Affordable Housing for Future Smart Cities of India

Case Study of Solapur City

1

Amit Kore 2Pravin Minde 3Dr. A.B. More

1

Student 2Professor 3Head of Department

1,2,3

1,2,3

Department of Civil Engineering

Savitribai Phule Pune University, Padmabhooshan Vasantdada Patil Institute of Technology, Bavdhan, Pune,
Maharashtra, India
1

amitkore_s20@ymail.com

Abstract Towards the Smart Cities mission, the aim is to

promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent
quality of life to its citizens. The core infrastructure elements in a
smart city would include adequate water supply, sanitation,
electricity, strong public transport, affordable housing, IT
connectivity, sustainable environment, health and education,
good governance and safety &security of citizens. Affordable
Housing is very important need of urban India as the population
increasing rapidly in urban areas. The luxurious housing in
urban areas is on the far side of majority of population belongs to
middle-income and low-income groups. Affordable housing is
vital to have social integration and alleviating urban poverty.
Simultaneously we should focus on a clean and sustainable
environment while delivering the affordable housing. It requires
smart solutions to provide more and more affordable houses in
future smart cities of India.
Keywords Affordable Housing, Smart Cities, Social Integration,
Sustainable Environment

populous city in India. Solapur stands 9th in the Smart Cities

competition. Textile industry, beedi industry, Sugar industry
and agriculture sector and service class population working in
government sector are contributed in citys economy. Majority
of population is working class from middle-income and lowincome groups. So, there is obvious demand of housing from
this working class. The issue of Affordable Housing should
get proper attention for integrated development.
The paper is divided into four sections. The first
section explores the housing scenario of Solapur city. Second
section describes need of affordable housing in the city. The
third section defines the Housing Affordability Index (HAI)
for Solapur city. Fourth section discusses government
initiatives in city and green affordable housing. Last section
attempts to provide some concluding remarks on the
affordable housing for Solapur city.

I. INTRODUCTION
This is the decade when the luxury items like LED TVs and
Smartphone are becoming affordable and surprisingly housing
is getting more and more expensive. Housing is one of the
basic human needs. Each person wants to become pride owner
of their dream house. Sky rocketing housing prices in the city
keep majority of Solapurians Dream Home as dream. Large
population belonging to middle-income and low-income
groups is mostly affected in the city by this un-affordability.
Therefore, Affordable Housing for urban poor of Solapur is
the biggest hurdle in the Smart Cities challenge.
Solapur city, the land of Gramadevata Shri Shivyogi
Siddheshwar and char Hutatma. Citys current area under
jurisdiction of corporation is 178.57 Sq. Km. and
accommodating a population of 1 million. Solapur is an
important node and plays a critical role in the district as
headquarter for district administration. Solapur is a city
located on major highways and rail route & adjoining to two
state boundaries Andra-Pradesh and Karnataka. It is 49th most

II. HOUSING SCENARIO

As per census 2011, the city has 245975 census houses of
which 23182 are vacant i.e. 9.42% and the rest 222793 are
occupied for various uses. The residential houses accounts for
75% of total houses in the city. Followed by 25% houses for
Shops/offices, factory/Workshop.
HOUSING STOCK
RESIDENTIAL HOUSE

SHOPS/OFFICES

OTHER USE

VACANT

FACTORY/WORKSHED

FIGURE 1: PRESENT HOUSING STOCK IN SOLAPUR

Now a days multi-rise residential and commercial

buildings are going to construct. Housing stock in the city as
per 2011 census is 2.45 Lakh. Out of which 67% of houses are
in good condition and 31.53% of houses are in livable

condition. Only 1.60% of houses are in a dilapidated

condition.
III. NEED OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING
Some major points discussed regarding need of Affordable
Housing for Solapur city are urbanization, migration, slum
population. These points are very important to understand the
nature and dimension of Affordable Housing problem in
Solapur city.
A. Urbanization
Rapid urbanization result in people increasingly living in the
urban areas. It is easily observed that from the table given
below there is doubled growth in citys population by the
2041. This will obviously increase the housing demand and
other infrastructure required.
B. Nuclear Families
Due to rise in income levels and migration, there is observed
increasingly nuclear families in city. This can be seen from
table that there is decrease in household size from 5.05 to 4.0.
As household size decreases housing demand will further
increases. Modernization takes place in the city and people
want to live more independently, separate in society.
C. Migration
Migration is movement from one place to another place for
survival. It is observed that migration takes place in city from
Maharashtra and adjoining states. Solapur has chances to
develop as Textile Hub. This reason further stretch the
migration and ultimately increases the housing demand in the
Solapur city.
D. Lack of Employment
Due to financial crisis many big textile industry shut down
their units. Beedi industry is on verging of banned by
government. This increases unemployment. There is need to
focus on these major population those cannot afford the
housing at current market prices.
E. Slum Population
It was found that slum settlements are scattered in most parts
of the Solapur city. As per CRISIL report, there are total 220
slum settlements in the city. As per 2011 census, 2.92 Lakh
people (31% of the citys population) reside in slum areas.
YEAR

