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ABSTRACT
Unlocking lug nuts with initial axial tension present in it
provides a problem especially in users that are not physically fit
as others. Common tool that is used to handle such problem is
either a cross wrench or an L-type wrench which offers minimal
length that will serve as a force multiplier applied. In designing,
Human centered approach was used in order for the users to
have a lug wrench that is efficient yet safe and ergonomic. The
design includes a sliding/adjustable handle that is longer than
usual thus making the task in standing posture rather than
sitting. Minimum dimension of the tool was calculated and
simulated through NX 6 to see critical areas that needs changes.
1. INTRODUCTION
Owning a car, it is important to have the necessary tools in performing
basic maintenance operations. One of the problems in changing tires is
achieving the initial axial tension force needed in loosening the nut by the
use of a lug wrench. Existing designs uses longer handles to address this
problem but longer handles turns to be a hindrance in fully loosening the nut
due to its length. This paper intends to design a tool (lug wrench) that
requires minimal effort from the user and to lessen the time in
loosening/tightening of a Nut.
As old as problem existed, many tools
are invented. One of the new patented to handle such problem to loosen
and tighten a nut of a car tire is A cross-bar socket wrench with a rotatable
gripping handle at one end and a socket-engaging tip at the other. The said
tool was to effectively elongate the working disposition of the device and to
assist in retention during high torque operation (Lucy, 2002). While there are
innovations in performing the task, The L-type and the cross wrench are still
commonly used. The L-type wrench uses longer handles as force multiplier
while the traditional cross wrench has shorter handle compared to an L-type
wrench but has more sizes of bolts that it can loosen (Collins, 2014).
From the current lug wrench tools that is mentioned above, the
common thing is that it focuses only on one aspect of the work which is
either achieving the initial axial tension force needed to loosen the nut or
only to loosen it faster when the nuts are already loosened and simple
turning of the nuts with less force is needed. The gaps of the existing design
is important especially for car users which is not physically fit as others
which needs a tool that will do the task faster and by only using single tool
for both on applying the force needed and faster loosening of the nut.
With the following concepts and considerations, a tool was intended to
be designed. Human centered approach was used to make a design that
aims to make a lug wrench that will maximize the capacity of the material to
be used at the same time making it safe and ergonomic. The design is also
envisioned to simultaneously use only a single tool that can do the task of
achieving the initial axial tension force needed and eliminate the hindrance
of using longer handles in fully getting the nut out of the rim.
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Standards for car wheels installation for bolts/lug nuts
Year
Torque requirement
Ford
Aspire
1994-97
85 ft-lbs
Contour
1994-97
85 ft-lbs
Probe
1989-97
85 ft-lbs
1984-99
1984-04
100 ft-lbs
80 ft-lbs
1986-05
80 ft-lbs
1996-00
175 ft-lbs
Chevrolet / GMC
C30 HD (DRW) 5/8-18
Silverado/Sierra HD(DRW)
5/8-18
175 ft-lbs
1999-05
Fig 6. Ratchet
B=3.45
feet
Should
er
level
Elbo
w
level
T
F
175 lbft
= 50.6 lbs
=3.458 ft
Sds
Nsy
=Sb +Ts
Assumed dimensions:
outer diameter = 1 in
Sds
Mc
Tr
+ J
Nsy =
I
Where:
The cross
sectional area is hollow
cylindrical and the factor of
di=0.919587 in.
safety is 1.5
Figure6. FBD of part A
For solving the inner of diameter of
B1
The hollow cylindrical tube used in part B is analyzed to have bending and
torsional stress. With the two stresses, Inner diameter at a minimum was
calculated to be 0.9881 inch.
Sds
Nsy
=Sb +Ts
outer
diameter = 1.125 in
Sds
Nsy
Mc
I
di=0.9881
in.
Tr
J
B2
The same from the hollow cylindrical tube in part B, this part still experiences
same type of stress. The only different is that this part is solid. After
calculating, a diameter of 0.7898 inch was found.
Sds
outer diameter = 1.125 in
Nsy =Sb +Ts
Where: The cross sectional area is solid, C =
D
2
Sds
Nsy
,I=
D
64
Mc
I
Tr
J
di=0.7898
in.
0.5
D
where: C = 2
=Sb
,I=
D4
64
, Sb =295000 psi
, Nsy = 4
Sds
Nsy
Mc
I
D=0.41699
in.
Mc
I
Sb rectangle =
b h2
6
Where
0.75inch(t 2)
295000 =
6
t=0.1448
in.
Stress analysis.
Seen below is the Stress analysis of the Yoke and universal joint. From figure
10, it is observed that the max stress experienced by the yoke is not near
the design stress. The difference in two values was just taken as a factor of
safety. From figure 11, the design stress was near the max stress
experienced given by NX6. It is due to minor modification done to improve
the diameter of the cross bearing from .0417inch to 0.5169inches at the
critical area near the four corners of the bearing. With the simulated parts, it
is safe to expect that the following dimension of the two parts will handle the
stresses along the operation of loosening a nut.
Figure11. Universal
Stress analysis.
From figure 12, it is seen that the max stress (33650 psi) was near the design
stress 0f 40000 pounds per square inch. It is also seen in figure 13 to have a
max stress of 43000 psi. Observing from the two figures, it is evident that
the critical parts are those that are connected to the universal joint rather
than the input point which is the handle. From the results in the simulation, it
assures that the following dimension was calculated correctly thus making
the part uses minimal material possible and performs the task without
breaking the material given the results and the factor of safety being done.
Lastly, parts can still be maximized. Looking at Figure 12, it is seen that the
solid part used for sliding the handle experiences little stress compared to
the other parts. With that observation, it is possible to taper the part which
only experiences a stress ranging from 1040 psi-7560psi.
Figure13.
5. SUMMARY OF DESIGN
The adjustable lug wrench is divided into parts. (1) Is the part that secures
the tool to the wheel. It locks the two parts (Lug nut and wrench) in order for
the lug nut to be loosened. (2) Is a Yoke. This part is connected to the
universal joint to transmit rotation from B to A. (3) is a universal Joint. This
specific part allows motion or rotation from one distinct body to another at
an angle. (4) Is a hollow cylindrical tube. This part is intended to be hollow
for storage purposes due to the length of the wrench. The space inside the
cylinder will be allotted to the sliding rod above it. (5) Solid sliding rod. This
serves as to be an extension as force multiplier for the user to do the task
with minimal force and in a standing posture. (6) Is the handle, the handle
will be 3 inch due to the palm width that is common with most of the people.
The diameter will be 1 inch. This diameter is within the recommended
diameter of the handles based on Dreyfus and Drury said in their study about
handles.
References
Lucy, P. C. (2002). U.S. Patent No. 6,343,532. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark
reinalt . (2015, jan 1). www.discountire.com. Retrieved march 16, 2016, from
www.discountire.com:
http://www.discounttire.com/infoCenter/infoWheelTorque.html
Teraoke, T.1979. Posture effects on grip strength.Archv. phys. med. rehab.,
78: 154-1156.
Berg, B.L. 2001, Qualitative research methods for the social sciences, Allyn &
Bacon Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.