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By Muralee.V.
Expanding One Brackets
Removing the bracket in an algebraic expression.
Solution
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Always be careful when removing bracket of operators.
Expanding
two brackets
- Expanding
the brackets
involve
multiplication
b)
(x + y)
= (x + y) (x + y)
3 4
= x 2 + xy + yx + y 2
= x 2 + xy + xy + y 2
= x 2 + 2xy + y 2
c)
4
2
= 4m 5n 4m g 3k 5n 3k
= 20mn 4mg -15kn + 3kg
= 20mn 4gm -15kn + 3gk
1 2
a)
(4mn
rs + 7) =
4mn + rs 7
+(a + b) = +a + b
+(a b) = +a b
+ (a b) = a b
(a + b) = a b
(a b) = a + b
(a b) = a + b
Solution
a)
Example 1
Simplify
a)
(4mn
rs + 7)
1 2
(x + y) (x - y) = (x + y) (x - y)
3 4
(-g)
= x 2 - xy + yx - y 2
= x 2 - xy + xy - y 2
=x2 +y2
Tips
1. (x + y) 2
= x 2 + 2xy + y
2. (x - y) 2
= x 2 - 2xy + y 2
Factorisation
1. Factors = numbers or terms which can divide a term exactly.
2. State the term as a product of two different terms to find the factors of that term.
Example :
3ab = 1 3ab
= 3 ab
= a 3b
= b 3a
Therefore, the factors for 3ab are 1, 3, a, b, 3a, 3b, ab, 3ab
3. Factorisation of algebraic expression is the reverse of expansion
Expansion
Example : 3m(m + 9)
Factorisation
3m 2 + 27m
Example 3
Factorise each of the following
a)
r 2 s t 2 - 3rs 2 t
b)
4y 2 - 20y + 25
c)
36r 4s 3rs + 27 r 2
Solution
a)
r 2 s t 2 - 3rs 2 t
b)
c)
= r(rs t 2 - 3s 2 t)
take out the common factor r
= rs(r t 2 - 3st)
take out the common factor s
= rst(rt - 3s)
take out the common factor t
2
2
2
4y - 20y + 25 = (2y) - 2(2y)(5) + 5
form x 2 - 2xy + y 2
= (2y 5) 2
36r 4s 3rs + 27 r 2
= 36r + 27r 2 - 4s 3rs
Rearrange
expression
= 9r(4 + 3r) s(4 + 3r)
= (4 + 3r)(9r s)
take out the common factor (4 + 3r)
b)
Solution
a)
- 28m 2 n
4mn =
27 m 2 n
4mn
7
28 m m n
4 m n
= -7m
27 s 75
9 s 15
2
b)
3(9 s 2 25)
3(3s 5)
(9 s 2 25)
(3s 5)
(3s 5)(3s 5)
=
(3s 5)
= 3s + 5
Example: 2 y 3
6x 7
- 2y 3
=
=
3x 5 6 x 7
2y 3
3x 6 x 5 7
2y 3
= -3x + 2
2. Different denominators without common factors
I.
Multiply the numerator and denominator with the other denominator
II.
Add or subtract both the numerator
III.
Simplify, if possible
3b
Example: a
8
c
3b c
= a c
8a
- ca
3bc
= ac
=
8a
ca
3bc 8a
ac
2m 3
4n
6 3m
6n
( 2m 3) 3
4n 3
(6 3m) 2
6n 2
6m 9
12 6m
12n
12n
6m 9 12 6m
=
12n
12m 21
12 n
3( 4m 7)
3( 4n)
4m 7
=
4n
Example: yz
x t
t
sy
= yz sy
=
xt
sy 2 z
Onewith
termtwo terms
2. Denominator
3( a b)
Example : a b
b a
a b
3( a b)
a b
= -3
Two terms
Dividing algebraic fractions
1. Denominator with one term : multiply terms separately
m
Example: 4n
c
2d
= 4n
dm
= 2cn
Onewith
termtwo terms
2. Denominator
2d
c
( a b)
a b
3x 1
Example : 3 x 21
x 5
4 x 28
3x 1
= 3 x 21
4 x 28
x 5
3x 1
Two terms
= 3( x 7)
12 x 4
= 3 x 15
Test yourself
1. Expand each of the following
a) (2x + 3)(2x 1)
b) (6 7p)
2. Factorise each of the following
a) 4a 2 + 18a
b) 9y 2 + 48yz + 64z 2
3. Simplify the following
a) (-120x 3 y) 30xy 3
b)
(a b) 2
a 2 b2
a)
4( y z )
3( y z )
x2 x
4( x 1)
4( x 7 )
x 5