Angular Motion

,
(O) r P O r
.
O .

()

.
. (rad) .

(+) (-) .

x- ( = 0) P
S .
, .

S r

S
r

(rad).

(1
rad) .

.
,

K. Suresh Senanayake
B.Sc. (Hons) Physics (SP), Grad. IP (SL)

Page 1 of 32

Angular Motion

.
:

..

- Angular displacement ()
t P Q
= f - i .
, , .

f i

- Angular Velocity ()
.

f i

t f ti
t

rad s-1 .

- Angular Acceleration ()
.

f i

t f ti
t

rad s-2 .

( ) - Right Hand Rule

.
K. Suresh Senanayake
B.Sc. (Hons) Physics (SP), Grad. IP (SL)

Page 2 of 32

Angular Motion


.

K. Suresh Senanayake
B.Sc. (Hons) Physics (SP), Grad. IP (SL)

Page 3 of 32

Angular Motion

- Rotational Kinematics:

t = 0 0 .
. t ,
t =
t,
.

0 t

0t 12 t 2
t = 0, 0

2 02 2

1:
3.5 rad s-2 . t = 0
2.0 rad s-1 .
a. t = 2.0 s ?
b. t = 2.0 s ?
c. t = 2.0 s t = 3.0 s ?

,
.

Relationship between Angular and Linear Displacement:

Let S is the distance travelled by a point measured along the circular
path of radius r and then it makes the angle .
Then;

S r

Relationship between Angular and Linear speed:

We can relate the angular speed of the rotating object to the tangential speed of a point P on
the object. Because point P moves in a circle, the linear velocity vector v is always tangent to
K. Suresh Senanayake
B.Sc. (Hons) Physics (SP), Grad. IP (SL)

Page 4 of 32

Angular Motion
the circular path and hence is called tangential velocity. The magnitude of the tangential
velocity of the point P is by definition the tangential speed.

S r.

r
t
t

v
Tangential speed,

v r

Although every point on the rigid object has the same angular speed, not every point
has the same linear speed because r is not the same for all points on the object.

Relationship between Angular and Linear Acceleration:

We can relate the angular acceleration of the rotating rigid object to the tangential
acceleration of the point P by taking the time derivative of v:

at

v r.

r
t
t

at r
That is, the tangential component of the linear acceleration of a point on a rotating rigid
object equals the points distance from the axis of rotation multiplied by the angular
acceleration.

Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Force and Centripetal Acceleration
A car moving in a circular path with constant linear speed v. Such a motion is called uniform
circular motion. Because the cars direction of motion changes, the car has an acceleration
and velocity is tangent to the path. When an object moves in a circular path, its velocity
vector is perpendicular to the radius of the circle.

An acceleration of this nature is called a centripetal acceleration, and its magnitude is;

ac

K. Suresh Senanayake
B.Sc. (Hons) Physics (SP), Grad. IP (SL)

v2
r

Page 5 of 32

Angular Motion
Where; r is the radius of the circle and a c is the notation used to indicate that the centripetal
acceleration along the radial direction.

Tangential and Centripetal Acceleration

We know that when a particle moves on a circle, it can have two types of accelerations as
shown in the figure.

i.
ii.

Centripetal acceleration, ac or ar
Tangential acceleration, at

These accelerations are perpendicular to each other, so the resultant acceleration is given by;

a a c2 a t2
The tangential acceleration causes the change in the speed of the particle. It is
parallel to the instantaneous velocity, and its magnitude is;

at

v
t

The radial/centripetal acceleration arises from the change in direction of the

velocity vector as described earlier and has an absolute magnitude given by;

v2
ac
r
In uniform circular motion, where v is constant, a t = 0 and the acceleration is always
completely radial. In other words, uniform circular motion is a special case of motion along a
curved path. Furthermore, if the direction of v does not change, then there is no centripetal
acceleration and the motion is one-dimensional (i.e. a c = 0 but at may not be zero).

