INST ARCH
DBA 100 SAS; ANCIENT HISTORY QUARTOS B 5 SAS
Garstang, J. 1907. The burial customs of ancient Egypt as illustrated by tombs of the
Middle Kingdom. Being a report of the excavations made in the Necropolis of Beni
Hassan during 1902-3-4. London: Constable. EGYPTOLOGY E 100 GAR
Grajetzki, W. 2006. The Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt: history, archaeology and
society. London: Duckworth. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 GRA
Grajetzki, W. 2010. Class and Society: Position and Possessions. In Wendrich, W. (ed.),
Egyptian Archaeology, 180-199. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A
6 WEN
Kamrin, J. 1999. The cosmos of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan. London: Kegan Paul.
EGYPTOLOGY E 7 KAM
Kemp, B. J. 1983. Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period c.
2686-1552 BC. In Trigger, B. G., Kemp, B. J., OConnor, D., Lloyd, A. (eds.),
Ancient Egypt: a social history, 71-182. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY B 5 TRI
Kemp, B. J., 1995. How religious were the ancient Egyptians? Cambridge Archaeological
Journal 5: 25-54. INST ARCH PERS and available online through SFX.
Quirke, S. 2005. Lahun: A town in Egypt 1800 BC, and the history of its landscape.
London: Golden House Publications. (Egyptian Sites). INST ARCH
EGYPTOLOGY E 100 QUI
Richards, J. 1997. Ancient Egyptian mortuary practice and the study of socio-economic
differentiation. In Lustig, J. (ed.), Anthropology and Egyptology: a developing
dialogue, 33-42. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press. EGYPTOLOGY
QUARTOS A 9 LUS
Richards, J. 2005. Society and death in ancient Egypt: Mortuary landscapes of the Middle
Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Seidlmayer, S. 2003. The First Intermediate Period (c. 2160-2055). In Shaw, I. (ed.), The
Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, 108-136. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY B 5 SHA, ISSUE DESK SHA
Seidlmayer, S. J. 2006. People at Beni Hassan: Contributions to a Model of Ancient
Egyptian Rural Society. In Hawass, Z. and J. Richards (eds.), The Archaeology and
Art of Ancient Egypt. Essays in Honor of David B. OConnor, volume 2, 351-368.
Cairo: Supreme Council of Antiquities. EGYPTOLOGY A 6 OCO
Wegner, J. 2010. Tradition and Innovation: The Middle Kingdom. In Wendrich, W. (ed.),
Egyptian Archaeology, 119-142. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A
6 WEN#
Willems, H. (ed.) 2001. Social aspects of funerary culture in the Egytian [sic] Old and
Middle Kingdoms. Leuven: Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 WIL
Willems, H. 2007. Dayr al-Barsha. With the collaboration of Lies Op de Beeck. Leuven:
Peeters.
Lecture 8. 11th March 2016
Globalization
The Late Bronze Age is the first period of globalization and demarcates increased
interactions between elites and general trade. It is also a period of major states and new
empires, such as Egypt, Babylonia, Mitanni, and Hatti, which interacted in a variety of
ways, including warfare, diplomacy, trade, and migration. Textual and material evidence
reflect a rich record demonstrating that the Levant is a pivotal zone of exchange. The
lecture reviews key pieces of evidence in light of recent archaeological discussions on
large-scale interaction.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Frank, A.G. et al. 1993. Bronze Age World System cycles [and comments and reply].
Current Anthropology 34(4):383-429.
Kemp, B. J. 1978. Imperialism and Empire in New Kingdom Egypt. In Barnsey, P. D. A.
and C. R. Whittaker (eds), Imperialism in the Ancient World, 7-57. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Main Library ANCIENT HISTORY M 61 GAR
Liverani, M. 1987. The collapse of the Near Eastern regional system at the end of the
Bronze Age: the case of Syria, in M. Rowlands, M.T. Larsen, and K. Kristiansen
(eds) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press: 66-73. INST ARCH AB ROW
Smith, S. T. 1997. State and Empire in the Middle and New Kingdoms. In Lustig, J. (ed.),
Egyptology and Anthropology: A Developing Dialogue, 66-89. Sheffield: Sheffield
Academic Press. EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 9 LUS
Further Readings:
Trade and Diplomacy
Cline, E. 1994. Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age
Aegean. George Washington University. INST ARCH DAG 100 Qto CLI
Haldane, C. 1993. Direct evidence for organic cargoes in the Late Bronze Age. World
Archaeology 24(3):348-360.
