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INTRODUCTION
India has an approximate road network of over 4,000,000 kilometers. These roads are
a mix of modern highways and narrow, unpaved roads, and are undergoing drastic
improvement. Now a days, India has change with major efforts to modernize the
country's road infrastructure. Road transport is vital to India's economy. It enables the
country's transportation sector contribute more than 4 percent of Indias gross
domestic product, in comparison to railways that contributed nearly 1 percent. Road
transport has not gained in importance over the years despite significant barriers and
inefficiencies in inter-state freight and passenger movement compared to railways and
air. The government of India considers road network as critical to the country's
development, social integration and security needs of the country. Bitumen and
concrete are used in road construction as the two major types of materials in the
country. It is most essential to develop profitable construction materials from wastes.
Major initiatives are taken by developing countries like India in developing the
infrastructure such as express highways, power projects, industrial structures, ports
and harbors to meet the requirements of globalization in construction of roads and
other structures. Concrete plays a major role in the construction of rigid pavements.
River sand, which is one of the constituents used in the production of conventional
concrete, has become very expensive and also becoming scarce due to depletion of
river bed. Hence we are forced to think of alternative materials .The cost of concrete
can in pavements to be reduced by reducing cost of constituent materials. Cost
reduction can also be achieved by using locally available alternative material, instead
of conventional materials.
In the recent past good attempts have been made for the successful utilization
of various industrial by products (such as fly ash, silica fume, rice husk ash, foundry
waste, slag, limestone powder) in concrete and save the environmental sustainability
by proper disposal of waste materials in addition to this, an alternative source for the
potential replacement of natural aggregates in concrete has gained good attention. As a
result reasonable studies have been conducted to find the suitability of quartzite rock
dust in conventional concrete to overcome the stress and demand for river fine
aggregate in construction of roads and other works.
In India attempts have been made to replace river sand with quartzite rock
dust. The successful utilization of quartzite rock dust as fine aggregate would turn this
waste material that causes disposal problem into a valuable resource. The utilization
will also reduce the strain on supply of natural fine aggregate, which will also reduce
the cost of concrete and increase the mechanical characteristics of hardened concrete.
More recently micro fibers, such as those used in traditional composite
materials have been introduced into the concrete mixture to increase its toughness, or
ability to resist crack growth. FRC is Portland cement concrete reinforced with more
or less randomly distributed fibers. In FRC, thousands of small fibers are dispersed
and distributed randomly in the concrete during mixing, and thus improve concrete
properties in all directions. FRC has more advantages in pavements like economy,
long life, less maintenance, good riding quality, load bearing capacity and
impermeable to water.
1.1 Objectives:
To find out the optimum dosage of quartzite rock dust which is an alternative
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter discusses the literature back ground for the report and it comprises of the
topics, related to usage of different materials, fibers and their behavior in the
conventional concrete which is used in pavements.
2.1 Effect of using materials on the strength properties of concrete and
rigid pavements
Venkata Sairam Kumar NB Pandurangarao Krishna Sai M L N et al [1] have
made investigations on partial replacement of cement with quarry dust for studying
mechanical properties of concrete. The percentages of quarry dust partial replacement
of cement in concrete are 0, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% for M20,
M30 and M40 grade concrete. From the experimental studies 25% of partial
replacement of cement with quarry dust improved hardened concrete properties.
Vipul D Prajapati Nilay Joshi, Jayeshkumar Pitroda et al [2] were studied the
innovative use of used foundry sand in concrete formulations as a fine aggregate. The
fine aggregate has been replaced by used foundry sand in the range of 0%, 10%, 30%
& 50% by weight forM-20 grade concrete. Maximum strengths attained at 50%
replacement of foundry sand. Hence thickness of pavement is effectively reduced
when compared to conventional concrete.
G Balamurugan P Perumalet al [3] have done experimental study on variation in the
strength of concrete when replacing sand by quarry dust from 0% to 100% in steps of
10%. M20 and M25 grades of concrete. From test results it was found that the
maximum compressive strength is obtained only at 50% replacement. This result
gives a clear picture that quarry dust can be utilized in concrete mixtures as a good
substitute for natural river sand giving higher strength at 50% replacement.
B V Kirankumar P Prakash et al [4] have made experimental studies on waste
plastic, which is used in concrete for improving mechanical properties. In this work
waste plastic was added in percentage of 2%, 4% and 6% in order to replace the same
amount of sand and cement. Tests on concrete revealed that optimum modifier content
was 5%.and it was found to be 2times greater than plain concrete. This reduces the
overall thickness of pavement when it is used in rigid pavement construction.