2011

2041

951558

2041786

Household size

5.05

4.0

Housing stock demand in

Lakh

1.41

4.14

75

81

Population/Projected in Lakh

Residential land use %

TABLE 1: FUTURE HOUSING REQUIREMENT OF SOLAPUR CITY

From rapid urbanization to slum population, rising income

level to decreasing household size and migration trends to un-

employment city faces tremendous requirement of Affordable

housing.
IV. HOUSING AFFORDABILITY INDEX
Basically survey is carried out to establish the Housing
Affordability Index for Solapur city from the Median
Multiple. Affordability survey rates housing affordability
using Median Multiple. The Median Multiple is widely used
for evaluating urban housing markets. This has been
recommended by the World Bank and the United Nations.
The survey uses detailed questionnaire. The survey
questionnaire is divided into two sections. A first section
covers the personal background, whereas second section
extends over housing requirement of residents. The survey is
limited to Solapur Municipal Corporation boundaries and
divided further into 8 zones. We selected 25 residents from the
each zone for survey. Data collected for research work in
detail is in report. detailed analysis is explained following.
A. Income Levels and Expenditure on Housing
According to questionnaire results we formed four
observation groups, first is low-income class, middle income
class, upper middle income class and high- income class.
50000
50000
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0

120000

18500
7000
INCOME LEVEL

MONTHLY SP ENDING ON HOUSE

FIGURE 2: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONTHLY INCOME AND

EXPENDITURE ON HOUSING

B. Ownership and Rental Housing

Three quarters of respondents reported that they own a house
in solapur city and only one quarter of respondents are using
rental housing. From the survey it is clear that 75% of
population of city is pride owner of house and rest 25% only
need housing.
C. Household Size and Floor Space
As per guidelines from GOI minimum floor area per capita is
9.45 Sq. m. for urban areas whereas 8.39 Sq. m. for rural
India. So as per these guidelines floor area required for
various household size is given below:
HOUSEHOLD SIZE
2
34
56
7+

REQUIRED FLOOR AREA IN SQ. FT.

MIN 270 450
310 650
510 950
710 +

TABLE 2: HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND FLOOR SPACE RELATIONSHIP

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
UPPER AREA BOUND
800
600
600
400
200
150
0

1550
LOWER AREA BOUND

650

750

350

450

450

3 TO 4

5 TO 6

7+

FIGURE 3: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND

FLOOR SPACE

D. Housing Affordability Index (HAI)

This index measures median household income relative to the
income needed to purchase a median priced house. We try to
find out of a populations ability to afford to purchase a
particular house in Solapur City. Analyzing data collected on
housing survey, following are some major findings for
Solapur City.
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
HOUSING AFFORDABILITY INDEX

FIGURE 4: HOUSING AFFORDABILITY INDEX

E. Location For Ownership House

Asked a question, location most likes to buy an ownership
house in Solapur City? This question has option such as City
Centre, Around 20 min from city centre and periphery of
Solapur City.

FIGURE 5: LOCATION PREFERRED FOR OWNERSHIP HOUSE

F. Sources of Finance for Own a House

We could get an idea of various type of payment made to own
a house in the City. Although 56% of the respondents
expressed a preference of bank loan, Government Subsidy
ranked last i.e. 3% in this category. While 37% respondents
expressed interest in a personal savings mode of payment.
Only 5% of respondents prefer other type of payment.
G. Important Things in Ownership Housing
Which condition is most important to aspirants to own a house
in the City? Highest i.e. 79 respondents prefer that Price of
House plays very crucial role in ownership housing. While 72
respondents expressed interest in Location of House and 37
respondents in Type of Construction. Though only 12
respondents rated the Environmental condition is important
for ownership housing.
H. Current Living Situation
How satisfied household with their current housing? Big
concentration of express of interest is Very satisfied and
satisfied i.e. 73 & 81 respondents are happy with their current
living status. While only 35 respondents are moderately
satisfied with current housing. Only 11 respondents are
unhappy with current house which are in dilapidated
conditions and need redevelopment.
I. Smart City Challenge
Solapur city qualified in Smart Challenge and ranked 9 th in the
country. So we asked respondents what should be steps
towards the Smart city. How important are the following to
them, on scale of 1 to 5 with 5 being most important.
5
4
3
2
1
0