The total linear acceleration vector of the point is a = at + ac. (at

describes the change in how fast the point is moving and a c represents
the change in its direction of travel). Because a is a vector having a
radial and tangential component, the magnitude of a for the point P on
the rotating rigid object is;

a ac2 at2 r 2 2 r 2 4 r 2 4

K. Suresh Senanayake
B.Sc. (Hons) Physics (SP), Grad. IP (SL)

Page 6 of 32

Angular Motion

Question 1:
When the wheel of radius R rotates about a fixed axis, do all points on the wheel have,
a) the same angular speed and
b) the same linear speed?
If the angular speed is constant and equal to , describe the linear speeds and linear
accelerations of the points located at,
c) r = 0,
d) r = R/2,
e) r = R, all measured from the centre of the wheel.
Question 2:
a) Draw a motion diagram showing velocity and acceleration vectors for an object moving
with constant speed counter-clockwise around a circle.
b) Draw similar diagrams for an object moving counter-clockwise around a circle but
a. slowing down at constant tangential acceleration and
b. speeding up at constant tangential acceleration.
Centripetal Force and Tangential Force
Now these accelerations must arise due to some force on the particle.
So two types of forces act on the particle in circular motion:
I.
Centripetal Force:

Fc mac m
II.

v2
r

Tangential Force:
Ft = mat

F Fc2 Ft 2

mac 2 mat 2

Net force on the particle:

F m ac2 at2 ma
Hence, Net Force = Mass Net Acceleration
Some Important Points:
1. Centripetal force is perpendicular to velocity hence its power is zero. We can say that no work is done by
centripetal force.
2. Work is done only by the tangential force. It can be positive or negative.
3. Centripetal force changes the direction of velocity only and tangential force changes the magnitude of velocity.

K. Suresh Senanayake
B.Sc. (Hons) Physics (SP), Grad. IP (SL)

Page 7 of 32

Angular Motion
Example:
A 500 g stone attached to a string is whirled in a horizontal circle at the constant speed of 10
ms-1. The length of the string is 1m. Considering that the effect of gravity is nil, find the
centripetal force on the stone.

Moment of Inertia
A body at rest cannot start rotating itself or a rotating body cannot stop rotating on its own.
Hence a body has inertia of rotational motion also.
The quantity measuring the inertia of rotational motion is known as moment of inertia.
Hence, the moment of inertia is defined as that property of a body by virtue of
which it opposes any change in its state of rotational motion.

I mi ri 2
Moment of Inertia =
SI unit: kg m2

Dimensional Formula: ML2

Moment of Inertia of a body is not unique. It can have infinite values, depending upon the
position and orientation of the axis of rotation.
Moment of Inertia depends upon:
i.
ii.
iii.

Position and Orientation of the axis of rotation

Shape and Size of the body
Distribution of mass within the body about the axis of rotation

NOTE:
If axis of rotation passes through the particle itself, then the moment of inertia will be zero.
Radius of Gyration
K. Suresh Senanayake
B.Sc. (Hons) Physics (SP), Grad. IP (SL)

Page 8 of 32

Angular Motion
It is the perpendicular distance of a point from axis of rotation where if whole mass of the
body were placed, then the body will have same moment of inertia about that axis as with
actual distribution of mass about the same axis. It is denoted by K.

I
M

Moment of Inertia of some systems

1. Moment of inertia of a single particle
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.Moment of inertia of a system
particles

31.
32.
33.

22.

34.Moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod

of mass M and length L
a. About a axis through an edge
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
a. About a axis through the centre of
gravity
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.Moment of inertia of a hollow cylinder
about its axis (Mass M and Radius R)

23.

55.

24.

56.

25.

57.

26.

58.

27.Moment of inertia of a disc of mass M

and radius R

59.

of

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.Moment of inertia of a ring of mass M
and radius R
21.

28.
29.
30.
K. Suresh Senanayake
B.Sc. (Hons) Physics (SP), Grad. IP (SL)

60.
61.
62.
Page 9 of 32

Angular Motion
63.
64.Moment of inertia of a solid cylinder
about its axis (Mass M and Radius R)
65.Moment of inertia of a uniform hollow
sphere about its diameter (Mass M and
Radius R)

69.
70.
71.
72.

66.

73.

67.

74.Moment of inertia of a solid sphere

about its diameter (Mass M and Radius
R)

68.

K. Suresh Senanayake
B.Sc. (Hons) Physics (SP), Grad. IP (SL)

Page 10 of 32

75.
76.

77.Parallel Axis Theorem on Moment of Inertia

78.Suppose the moment of inertia about an axis through the centre of mass of
an object is ICM. The parallel-axis theorem states that the moment of inertia
about any axis parallel to and a distance r away from this axis is;
I
79.
r
ICM
80.
81.

I I CM Mr 2

CM

82.
83.This theorem is applicable for any shape of the body.
84.
85.Example 1: Calculate the moment of inertia of the rod of mass M and length
L, about a perpendicular axis through the point x = L/4.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.Example 2: Calculate the moment of inertia of the disc (mass m and radius
r) below about the axis through the point B.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.