Electricwala Fatima Ankit Jhamb Rakesh Kumar et al [5] have done experimental
studies on concrete (M35) was made by replacing % (up to 30%) of cement with
ceramic dust shows increment in compressive strength, flexural strength. The results
show that compressive strength increase by 3.9% to 5.6% by replacing 20% cement
content with ceramic dust. It was observed that no significant change in flexural
strength when compared to the conventional concrete.
Chandana Sukesh Katakam Bala Krishna P Sri Lakshmi Sai Teja S
Kanakambara Rao et al [6] have studied use of quarry dust as partial replacement
for sand in concrete. Attempts have been made to study the properties of concrete and
to investigate some properties of quarry dust the suitability of those properties to
enable them to be used as partial replacement materials for sand in concrete.
Nagesh Tatoba Suryawanshi Samitinjay S Bansode Dr Pravin D Nemade et al [7]
have carried out experiments on fly ash to replace some part of cement and sand to the
extent of 10-30 percent and 5-15 percent respectively. Because of the use of fly ash,
rigid pavement behaves as a semi rigid pavement causing substantial reduction in cost
of construction. If the fly ash is utilized on large scale for road construction.
Jayeshkumar Pitroda Dr. L. B. Zala Dr F. S. Umrigar et al [8] have studied cement
replacement with hypo sludge in the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% & 40% by weight
for M-25 and M-40 mix.to improve the engineering properties and 12mm KDM glass
fiber is use at rate of 0.56% by the volume of material. The use of glass fibers and
hypo sludge replacement has increased the compressive strength, Flexural strength of
concrete.
polypropylene fibers 0.036% were to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. The
results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as
compared to mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and
flexural strength noticeably
Rakesh Kumar Pankaj Goel Renu Mathur et al [11] investigations are done to
overcome shrinkage cracking of plain concrete, sometimes the addition of synthetic
fiber to the concrete mix is suggested. Concrete mixes with fiber dosages 0.05%,
0.10% and 0.15% by volume prepared. The study suggested a significant reduction in
settlement and drying shrinkage without significant change in compressive strength
for the concrete mixes reinforced with fiber. Further, an improved abrasion resistance
for the concrete mixes reinforced with fiber was also observed.
K vamshi krishna1 J Venkateswara Rao et al [12] have been studied the influence
of glass fibers on the mechanical properties of the M20 grade concrete. Glass fibers of
0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% by weight of cement are added to the mix. It is found that 0.2%
fibers by weight of cement is the optimum dosage. Using the flexural strength values
at 0.2% fiber content, pavement thickness is evaluated as per IRC -58, it is observed
that there is a reduction in the pavement thickness by 25.8%.
K Vamshi krishna1 J Venkateswara Rao et al [13] have done experimental
investigation on mechanical properties of M20 grade concrete by incorporating
polyester fibers in the mix. Polyester fibers of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% by weight
of cement are added to the mix. It is observed that 0.3% fibers by weight of cement is
the optimum dosage. It is found that with 0.3% fiber content results in 20% reduction
of pavement thickness.
Pooja Shrivastavaa Y p Joshi [14] have done experimental studies to know about
fresh and hardened concrete properties of SFRC and their mechanical properties
increased due to the addition of steel scrap fiber in the concrete. When compared with
conventional concrete to SFRC, steel fiber increases flexural strength by 40%. These
rigid pavements using steel scrap promises an appreciably higher design life, offer
better serviceability and minimize crack growth and corrosion.
Huijan wu et al. [15] was carried out a Study on Micro-Structure and Durability of
Fiber Concrete. By this study author validated that glass fibers improve the strength of
the concrete and impermeability of the concrete increases as the fiber content
increases.
In the current investigation sand and cement is replaced by quartzite rock dust
up to70% and 40% respectively with 0.2% glass fibers by weight of cement were also
included. Thickness of pavement is evaluated with parameters by IRC-58:2002.
CHAPTER-3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Material Specifications
Ordinary portland cement, sand, aggregates (size of 20mm and 10mm down) and
quartzite rock dust were taken from locally available sources. Alkali resistant and fire
resistant glass fibers of cem-fill brand imported from Hyderabad maruthi enterprises.
Cement
Grade of cement
OPC-43
3.12
= 2.71
Zone of sand
IS conforming IV
2.78
Water absorption
0.5%
26%
29%
Flakiness index
9%
Elongation index
Quartzite rock dust.