PUNE

40
KOLHAPUR

BARSHI

FIGURE 6: SMART CITY CHALLENGE-IMPORTANCE FACTOR

20
CITY CENTRE

AROUND 20 MIN

0 10

PERIPHERAL OF CITY

VIJAPUR

TULJAPUR

V. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE
As we seen approximately 31% of city population resides in
slums. The major initiative taken by Government is against
Slum free Solapur.
SR
NO

AKKALKOT

HYDRABAD

1
1.1
1.2

PARTICULAR

TOTAL SLUMS
NOTIFIED SLUMS
NON NOTIFIED
SLUMS

NUMBER

POPULATION

HOUSEHOLDS

220
159

292905
238328

59798
49327

61

54577

10471

OF SLUMS

TABLE 3: DETAILS OF SLUMS IN SOLAPUR

5) Building Materials & Resource: Housing project should have

separate bins to collect dry waste and wet waste (organic). Use
Under IHSDP program 1289 dwelling units and
materials certified by IGBC.
provision of basic amenities was sanctioned in December
6) Indoor Environmental Quality: Demonstrate that smoking is
2006 by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
prohibited in the buildings and common area of projects as per
Alleviation (MoHUPA). Till date only 88 units were allotted
regulations of GOI. Ensure connectivity between the interior
and another 371 units are under construction. For 712
and exterior environment by providing sufficient openings in
dwelling units the construction has to start and for 118 units
walls to have lighting 95% of daylight in occupied areas.
have unavailability of land.
7) Innovation and Development: As mass housing is going
construct, new technology such as fabricated wall and slab
A. Case Study Integrated Housing & Slum Development
panel construction can be used instead of conventional R.C.C.
Programme (IHSDP)

1)

2)

3)

4)

The study of Affordable Housing project under IHSDP

Scheme at New Jag Jivanram Zopadpatti, Modikhana, Solapur
is undertaken to compare it with incorporating Green Building
Features and prepare comparative statement on the basis of
Cost & Benefits. Detail Project Overview is explained in
report.
1)
B. Green Building Features for IHSDP Scheme
India is facing vast growth in construction development. As
the sector growing rapidly, preserving the environment is 2)
a
biggest challenge. The IGBC New Building Rating system is
used to addresses the most important environmental issues.
Green building features for IHSDP housing project are
3)
discussed hereafter:
Sustainable Architecture & Design: The IHSDP housing
project has to involved team members from multi-disciplinary
fields for effective decision making and enhanced building
performance, start from conceptual stage to completion of
project. Housing project should retain 20% of the existing
topography or landscape, without any disturbance and should
4)
hand over to ULB for public use.
Site Selection and Planning: All local building bylaws should
be followed in the housing project. Site selection should be
such that basic amenities like Hospital/Clinic, School, Market,
5)
Bank, Parks and Playground are within walking distance of 1
to 2 Km. Housing project located such that it should within
walking distance or 1 km from one of the nearest Bus stop or
any other public transport.
6)
Water Conservation: Effective rainwater harvesting enhanced
ground water table and reduces municipal water demand.
Housing project should have on site Wastewater treatment
plant to handle 100% of waste water generated and reuse
treated water. Project should demonstrate sub metering system
for municipal water line.
Energy Efficiency: On site renewable energy like solar energy
is used for street lighting system. From solar energy source
around 2% to annual energy consumption should generated on
site.

construction.

C. Benefits from Green Building Features

Green buildings have tremendous benefits, both direct and
indirect. A green building addresses the most important
national priorities.
Water Conservation: The rain water harvesting and
wastewater treatment plant can save potable water to an extent
of 60% and increase ground water table.
Energy efficiency: The use of Solar panel for street lighting
has more than 25 years of power generation capacity and
saves 50 to 60 % electricity yearly.
Handling Consumer Waste: The only city of India has success
in converting waste into energy without harming the
environment. Solapur has a waste-to-energy plant and daily
generate 3 MW of eco-friendly power for last two years.
Separate bins provided in various locality definitely help in
segregation of waste easily and efficient working of power
plant.
Reduced dependency on Virgin Materials: Fly-ash bricks
which is product of wastage Fly-ash and gives same strength
as Mud bricks. It proves cost effective also. Overall green
building features discourage the use of virgin materials.
Reduced use of Fossil Fuels: Green building practices
encourages the use of public transportation instead of personal
vehicle use. This reduces vast use of fossil fuel for personal
vehicle and become source of pollution.
Health and Well Being of Occupants: It can be achieved by
ensuring adequate ventilation, day-lighting and well being
facilities. Location of project plays very important role in well
being facilities such as Schools, Clinics and Markets etc. The
recognize measures like Tobacco smoke control maintain
indoor air quality.
D. Cost Associated with Green Building Features
Affordable Housing means it has emphasis on cost of housing
which can affordable for common man. Green building
features for Affordable Housing is basically costly practice.