105. Torque ()
106. Torque is the turning effect of a force. It is a vector quantity. If a force
acting on body has a tendency to rotate the body about an axis, the force is
said to exert a torque on the body.
107. Definition of Torque:
108. Magnitude of the torque is given as the product of magnitude of force with
perpendicular distance of line of action of force from the axis of rotation.
109.

Torque = Force Perpendicular Distance

110. Let a rod be hinged at its one end at point O and it is free to rotate about
O. A force F acts at point P on the other end having a position vector r w..r.t.
O, then the torque on the rod is given by,
111.
112.
113.

Axis of
rotation

F r sin Fr sin

O
r sin

114.

115.
116. The direction of torque is such that it is perpendicular to the plane
containing r and F and can be calculated using right hand thumb rule. Or the
direction of the torque will be along the axis of rotation.
117.

Unit of Torque: Nm

118.

Special Cases:

i.
119.
120.
121.
ii.
122.
123.
124.
125.
iii.

Dimensional Formula: ML2T-2

If = 0 , then = 0 (the rod will not rotate)

Axis of
rotation

r
P

If = 1800, then = 0 (the rod will not rotate) Axis of

rotation

F
P

F
0

If = 90 , then = Fr (maximum torque)

126.

Axis of
rotation
O

r
P

127.

r
P
Axis of rotation
O
Anti-clockwise

torque is taken as positive and clockwise as negative.

128. NOTE:
Same force acting at the same point can produce either
anticlockwise or clockwise torque depending upon the location of the axis of
rotation as shown in the figure below.
129.

130.
131.

Example 1:

132. Consider the wrench pivoted on the axis through O in

figure. The applied force F acts at an angle to the
horizontal.
133.
134.

Torque = = r F Sin = Fd

135.
136.

Example 2:
137. If two or more forces are acting on a rigid object, as
shown in figure, each tends to produce rotation about the
pivot at O. in this example, F2 tends to rotate the object
clockwise, and F1 tends to rotate it counter-clockwise.
138.

2 F1d1 F2 d 2

139.
140.
141.
142. Question:
143. A one-piece cylinder is shaped as shown in Figure,
with a core section protruding from the larger drum.
The cylinder is free to rotate around the central axis
shown in the drawing. A rope wrapped around the
drum, which has radius R1, exerts a force F1 to the
right on the cylinder. A rope wrapped around the
core, which has radius R2, exerts a force F2 downward
on the cylinder.
a. What is the net torque acting on the cylinder
about the rotation axis (which is the z axis in
Figure)?
b. Suppose F1 = 5.0 N, R1 = 1.0 m, F2 = 15.0 N, and R2 = 0.50 m. What is the
net torque about the rotation axis, and which way does the cylinder rotate
from rest?
144.

146.
147.

145. Power of Torque

...
148.

.
149.
.
150.
151. Power of a torque is given by the product of torque and angular speed of
the body about the axis of rotation.
152.
Corresponding relation in linear motion is, P =Fv
153.
154.

155. Angular Momentum

156.

157. The moment of the linear momentum is called as angular momentum.

158.
...
159.

160.

161.
162. Relation between Torque and Angular Momentum

163.
164.

...
165.

166.

167.
.
168.
169.

171.

170. Angular Momentum Conservation

172. When no external torque acts on the system, then the total angular
momentum of the system is conserved or remains always constant.
173.
174.
...
175.

176.

177. Applications of angular momentum conservation

178.

1. An ice skater is executing a spin as shown below.

179.
The net torque on her is very close to zero. (Because, there is
relatively little friction between her skates and the ice, and the friction is
exerted very close to the pivot point.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
An ice skater is spinning on the tip of her skate with her arms
extended. Her angular momentum is conserved because the net torque on
her is negligibly small. In the next image, her rate of spin increases greatly
when she pulls in her arms, decreasing her moment of inertia. The work she
does to pull in her arms results in an increase in rotational kinetic energy.
192.
2. A person holding a spinning bicycle wheel on a rotating chair. The person
then turns over the bicycle wheel, causing it to rotate in an opposite direction,
as shown below.

193.
194.
Initially, the wheel has an angular momentum in the upward
direction. When the person turns over the wheel, the angular momentum of
the wheel reverses direction. Because the person-wheel-chair system is an
isolated system, total angular momentum must be conserved, and the person
begins to rotate in an opposite direction as the wheel. The vector sum of

angular momentum in a) and b) is the same, and momentum is conserved.