12%
Specific gravity
2.60
Aggregates:
3.2. Methodology
Identification of problem
Literature review
Collection of cement, aggregate, Quartzite rock dust and fibers
CHAPTER-4
SPECIMENS PREPARATION AND EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION
4.1 Mix Design
All the concrete mixes in the project are prepared as per IS: 10262-2009.This standard
was first prepared in the year 1982 and later revised in the year 2009. This Indian
standard was adopted by the bureau of Indian standards, after the draft finalized by the
cement and the concrete sectional committee has been approved by the civil
engineering division council.
The following prerequisites are to be taken into consideration before designing a
concrete mix:
a) Characteristic compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (fck),
b) Degree of workability desired,
c) Limitations on the water cement ratio and the minimum cement content to ensure
adequate durability,
d) Type and maximum size of aggregate to be used,
e) Standard deviation(s) of compressive strength of concrete.
Testing Data
Specific gravity of cement
=3.12
=2.71
=2.78
Water absorption
=0.5%
Zone of sand
=IV
=26%
=29%
M40
Type of cement
20mm
10
0.4
Exposure condition
Mild
= 0.38
= 1m3
= (mass of cement/specific gravity of
cement)*(1/1000)
= 0.14119m3
c) Vol. of water
11
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Chemical admixture
= 563.5 kg/m3
= 1135 kg/m3
= 2.21 kg/m3
Water-cement ratio
= 0.38
Sand
Quartzite
Strength
dust
7days(M Pa)
26.87
100
80
20
29.6
70
30
31.69
60
40
32.5
50
50
35.76
40
60
34.06
30
70
33.5
12
13
14
The prepared samples as mentioned in the previous section and the testing
methodology for compression, split tensile and flexural strengths are followed
according to the IS: 516:1959 and they are explained below.
4.4.1 Compressive strength:
The compressive strength of a material is that value of uni-axial compressive stress
reached when the material fails completely. The cubes are then tested between the
loading surfaces of the compressive testing machine of capacity 2000KN in such a
way that the smooth surface directly receives the load and it is applies until the failure
of the load. The compressive strength is determined by the ratio of failure load to the
cross sectional area of the specimen.
failure load
fc= cross sectional area
pl
2
bd
When a is greater than 20.0 cm for 15 cm specimen, or greater than 13.3 cm for a
10.0 cm specimen
b=
3 pa
b d2
15
When a is less than 20.0 cm but greater than 17.0cm for a 15.0 cm specimen, or less
than 13.3 cm but greater than 11.0cm
Where
b=measured width in cm of the specimen
d=measured depth in cm of the specimen.
l= length in cm of the span in which the specimen was supported and
p=maximum load in kg applied to the specimen.
16
CHAPTER-5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Workability of Concrete
Slump cone test was performed to determine the workability of the concrete mixes.
The slump values for different mixes tabulated below
Table 5.1. Slump values for different mixes
Mix Type
Conventional concrete(CC)
Quartzite rock dust concrete(QC)
Quartzite rock dust concrete with Glass fibers(QGFC)
Slump(mm)
55
43
31
17
7 days(MPa)
28 days(MPa )
CC
30.17
46.16
QC
34.27
53.24
QGFC
41.09
60.62
18
7 days(MPa)
28 days(MPa )
CC
QC
4.56
5.44
6.31
7.33
QGFC
6.72
9.27
19
61.9kg/cm2
8 kg/cm3
3105kg/ cm2
Poissons ratio
0.15
1010-6/0C
Tyre pressure
8 kg/cm2
0.075
4.5 m
Width of slab
3.5 m
Design life
30 years
Present traffic
7842 cvpd
( 1.075 )301
0.075
Design
Present traffic = 7842 cvpd,
Design life = 30 yrs, r = 0.075
20
Tandem Axles
Axle
class(tones
class(tones
)
19-21
1.0
34-38
0.5
17-19
2.1
30-34
0.3
15-17
4.9
26-30
0.9
13-15
11.2
22-26
2.2
11-13
15.8
18-22
11.3
9-11
16.0
14-18
14.6
Less than 9
22.0
Less than
7.2
63.0
14
Total
37.0
Total
Table 5.5 Expected repetitions for single and tandem axle loads
Single Axles
Tandem Axles
Load in tones
Expected repetitions
Load in tones
Expected repetitions
20
644496
36
322248
18
1353442
32
193348
16
3158032
28
580046
14
7218361
24
1417892
12
10183045
20
7282810
10
10311945
16
94909649
Less than 10
14178924
Less than 16
4640375
3
Trail thickness = 25 cm, sub grade modulus = 8 kg/cm , design period = 30 yrs,
modulus of rupture = 61.9 kg/cm2, load safety factor = 1.2.
