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Captulo 13

Laminacin de Metales

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Formado y Moldeado
Procesos de Formado: al material inicial (pieza de trabajo, tocho o
pieza bruta) con forma de placa, lmina, barra, varilla, alambre o
tubo de diferentes secciones transversales, se le cambia la forma.
Proceso de moldeado: incluye moldeo y fundicin de materiales
blandos o fundidos, y el producto terminado puede tener la forma
deseada.
Productos Continuos se obtienen por medio de procesos de:
laminado, extrusin, estirado.
Productos Discretos se obtienen por medio de proceso como el
forjado, formado de lminas metlicas, metalurgia de polvos,
moldeado de cermicos, vidrios y plsticos y plsticos
reforzados

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Laminacin de Metales

Laminacin: Proceso que consiste en reducir el espesor o cambiar la seccin


transversal de una pieza de trabajo mediante la fuerza de compresin aplicadas con
un conjunto de rodillos

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Procesos de
laminacin plana y
laminacin de
forma

Fuente: After the American Iron and Steel Institute.

90% de todos lo
metales producidos por
conformado
son
laminados
Aceros,
metales,
aleaciones ferrosas y no
ferrosas combinan la
colada continua con
laminacin.
La
laminacin
a
temperaturas elevadas
mejora la estructura del
grano (quebradiza y
porosa producto de la
colada).
Se
rompe
a
una
estructura maleable, de
grano fino y propiedades
mejoradas.

Proceso

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Proceso

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Equipo

Productos

Productos
Formas: Vigas I, T, rieles de trenes, tranvas.
Secciones: marcos de puertas y canales.
Laminas:
Fuselajes: lminas de 1.8 19 mm
Carroceras de camiones: 1 mm
Carroceras de automviles: 0.7 mm
Latas de aluminio: 0.28 mm
Papel aluminio: 0.008mm
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Proceso de Laminacin Plana

Anlisis de Esfuerzo Plano


Entrada

Salida

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Equilibrio
Despreciando los trminos de orden elevado:

Criterio de Falla en Esfuerzo


Plano - Von Misses:

Diferenciando
Sustituyendo

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Diferenciando

Reacomodando los trminos:

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Espesor

Sustituyendo e Integrando

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Eliminando el logaritmo natural

En la Regin de Entrada

Asumiendo

xb 0
0

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

En la Regin de Salida

y
Asumiendo

xb 0

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Promedio de la Presin de Laminado por unidad


de Ancho de la Pieza de Trabajo

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Promedio de la Presin de Laminado por unidad


de Ancho de la Pieza de Trabajo - Entrada

Expansin de Series de
Taylor:

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Promedio de la Presin de Laminado por unidad


de Ancho de la Pieza de Trabajo - Entrada

Se resuelve
numricamente
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Promedio de la Presin de Laminado por unidad


de Ancho de la Pieza de Trabajo - Salida

Se resuelve
numricamente
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Fuerza de Laminado

Mtodo alternativo:

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Aproximacin para el Clculo de la Fuerza


Derivacin de L
Segmento Circular

Aproximacin para el Clculo de la Fuerzo basada


en el Criterio de Von Mises

Promedio del esfuerzo de


cedencia debido a la
forma del elemento

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Fuerza - Rodillos Pequeos con poca friccin

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Equilibrio del Sistema Punto Neutro


El punto Neutro se encuentra donde
ambas presiones son iguales:

Fuerza Rodillos Grandes con Friccin Significante

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Aprox. Asumiendo que la


fuerza acta en el punto
neutro y el brazo de
palanca es L/2.

Clculo del torque


ms detallado:
Entrada

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Salida

Potencia
Potencia/rodillo

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Valores lmites de los parmetros de procesado


La fuerza de
friccin de ser
mayor o igual
que la presin
del rodillo en el
punto
de
entrada.

Y debido a la
geometra, la
reduccin
mxima
posible es:

Laminado en Frio (por debajo del punto de recristalizacin):

Laminado en Caliente (por encima del punto de recristalizacin):

Laminado en fro y Caliente

Ejemplo No.1
Laminado en fro de una barra de seccin
rectangular de 5% Sn-Bronce (bronce fosforado)
Calcular la fuerza de laminado.
Calcular la potencia.