This example is quite counterintuitive. It seems odd that simply moving a
bicycle wheel would cause one to rotate. However, when observed from the
standpoint of conservation of momentum, the phenomena makes sense.
195.
3. A rotating person changes from initial position (a) to final position (b).

196.
197.
Angular momentum of the system will remain constant as no net
external torque is acting on the system. In final position (b) rotational inertia
decreases.
198.
If < If then f > i
199.
4. The divers angular momentum is constant throughout the dive about an axis
which passes through body of the diver.
200.

201.
202.
When the diver brings her hands and legs closer, her rotational
inertia reduces. Since L = I, therefore at that time angular velocity
increases.
203.
204.

205. Rotational Kinetic Energy

206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.

...
218.
...
219.

220. Work Done by a Torque

221.

222.
223. Work done = Torque Angular Displacement
224.
225.

226. ..
227. Power of a Torque

229.
230.
231.

228.
Power is the work done per unit time due to torque on a rotational motion.

.
232.
.
233.
.
234.
...
235.
236. General Motion of a Rigid Body
237.
238. It consists of combined translational and rotational motion.
239. Consider a rigid body of mass M, whose centre of mass is C. Let C is
moving with velocity v0 and the whole body is rotating about C with angular
speed . Consider a point P on the body, whose position from C is r.
240.
241.
242.
P
r
243.
C
v0
244.

245.
246. Q-1: What will be the net velocity of point P?
247.

Ans:

248.

....
249.

....
250.

....
251.

.
252.
253.

Note: it is possible that for some particle on the body, the net velocity
becomes zero. That point is known as instantaneous centre of rotation. It
will appear as if the whole body rotates about that point.

254. Q-2: What will be the total kinetic energy of the body?
255.

Ans:

256.

....
257.

....
258.

....
259.
260. Q-3: What will be the net angular momentum of the body about a
point O?
261.

Ans:

262.

....
263.

....

264.

....
265.

266.

Pure Rolling

267.
Let a wheel rolling on ground such that its centre C has
velocity v. let the angular velocity of the wheel be . Rolling will be pure
(without slipping) if v = r and a = r. But if rolling takes place with
slipping, then it is known as impure rolling.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
273.
274.
275.
276.
277.
278.
NOTE: Here point of contact A will be at
instantaneously, so this point will be instantaneous centre of rotation.

rest

279.

280.

Kinetic Energy of a Purely Rolling Body

281.
It is given by the sum of both translational (K t) and rotational
(Kr) kinetic energy.
282.
................................................................................................
..................................................................
283.
................................................................................................
..................................................................
284.
................................................................................................
..................................................................
285.
................................................................................................
..................................................................
286.
................................................................................................
..................................................................

287.
................................................................................................
..................................................................

288.

Pure Rolling of a Body on an Incline

289.
Consider a body of mass m, radius r and moment of inertia I
about its centre of mass C is released from the top of an incline as shown in
the figure. L is the length of the incline plane and h is its height.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.
297.

For pure rolling: .

298. Now,
.
299.

300.

Taking torque about C:

301.

302.

By solving these equations, we get,

303.

304.
.
305.
.
306.
...
307.
308.

Condition for Pure Rolling

309.
.

310.
.
311.
...
312.
...
313.
314. Velocity of the Body on Reaching the Bottom of Incline
315.

VH
316.
317.

Circular Motion

There are two types of circular motion.

1. Vertical circular motion

2. Horizontal circular motion
318.
319. Vertical Circular Motion
VM
320. The velocity
of a particle is vary from point to point when a particle is
rotating in a vertical circle.
321. Consider the motion of a particle mass m around a circle of radius r in a
vertical plane.
TH
322. LetVLthe particle be rotated around a vertical circle with the help of a
massless string of length r. the speed of the body will be different at different
points. So the equations of dynamical equilibrium (F c = mac, Ft = mat) must
be satisfied at all the point. Let when the string makes an angle with
vertical, the speed of mass is v.
323.

TM

324.
325.
326. Applying Newtons 2nd
string,
TL
327.

Law

perpendicular

to

the

328.
M
.
329.

This gives the tangential acceleration as a function of angle .

330. At lowest point = 00 and at highest point = 180 0. So at both points sin
= 0. Hence at = 0 at both points L and H. H
331.

At point M, = 900, then at = g. It is the maximum value of at.

332.
333.