A.L1.2
Stress,
Stress
Expected
Fatigue
Fatigue
Kg/cm2
ratio
repetition,
life, N
life
(AL),
From
Tones
charts
consume
d
21
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Ratio
(5)/(6)
Single axle
20
24.0
30.1
0.49
644496
1588357
0.41
18
21.6
28.7
0.46
1353442
9448378
0.15
16
19.2
25.0
0.40
3158032
14
16.8
Tandem axle
36
43.2
23.0
0.37
7218361
23.7
0.38
322248
32
38.4
21.8
0.35
Cumulative fatigue life consumed
193348
0
= 0.56
The cumulative fatigue life consumed being less than 1; the design life is safe from
fatigue conditions.
Check for temperature stress
Temperature stresses tends to produce two types of stresses in a concrete pavement.
These are
(i)
Warping stress
(ii)
Frictional stress
CE t
2
L = 450 cm.
B = 300 cm.
l=
E h3
12(1 2) k
E = 3105 kg/cm2
h = 25cm.
= 0.15.
K= 8 kg/cm3
l = 84.06 cm.
L
l = 5.35
C = 0.79(Figure 2 IRC-58:2002)
22
= 1010-6/0C
t= 15.80(was taken for the Andhra region)
Edge warping stress = 18.72 kg/cm2
(ii) Frictional stresses
sf=
WLf
2 10 4
2400 4.5 1.5
2 104
3p
a2
1
2
l
h
1.2
( )
l = 84.06 cm
23
0.8521
p s
p
+
q 0.5227 q
0.5 0.5
p= load
s= c/c distance between 2 tyres = 31cm.
q= tyre pressure=8 kg/cm2
a = 26.5 cm
Corner stress = 23.8 kg/cm2
The corner stress is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 61.9 kg/cm 2 and
the pavement thickness of 25 cm assumed is safe.
5.3.2. Design of slab thickness for quartzite rock dust concrete
Trail thickness = 23 cm, sub grade modulus = 8 kg/cm 3, design period = 30 yrs,
modulus of rupture = 71.9 kg/cm2, load safety factor = 1.2.
Table 5.7 Calculation of fatigue life consumed for slab thickness of 23 cm
Axle load
A.L
Stress,
Stress
Expected
Fatigue
Fatigue
(AL),
1.2
Kg/cm2
ratio
repetition,
life, N
life
Tones
(1)
(2)
From charts
(3)
(4)
n
(5)
(6)
consumed
(5)/(6)
Single axle
20
24
35
0.49
644496
153152
0.43
18
21.6
32.5
0.45
1353442
0.04
16
19.2
14
16.8
Tandem axle
36
43.2
29.2
28.3
0.40
0.35
3158032
7218361
433525
30
0
0
25.5
0.35
322248
32
38.4
23.8
0.32
Cumulative fatigue life consumed
193348
0
= 0.47
The cumulative fatigue life consumed being less than 1, the design life is safe from
fatigue conditions.
24
Warping stress
(ii)
Frictional stress
CE t
2
L = 450 cm.
B = 300 cm.
l=
E h3
2
12(1 ) k
E = 3105 kg/cm2
h = 23cm.
= 0.15.
K= 8 kg/cm3
l = 78.97 cm.
L
l = 5.69
C = 0.86 (Figure 2 IRC-58:2002)
= 1010-6/0C
t= 15.80(was taken for the Andhra region)
Edge warping stress = 20.38 kg/cm2
(ii) Frictional stresses
sf=
WLf
2 10 4
2400 4.5 1.5
2 104
25
Critical combination of stresses = load stress + warping stress - frictional stress (at
edge region).
= 35+20.38-0.81
= 54.57 kg/cm2
During winter:
Critical combination of stresses = load stress + warping stress + frictional stress (at
edge region).
= 35+20.38+0.81
= 56.19 kg/cm2
At corner region:
There is no frictional stress at the corner region
Critical combination of stresses = load stress + warping stress (at corner region)
= 35+20.38
= 55.38 kg/cm2
This is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 71.9 kg/cm 2. So the
pavement thickness of 23 cm is safe under combined action of wheel load and
temperature.
Check for corner stress
Corner stress can be calculated by following equation
Corner stress =
3p
a2
1
2
l
h
1.2
( )
l = 78.97 cm
a= radius of area of contact of wheel.