Vidal, J. 2006. Ugarit and the southern Levantine sea-ports. Journal of the Economic and
Social History of the Orient 49(3):269-279.
Westbrook, R. 2000. Babylonian diplomacy in the Amarna letters. Journal of the
American Oriental Society 120(3):377-382.
The end of the Bronze Age in the Near East
James, P.A. (1991) Centuries of Darkness, London: Jonathan Cape. INST ARCH BC 100
JAM
Neumann, J. and Parpola, S. (1987) Climatic change and the eleventh-tenth century
eclipse of Assyria and Babylonia, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 46: 161-182.
MAIN CLASSICS Pers
Pflzner, P. (2006) Syrias royal tombs uncovered, Current World Archaeology 15: 12-22.
INST ARCH Pers.
Singer, I (2000) New evidence on the end of the Hittite Empire. In E.O Oren (Ed.), The
Sea Peoples and their world: A Reassessment. University Museum Symposium Series
11. Philadelphia, PA: University Museum, pp. 21-33.
Ward, W.A. and Joukowsky, M.S. (eds) (1992) The Crisis Years: the Twelfth Century BC
from beyond the Danube to the Tigris, Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt. INST ARCH ISSUE
DESK IOA WAR 1
Wilhelm, G. (1995) The kingdom of Mitanni in second-millennium Upper Mesopotamia,
in J. M. Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York: Scribner,
1243-54. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS
Near Eastern Archaeology 63:4, December 2000. Special issue devoted to Ugarit. INST
ARCH Pers
Wilhelm, G. (1995) The kingdom of Mitanni in second-millennium Upper Mesopotamia,
in J. M. Sasson (ed.) Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York: Scribner,
1243-54. INST ARCH DBA 100 SAS
Near Eastern Archaeology 63:4, December 2000. Special issue devoted to Ugarit. INST
ARCH Pers
Egypt in the Late Bronze Age (see Basic Texts for overview of New Kingdom)
Assmann, J. (1995). Egyptian Solar Religion in the New Kingdom: Re, Amun and the
Crisis of Polytheism. Translated from the German by Anhtony Alcock. London:
Kegan Paul International. EGYPTOLOGY R 5 ASS
Bard, K. 2007. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, chapter 8, p. 207-262.
Malden, Mass., Oxford: Blackwell. EGYPTOLOGY A 5 BAR, ISSUE DESK IOA
BAR 29
ern, J. (1973). A Community of Workmen at Thebes in the Ramesside Period. Cairo:
Institut Franais dArchologie Orientale. EGYPTOLOGY E 28 CER
Janssen, J. J. (1975). Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period. Leiden: Brill.
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 JAN
Kemp, B. J. (2012). The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People. London:
Thames and Hudson. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 KEM
Kitchen, K. (1982). Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of
Egypt. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 KIT
Kozloff, A. P. and B. M. Bryan, L. M. Berman (eds) (1992). Egypts Dazzling Sun:
Amenhotep III and His World. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art in cooperation
with Indiana University Press. EGYPTOLOYG QUARTOS C 81 CLE
Lesko, L. H. (ed.) (1994). Pharaohs Workers: The Villagers of Deir el Medina. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 LES
McDowell, A. G. (1999). Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs.
Oxford: Oxfrod University Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MAC
Meskell, L. (2002). Private Life in New Kingdom Egypt. Princeton: Princeton University
Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 MES
OConnor, D. and E. J. Cline. Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his reign. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 OCO
Reeves, C. N. (1990). Valley of the Kings: The Decline of a Royal Necropolis. London:
Thames and Hudson. EGYPTOLOGY E 100 REE
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/nino/dmd/dmd.html Deir el-Medine database
Egypt: Interregional interaction in the Bronze Age
Bevan, A. 2010. Making and marking relationships: Bronze Age brandings and
Mediterranean commodities. In Bevan, A., Wengrow, D. (eds.), Cultures of
commodity branding, 35-85. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast. INST ARCH
AH BEV
Cohen, R. and R. Westbrook (eds) (1998). Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of
International Relations. Baltimore, London: John Hopkins University Press
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 COH
OConnor, D. and E. J. Cline. Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his reign. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press. (chapter 7 The world abroad, multiple
contributors) EGYPTOLOGY B 12 OCO
Davies, W. V. and L. Schofield (eds.) (1995). Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant:
Interconnections in the Second Millennium BC. London: British Museum Press.
EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS A 6 DAV
Feldman, Marian H. 2006. Diplomacy by design: luxury arts and an international style
in the ancient Near East, 1400-1200 BCE. Chicago, London: University of Chicago
Press.