Applying Newtons 2nd Law along the string;

334.
...
L
335.
C
.
336.
...
337.

338. As the body goes up, its velocity will go on decreasing and angle will go
on increasing. Maximum speed of the body will be at lowest point L and
minimum at highest point H. Then from above relation we can find that
tension will be maximum at lowest point and minimum at highest point.
339.

Tension at lowest point ( = 00, v = vl):

340.
.
341.
...
342.
343.

Tension at highest point ( = 1800, v = vH):

344.
.
345.
...
346.
347. Relation between velocities vL and vH
348. Taking reference level at L, apply conservation of energy between lowest
point and highest point:
349.
...
350.
...
351.
...
352.
...
353.
354. Relation between tensions TL and TH
355.
.
356.
...
357.
...
358.
...
359.

360. Condition to complete the circle without the string slacks:

361. In order to complete the circle, the tension in the string should never
become zero. For this minimum tension,
362.
.
363.
...
364.
...
365.
.
366.
...
367.
...
368.
...
369. Velocity and Tension at M (at a point the horizontal level of
centre):
370.

At point M, = 900 and let v = vM, then the tension TM can be written as,

371.
.
372.
...
373.
374.

Now apply the conservation of energy between point L and point M:

375.
...
376.
...
377.
.
378.
...
379.
...
380.
381. Difference in tension at L and M:

382.
...
383.
.
384.
...
385.
...
386.
387.
Summary:
388.
The condition to complete the full circle as:
389.
390. i). at lowest point L:
391.

ii). At highest point H:

392.
At point M:
393.iii).
Questions:

v L 5 gr

, TL 6mg

v H gr

, TH 0

vM 3 gr

, TM 3mg

1. What velocity at lowest point L should be imparted to the particle if

it is just able to reach up to point M?
394.

395.

396.

..
397.
398.

2 gr
2. What happens if velocity at lowest point L is less than
?
399.

400.

401.

402.

..
403.

2 gr
3. What happens if velocity at lowest point L is greater than

but

5 gr
less than
?
404.

405.

406.

407.

408.
409.

410. Horizontal Circular Motion

411. The motion of a particle in a circular path on the horizontal plane is called
the horizontal circular motion.
412. Examples:
1. Rotating planets around the Sun
2. Moving a vehicle on a curved road
413.
414. Consider a particle is attached to a string and it rotates in a
horizontal circle as shown in the figure.
415. This is a uniform circular motion and its velocity will not change through
the motion.
416. Let the length of the string is l, angle of the string with vertical is , mass
of the particle is m, and it velocity is v. Radius of the circular path is r.

Tcos

417. r = lsin
418. Applying Newtons 2nd
law towards the centre
of the rotation.

T
v

Tsin
mg
420.
421.
422.

423.
424.

426.

427.

419.
--------- (1)

v2
r

Applying Newtons 2nd law perpendicular to the horizontal plane.

T cos mg

------------------------- (2)

From equations (1) and (2);

v2
tan
rg

v rg tan

Time period (T) of this rotation;

T
425.

T sin m

2 2r
2r
r

v
g tan
rg tan

; Here r = lsin

--------------

428.
429.

Motion in a Level Curved Road

Consider a car moving with the speed v on a level curved road of radius r.

v2 r
Then the acceleration of car
towards the centre, known as centripetal
acceleration. This acceleration will be given by the friction force which, then
should act towards the centre.

F m
430.

So we can write:

v2
r

431.
432.

v2
ac
r

433.
434.
435.

mg

436.
437. Maximum friction force that can be developed between tyres and ground
is equal to:
438.

Fl R mg

439.

Where; is the coefficient of the friction between the tyres and ground.

440.

The tyres will not skid on the road,

441.

442.
443.
444.

if F Fl

mv2
mg
r

v 2 rg

v rg

vmax rg
Hence the maximum velocity with which a vehicle can go round a level

curved road, without skidding is

vmax rg

445.
446. This maximum velocity depends on . But while taking a turn, it con not
be entirely depend upon as its value can decrease during rainy season.
447.

While taking the turn with some velocity v in a radius r, we know that the

v2 r
acceleration of the body is
towards centre. It is needed some force
acting towards the centre which can produce this necessary centripetal

v2 r

v
. One way is to have sufficient friction between the tyres and
acacceleration

r
the ground. But it cannot be entirely depended upon the friction as discussed

mg

above. Another way to produce this necessary force is to raise the outer edge
of the road above w.r.t. the inner edge.
448.