Cost associated majorly with water conservation, energy

efficiency and building materials & resources.
25
25
20.5
20
20
15.05
15
15
10.75
10
10
3.82
3.36
5
0

Total Cost

Share of Each17.22
Dweller

5
0

FIGURE 7: COST ASSOCIATED WITH GREEN BUILDING FEATURES

1) Water conservation: Cost incurred in this is basically for

Rainwater Harvesting setup, Waste Water Treatment Plant and
Water Meter.
2) Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency is achieved in this
project by providing Solar panel Street Lighting. Cost
incurred in solar street lightning is considered for the
comparison.
3) Building Materials & Resources: Cost associated with this are
Segregation of Waste and Green Building Material.
VI. RECOMMENDATION
Study of HAI, IHSDP housing scheme, Green Building
practice are play very important role in deciding selection of
any feasible solution. Provision of Green Affordable Housing
is biggest need of century. From the data analysis we conclude
following probable solutions:
A. Slum Rehabilitation Program
The city lack Affordable housing, which has resulted rapid
increase in slums and chaos state development. About 31% of
the city population reside in slum areas. As we worked out on
various green building features that can be incorporated in
future housing scheme. Following are some recommendations
on IHSDP housing scheme:
1. For the green building features to be incorporated in project, it
needs approximately share of Rs. 14,700/- from each
household.
2. Use additional FSI of 1.5 or 2.0 for delivering more affordable
housing. This helps homeless population to find appropriate
house.
B. Land Zoning/Layout
A key issue of affordable housing in Solapur City needs to
modernize land zoning and land layout. Zoning establishes
new limits on the use, size and shape of buildings going to
construct in the future. City limits expanded from 33.03 km2
to 178.57 km2, but unfortunately land is not developed in that
manner. Affordable Housing can be provided by layout on

Peri-urban areas of solapur city. Land with government should

develop on the basis of Charkop Model. A typical layout and
plots should be reserved for provision of affordable housing.
VII. CONCLUSION
Rapid urbanization, decreasing household size, migration are
some of the reasons behind need for Affordable Housing in
the Solapur City. Factors such as Land Cost, Construction
Cost and Developers Profit and Taxes are major barriers in the
development of the Affordable Housing. Affordability
Threshold, Size of Dwelling Unit, Provision of Basic
Amenities, Price of House and Location of the House are
major parameters of Affordable Housing observed for the
Solapur City.
Housing Affordability Index for Solapur City is as follows:
Median
Multiple
5.6

Median House Price

Median Household Income

INR. 16,78,300

INR. 2,96,400

Solapur housing market provides houses that are Severely Unaffordable to their middle-income and low-income group
population. Extensive slum development should be taken up
for provision of Decent, Safe and Affordable houses. Large
land parcel are available on the peripheral of city for
affordable housing development.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Author would specially like to thanks supervisors Dr. A.B.
More [Head of Civil Engineering Department, P.V.P.I.T. Pune]
and Prof. P.R. Minde [P.G. Coordinator Civil Engineering
Department, P.V.P.I.T. Pune] for their valuable inputs from
time to time. Author would like to thank for their guidance
and reviews.
REFERENCES
[1] Affordable Housing for Urban Poor, National Resource
Centre SPA, New Delhi, Supported by Ministry of
Housing
& Urban Alleviation Government of India, July 2009, Paper
written by Dr. Kiran Wadhwa Chief
Economist (Retd),
HUDCO New Delhi, Prepared by Dr. Neelima Risbud cocoordinator, National Resource
Centre & professor of
Housing, SPA.
[2] A Blueprint for addressing the global affordable housing
challenge, Mckinsey Global Institute, October 2014, Research
carried out by Jonathan Woetzel, MGI Director in Shinghai,
Sangeeth Ram, MGI partner in Dubai, Jan Mischke, MGI senior
fellow, Nicklas Garemo, Director in Abu-Dhabi, Shirish Sankhe,
Director in Mumbai.
[3] Affordable Housing in India, An Inclusive Approach to
Sheltering the Bottom of the Pyramid, Jones Lang
LaSalle,
Himadri Mayank, Assistant Vice-President Research, MItali
Nanavaty, Assistant Vice-President Strategic Consulting,
Somdutta Dey Chakraborty, Subhankar Mitra, Ashutosh
Limaye.

[4] Revised City Development Plan for Solapur, 2041, April 2015,
CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited, Supported by

Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India and The

World Bank.