Van De Mieroop, M. 2007. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC, Oxford:
Blackwell. Pages 267-80. INST ARCH DBA 100 MIE
Waters, M. (1999) The earliest Persians in Southwestern Iran: The textual evidence. Iranian
Studies 32(1):99-107.
Westenholz, J.G. 1996. Royal Cities of the Biblical World, Exhibition, Bible Lands Museum,
Jerusalem, 1996. Pages 234-83. INST ARCH DBA 100 WES
Egypt in the 1st millennium (see also Basic Texts for overviews)
Broekman, G. P. F. and R. J. Demaree, O. (eds.) (2009). The Libyan Period in Egypt:
Historical and Cultural Studies into the 21st 24th Dynasties. Leiden: Nederlands
Instituut voor her Nabije Oosten, Peeters. EGYPTOLOGY B 12 BRO
Kitchen, K. A. (1986). The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 B.C.). 2nd edition.
Warminster: Aris & Phillips. EGYPTOLOGY K 12 KIT
Leahy, M. A. (ed.) (1995). Libya and Egypt: ca. 1300-750 BC. London: SOAS Centre of
Near and Middle Eastern Studies and the Society for Libyan Studies EGYPTOLOGY B
20 LEA
Lewis, N. (2001). Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt: Case Studies in the Social History of the
Hellenistic World. Oakville: American Society of Papyrologists. Main Library
ANCIENT HISTORY C 15 LEW
Morkot, R. G. (2000). The Black Pharaohs: Egypts Nubian Rulers. London: Rubicon
EGYPTOLOGY B 60 MOR
Morkot, R. 2001. Egypt and Nubia. In Alcock, S. E. (ed.), Empires: perspectives from
archaeology and history, 227-251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST
ARCH BC 100 ALC
Morkot, R. 2013. From Conquered to Conqueror: The Organization of Nubia in the New
Kingdom and the Kushite Administration. In Moreno Garca, J. C. (ed.), Ancient Egyptian
Administration, 911-964. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
Myliwiec, K. (2000). The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E. Translated
from the German by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY, London: Cornell University Press.
EGYPTOLOGY B 12 MYS
OConnor, D. (1993). Ancient Nubia: Egypts Rival in Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University
of Pennsylvania EGYPTOLOGY QUARTOS B 60 OCO
Rainey, A. F. (ed.) (1987). Egypt, Israel, Sinai: Archaeological and Historical
Relationships in the Biblical Period. Jerusalem: Tel Aviv University. INST ARCH
DBA 100 EGY
Redford, D. B. (1992). Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton
University Press. INST ARCH DBA 100 RED
Ruzicka, S. (2012). Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525-332. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. Main library ANCIENT HISTORY F 70 RUZ
Lecture 10. No lecture (lecture material will be posted on Moodle)
The Intellectual Heritage of Egypt and the Ancient Near East
Current Research Projects
The Ancient Near East and Egypt have produced a wide range of ideas weaved into
modern thought. The Great Flood, Moses the Egyptian, and the fairy tales of One
Thousand And One Nights have caught the imagination of people and are transmitted in the
Biblical, Classical, and Arabic Writings. Hellenistic and Arabic authors were also
impressed by the scientific achievements of civilizations that were already ancient for
them; more recent discoveries have also shown the deep roots of modern scientific ideas.
Initially, archaeologists have tried to prove these texts with the material record but have
then moved on to understanding the emergence of textual sources in their contemporary
environment. The lecture reviews some case-studies and outlines how an archaeological
response to these questions could potentially look like. The session also highlights current
research projects in the field, including excavations and projects that students can
participate in.
Reading:
Essential Readings:
Dalley, S (e.d.). 1989. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and
Others. Oxford University Press. Pp. 39-136. ANCIENT HISTORY D 4 DAL
el-Daly, O. 2003. Ancient Egypt in medieval Arabic writings. In Ucko, P. J. and T. C.
Champion, The wisdom of ancient Egypt: Changing visions through the ages, 3963. London: UCL Press, 2003. EGYPTOLOGY A 8 UCK
Steele, J.M (e.d.). 2007. Calendars and Years: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient Near
East. Pp. 115-132. Oxbow.
Ucko, Egypt Ancient and Modern. 2003. In Ucko, P. J. and T. C. Champion, The wisdom
of ancient Egypt: Changing visions through the ages, 1-22. London: UCL Press.