Reduccin de h

Lubricante mineral

Reduccin Mxima:

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

F. Rodillo:

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Entrada

Salida

Simulacin
Esfuerzo Normal

Esfuerzo Cortante

Roll Arrangements

Figure 13.3 Schematic illustration of various roll arrangements: (a) four-high


rolling mill showing various features. The stiffness of the housing, the rolls, and the
roll bearings are all important in controlling and maintaining the thickness of the
rolled strip; (b) two-hill mill; (c) three-high mill; and (d) cluster (or Sendzimir) mill.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Bending of Rolls

Figure 13.4 (a) Bending of


straight cylindrical rolls caused by
roll forces. (b) Bending of rolls
ground with camber, producing a
strip with uniform thickness
through the strip width.
Deflections have been
exaggerated for clarity.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Spreading in Flat Rolling

Figure 13.5 Increase in strip width (spreading) in flat rolling. Note that
similar spreading can be observed when dough is rolled with a rolling pin.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Effects of Hot Rolling

Figure 13.6 Changes in the grain structure of cast or of large-grain wrought


metals during hot rolling. Hot rolling is an effective way to reduce grain size
in metals for improved strength and ductility. Cast structures of ingots or
continuous castings are converted to a wrought structure by hot working.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Roller Leveling

Figure 13.7 (a) A method of roller leveling to flatten rolled sheets.


(b) Roller leveling to straighten drawn bars.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Defects in Flat Rolling

Figure 13.8 Schematic


illustration of typical
defects in flat rolling: (a)
wavy edges; (b) zipper
cracks in the center of the
strip; (c) edge cracks; and
(d) alligatoring.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Esfuerzos Residuales desarrollados durante la


laminacin

Figure 13.9 (a) Rodillos pequeos, donde la relacin es h/L >1, la deformacin no es
homgenea y las zonas plsticas que penetran desde el punto de contacto tratan de separar
en cuas las piezas de trabajo. (b) Rodillos con grandes dimetros, una relacin h/L<1 ambas
zonas de deformacion cooperan completamente y el material fluje a una presin mnima. La
deformacin sera homogenea pero la friccin incrementa la presin en los rodillos.

Rolling Mill

Figure 13.10 A general view of a rolling mill. Source: Courtesy of Ispat Inland.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Tandem-Rolling

Figure 13.11 An example of a tandem-rolling operation.


Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Shape Rolling of an H-section part

Figure 13.12 Steps in the


shape rolling of an Hsection part. Various other
structural sections, such as
channels and I-beams, also
are rolled by this kind of
process.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Roll-Forging

Figure 13.13 Two examples of the roll-forging operation, also known as cross-rolling.
Tapered leaf springs and knives can be made by this process. Source: After J. Holub.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Production of Steel Balls

Figure 13.14 (a) Production of steel balls by the skew-rolling process. (b) Production of
steel balls by upsetting a cylindrical blank. Note the formation of flash. The balls made by
these processes subsequently are ground and polished for use in ball bearings.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Ring-Rolling

Figure 13.15 (a) Schematic illustration of a ring-rolling operation. Thickness reduction


results in an increase in the part diameter. (b-d) Examples of cross-sections that can be
formed by ring-rolling.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Thread-Rolling Processes

Figure 13.16 Thread-rolling processes: (a) and (c) reciprocating flat dies; (b) two-roller dies.
(d) Threaded fasteners, such as bolts, are made economically by these processes at high
rates of production. Source: Courtesy of Central Rolled Thread Die Co.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Machined and Rolled Threads

Figure 13.17 (a) Features of a machined or rolled thread. Grain flow in (b) machined and
(c) rolled threads. Unlike machining, which cuts through the grains of the metal, the rolling
of threads imparts improved strength because of cold working and favorable grain flow.

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Cavity Formation in Bar

Figure 13.18 Cavity formation in a solid, round bar and its utilization in the rotary tubepiercing process for making seamless pipe and tubing. (see also Fig. 2.9.)

Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Various Tube-Rolling Processes

Figure 13.19 Schematic illustration of various tube-rolling processes: (a) with a


fixed mandrel; (b) with a floating mandrel; (c) without a mandrel; and (d) pilger
rolling over a mandrel and a pair of shaped rolls. Tube diameters and thicknesses
also can be changed by other processes, such as drawing, extrusion, and spinning.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Forming of Solid Rocket Casings


Figure 13.20 The Space Shuttle U.S.S.
Atlantis is launched by two strapped-on solidrocket boosters. Source: Courtesy of NASA.

Figure 13.21 The forming


processes involved in the
manufacture of solid rocket
casings for the Space
Shuttles.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

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