449. This phenomenon of raising the outer edge of the curved road
above the inner edge is called banking of road.

450. Banking of Roads

Consider a vehicle is moving on a smooth banked road of angle with
horizontal with velocity v.

451.

452.

Rcos

453.

454.
455.
456.

Rsin

457.
458.
459.
460.
461. The horizontal component of normal reaction on the vehicle from the road
will be used to provide this necessary centripetal force as shown in free body
diagram (above figure).
462.

Applying Newtons 2nd law towards centre;

R sin
463.
464.

---------------------------(1)

Applying Newtons 2nd law perpendicular to horizontal plane;

465.

466.

mv 2
r

R cos mg

----------------------------(2)

Dividing equation (1) by (2);

tan
467.
468. NOTE:

v2
rg

v rg tan

469. Since the road surface is smooth then the friction between the tyres and
the ground is not used to provide the centripetal force.
470. If the surface is rough (friction has to be considered), then it can be shown
that the maximum safe speed:

vmax
471.

rg tan
1 tan

When a cyclist takes a turn, he leans at an angle with vertical.

When an airplane makes a turn, it tilts at an angle with vertical.

472.
473. Example 1:
474. A construction team is looking at building a turn on a highway road. They
are concerned that cars should be able to go through the turn without
skidding off the road even in conditions are bad. Determine the minimum
radius that can be used for the curve of the turn if a car travelling 110kmh -1
might be travelling in conditions that cause a coefficient of static friction of
only 0.60 between the tyres and the road.
475. Example 2:
a. A roller coaster is going through a loop that has a radius of 4.80 m. The
roller coaster cars have a speed of 13.8 m s -1 at the top of the loop. During
testing and development of the roller coaster, it was determined that the
cars and passengers have a combined mass of 4800 kg on an average run.
Determine the amount of force the track must be designed to withstand at
the top in order to keep the cars going around the loop.
b. Determine the minimum speed the cars on this roller coaster can move in
order to just barely make it through the loop at the top.
476.
477. Example 3:
478. The track for the roller coaster mentioned in the last examples needs to
actually be stronger at the bottom of the loop. Although the cars will actually
speed up as they come down to the bottom of the loop, assume the same
velocity, radius, and mass as Example 2 and determine the amount of force
the track must be able to withstand at the bottom of the loop.
479.

480. Example 4:
481. A 3 kg mass attached to a light string rotates on a horizontal frictionless
table. The radius of the circle is 0.8 m and the string can support a mass of
25 kg before breaking. What range of speeds can the mass have before the
string breaks?
482.
483. Example 5:
484. A coin placed 30cm from the centre of a rotating, horizontal
turntable slips when its speed is 50cms-1.
a. What force provides the centripetal acceleration when coin is stationary
relative to the turntable?
b. What is the coefficient of static friction between coin and turntable?
485.

486. Example 6:
487. Consider a conical pendulum with an 80 kg bob on a 10 m wire making an
angle of = 5o with the vertical. Determine,
a. the horizontal and vertical component of the force exerted by the wire on
the pendulum and
b. the centripetal acceleration of the bob.
488.
489. Example 7:
490. An 1800 kg car passes over a hump in a road that follows the arc of a
circle of radius 42 m.

491.
a. What force does the road exert on the car as the car passes the highest
point of the hump if the car travels at 16 ms -1?
b. What is the maximum speed the car can have as it passes this hump
before losing contact with the road?
492. Example 8:
493. The maximum speed with which a 945 kg car makes an 180 0 turn is 10 ms1
. The radius of the circle through which the car is turning is 25 m.
494. Determine the force of friction and the coefficient of friction acting upon
the car.
495.
496. Example 9:
497. The coefficient of friction acting upon a 945 kg car is 0.850. The car is
making an 1800 turn around a curve with a radius of 35 m. Determine the
maximum speed with which the car can make the turn.
498.
499. Example 10:
500. A 1.50 kg bucket of water is tied by a rope and whirled in a circle with a
radius of 1.0 m. At the top of the circular loop, the speed of the bucket is 4
ms-1. Determine the acceleration, the net force and the individual force values
when the bucket is at the top of the circular loop.
501.
502. Example 11:
503. A 1.5 kg bucket of water is tied by a rope and whirled in a circle with a
radius of 1.0 m. At the bottom of the circular loop, the speed of the bucket is
6.0 ms-1. Determine the acceleration, the net force and the individual force
values when the bucket is at the bottom of the circular loop.
504.