EGYPTOLOGY A 8 UCK Parts of this chapter are online available:
http://books.google.de/books?id=PWvVaDvvBTYC&pg=PA13&hl=de&source=gb
s_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Further Readings:
Astronomy
Steele, J.M. 2011. Visual aspects of the transmission of Babylonian astronomy and its
reception into Greek astronomy. Annals of Science 68(4):453-465.
Economy
Baumol, W.J. 2010. The invention of enterprise: Entrepreneurship from Ancient
Mesopotamia to modern times. Princeton University Press. ECONOMICS N 46
LAN.
Stolper, M.W. 1985. Entrepreneurs and empire: The Murashu Archive, the Murashu Firm,
and Persian Rule in Babylonia. Uitgaven van het Nederlands HistorischArchaeologisch Instituut te stanbul. ANCIENT HISTORY F 14 STO
Technology and Medicine
Hatton, G.D. et al. 2008. The production technology of Egyptian blue and green frits from
second millennium BC Egypt and Mesopotamia. Journal of Archaeological Science
35(6):1591-1604.
Moorey, P.R.S. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The
Archaeological Evidence. Eisenbrauns. INST ARCH DBB 100 MOO
EGYPTOLOGY R 5 LUT
Hoffmeier, J. K. (2005). Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the
Wilderness Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available online
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/0195155467.001.000/ac
prof-9780195155464
King, L. W. (1918). Legends of Babylon and Egypt in Relation to Hebrew Tradition.
London: Oxford University Press. EYGPTOLOGY R 80 KIN (Note the date of
publication in the early 20th century!)
Survivals of Pharaonic Egypt into modern Egypt
Behlmer, H. 1996. Ancient Egyptian survivals in Coptic literature: An overview. In:
Loprieno, A. (ed.), Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and forms, 567-590.
Leiden, New York, Cologne: Brill. EGYPTOLOGY V 10 LOP
Haikal, Fayza M. 1999. The roots of modern Egypt : A proposal for an Encyclopaedia of
Survivals. Annales du Service des Antiquits de l'gypte 74: 163-168 INST ARCH
PERS
Kkosy, L. 1994. Survivals of the ancient religion in Egypt. In Fodor, A. and A. Shivtiel
(eds.), Proceedings of the colloquium on popular customs and the monotheistic
religions in the Middle East and North Africa, Budapest 1993, 65-71. Budapest:
Etvs Lornd University. British Library ORW.1994.a.251; INST ARCH PERS
(edited issue of the periodical Studia Aegyptiaca)
Naguib, S.-A. 2008. Survivals of Pharaonic Religious Practices in Contemporary Coptic
Christianity. In Dieleman, J. and W. Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of
Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/27v9z5m8
Saphinaz-Amal, N. 1990. The festivals of Opet and Abul Haggag. Survival of an ancient
tradition? Temenos: Studies in Comparative Religion 26: 67-84. Stores STORE
PERS
Wickett, E. 2010. For the Living and the Dead: The Funerary Laments of Upper Egypt,
Ancient and Modern. London: Tauris. EGYPTOLOGY B 20 WIC
Recent UCL Projects in the Near East
Altaweel, et al. 2012. New investigations in the environment, history, and archaeology of
the Iraqi hilly flanks: Shahrizor Survey Project 2009-2011. Iraq 74:1-35.
Saber, et a. 2014. Report on the excavations at Tell Sitak: The 2010 season. Iraq 76:199223.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Libraries
The library of the Institute of Archaeology UCL will be the principal resource for this
course. However, some materials will be found in History or other UCL library.
Dyslexia
If you have dyslexia or other relevant disability, please make your lecturer aware of this.
Please discuss with your lecturer whether there is any way in which they can help you.
Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate this on each piece of coursework.
Support your local Egypt and Near Eastern societies
Please consider joining and thereby supporting the work of at least one of the major British
institutes and societies working in Egypt and the Near East today. Many produce an annual
journal as well as newsletters and other publications. They organise lectures on relevant
topics, usually held in London, and they have some funding to help students travel and
study in the modern countries of the region. More information can be found at their
websites:
British Institute for the Study of Iraq: http://www.bisi.ac.uk/
(listing of events, lectures, and other information about archaeology in Iraq):
The American Academic Research Institute in Iraq (U.S. sister institution to BISI and
about Iraq and archaeology): http://www.taarii.org/
British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology: http://banealcane.org/
http://ecai.org/iraq (extremely useful site devoted to the archaeology of Iraq)
http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/ (British Museum site, basic introduction to ancient
Mesopotamia, including Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria)
http://www.etana.org/abzu/ (excellent resource covering all aspects of the ancient Near
East) http://www.assur.de/
(devoted to German excavations at the important Assyrian site of Assur)
http://www.utarp.org
(devoted to archaeological project on north Assyrian frontier)
http://www.learningsites.com/NWPalace/NWPalhome.html (reconstructions of the
Northwest Palace at Nimrud)
http://www .cba-inst.org (on-line version of Parpola, S. and Porter, M. (2001) The Helsinki
Atlas of the Near East in the Neo- Assyrian Period, Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus
Project)
http://cdli.ucla.edu/(project aiming to put on-line all cuneiform documents, about 120,000
of them, dating from 3200 2000 BC)
Feedback
In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students
during the course of the year. All students are asked to give their views on the course in an
anonymous questionnaire which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the course.
These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Course Co-ordinator to develop the
course. The summarised responses are considered by the Institute's Staff-Student
Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee.
APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2015-16 (PLEASE READ
CAREFULLY)
This appendix provides a short prcis of policies and procedures relating to courses. It is
not a substitute for the full documentation, with which all students should become familiar.
For full information on Institute policies and procedures, see the following website:
http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin
For UCL policies and procedures, see the Academic Regulations and the UCL Academic
Manual:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-regulations ; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/
GENERAL MATTERS
ATTENDANCE: A minimum attendance of 70% is required. A register will be taken at
each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email.
DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your
lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia
should indicate it on each coursework cover sheet.
COURSEWORK
SUBMISSION PROCEDURES: You must submit a hardcopy of coursework to the Coordinator's pigeon-hole via the Red Essay Box at Reception (or, in the case of first year
undergraduate work, to room 411a) by stated deadlines. Coursework must be stapled to a
completed coversheet (available from IoA website; the rack outside Room 411A; or the
Library). You should put your Candidate Number (a 5 digit alphanumeric code, found on
Portico. Please note that this number changes each year) and Course Code on all
coursework. It is also essential that you put your Candidate Number at the start of
the title line on Turnitin, followed by the short title of the coursework (example:
YBPR6 Funerary practices).
LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission is penalized in accordance with UCL regulations,
unless permission for late submission has been granted. The penalties are as follows: i) A
penalty of 5 percentage marks should be applied to coursework submitted the calendar day
after the deadline (calendar day 1); ii) A penalty of 15 percentage marks should be applied
to coursework submitted on calendar day 2 after the deadline through to calendar day 7; iii)
A mark of zero should be recorded for coursework submitted on calendar day 8 after the
deadline through to the end of the second week of third term. Nevertheless, the assessment
will be considered to be complete provided the coursework contains material than can be
assessed; iv) Coursework submitted after the end of the second week of third term will not
be marked and the assessment will be incomplete.
GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting
of extensions for coursework have been introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session.
Full details will be circulated to all students and will be made available on the IoA
intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant extensions. All
requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together with supporting
documentation, via Judy Medringtons office and will then be referred on for
consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are now acceptable are limited.
Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing to
make special arrangements.
TURNITIN: Date-stamping is via Turnitin, so in addition to submitting hard copy, you
must also submit your work to Turnitin by midnight on the deadline day. If you have
questions or problems with Turnitin, contact ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk.
RETURN OF COURSEWORK AND RESUBMISSION: You should receive your
marked coursework within four calendar weeks of the submission deadline. If you do not
receive your work within this period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic
Administrator. When your marked essay is returned to you, return it to the Course Coordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all coursework submitted.
WORD LENGTH: Essay word-lengths are normally expressed in terms of a
recommended range. Not included in the word count are the bibliography, appendices,
tables, graphs, captions to figures, tables, graphs. You must indicate word length (minus
exclusions) on the cover sheet. Exceeding the maximum word-length expressed for the
essay will be penalized in accordance with UCL penalties for over-length work.
CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be
expressed in your own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number;
website address if applicable) of any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from
the work of others. This applies to all media (books, articles, websites, images, figures,
etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by
being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity, which
can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for
presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand
definitions of plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current-students/guidelines/plagiarism
RESOURCES
MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the course on Moodle. For help with
Moodle, please contact Nicola Cockerton, Room 411a (nicola.cockerton@ucl.ac.uk).
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES
General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including submission
procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available in your Degree
Handbook and on the following website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin. It is
essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and
procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate
taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please
consult your course co-ordinator.
GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: .
New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework have
been introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session. Full details are available here
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/
Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant extensions. All requests for
extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together with supporting
documentation, via Judy Medringtons office and will then be referred on for
consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are now acceptable are limited.
Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make
special arrangements.