Considering single axle duel wheel
a=
0.8521
p s
p
+
q 0.5227 q
0.5 0.5
p= load
s= c/c distance between 2 tyres = 25cm.
q= tyre pressure
a = 24.3 cm
Corner stress = 28.66 kg/cm2
26
The corner stress is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 71.9 kg/cm 2 and
the pavement thickness of 23 cm assumed is safe.
5.3.3. Design of slab thickness for quartzite rock dust concrete with fibers
Trail thickness = 20 cm, sub grade modulus = 8 kg/cm3, design period = 30 yrs,
modulus of rupture = 88.04 kg/cm2, load safety factor = 1.2.
load
Stress,
Stress
Expected
Fatigue
Fatigue
Kg/cm2
ratio
repetition,
life, N
life
(AL),
From
Tones
(1)
charts
(3)
(2)
consume
d
(4)
(5)
(6)
Ratio
(5)/(6)
Single axle
20
24.0
43.0
0.49
644496
1392639
0.46
18
21.6
39.0
0.44
1353442
16
19.2
35.0
0.39
3158032
14
16.8
Tandem axle
36
43.2
31.5
0.36
7218361
30.1
0.34
322248
32
38.4
28.0
0.32
Cumulative fatigue life consumed
193348
0
= 0.46
The cumulative fatigue life consumed being less than 1, the design life is safe from
fatigue conditions.
Check for temperature stress
Temperature stresses tends to produce two types of stresses in a concrete pavement.
These are
(i)
Warping stress
(ii)
Frictional stress
CE t
2
27
L = 450 cm.
B = 300 cm.
l=
E h3
12(1 2) k
E = 3105 kg/cm2
h = 20cm.
= 0.15.
K= 8 kg/cm3
l = 71.11 cm.
L
l = 6.32
C = 0.955 (Figure 2 IRC-58:2002)
= 1010-6/0C
t= 15.80(was taken for the Andhra region)
Edge warping stress = 22.63 kg/cm2
(ii) Frictional stresses
sf=
WLf
2 10 4
28
At corner region:
There is no frictional stress at the corner region
Critical combination of stresses = load stress + warping stress (at corner region)
= 43+22.63
= 65.63 kg/cm2
This is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 88.04 kg/cm2. So the
pavement thickness of 20cm is safe under combined action of wheel load and
temperature.
Check for corner stress
Corner stress can be calculated by following equation
Corner stress =
3p
a2
1
2
l
h
1.2
( )
l = 71.11 cm
a= radius of area of contact of wheel.
Considering single axle duel wheel
a=
0.8521
p s
p
+
q 0.5227 q
0.5 0.5
p= load
s= c/c distance between 2 tyres = 25cm.
q= tyre pressure
a = 24.3 cm
Corner stress = 34.92 kg/cm2
The corner stress is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 88.04 kg/cm 2
and the pavement thickness of 20 cm assumed is safe.
29
= 1m3.75m0.25m.
=0.936 m3.
Table 5.9 Estimation of materials for conventional concrete
S.no.
Material
Quantity (kg)
Rate per
Cost in Rs.
1
2
3
Cement
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
412.32
527.15
637.41
kg in Rs.
6.11
0.46
0.88
2519.27
242.48
560.92
(20mm)
Coarse aggregate
424.94
0.63
267.71
60
124.08
(10mm)
Super plasticizer
2.068
Total cost in Rs. = 3714.46/-
Material
Quantity (kg)
Cost in
.
1
Cement
379.72
6.11
Rs.
2320.08
Fine aggregate
242.86
0.46
111.71
Coarse aggregate
587.02
0.88
516.58
(20mm)
Coarse aggregate
391.34
0.63
246.54
(10mm)
Super plasticizer
1.90
60
114
Quartzite dust
242.86
0.13
31.57
Total cost in Rs. = 3340.48 /From the above calculation we can save 373.98 /- Rs per 1m length by using Quartzite
dust replacing sand. The construction cost of the pavement is reduced by 11.19 % by
using Quartzite rock dust.
5.4.3 Cost for Quartzite rock dust concrete with glass fibers
Length of the pavement = 1m.
30
Table 5.11 Estimation of materials for quartzite rock dust mix with glass fibers
S.no.
Material
Quantity (kg)
Rate per
Cost in Rs.
2018.68
1
2
Cement
Fine aggregate
330.39
211.31
kg in Rs.
6.11
0.46
Coarse aggregate
510.75
0.88
(20mm)
Coarse aggregate
340.50
0.63
(10mm)
Super plasticizer
1.56
60
93.6
Fibers(glass)
0.66
150
99
211.31
0.13
24.47
97.20
449.46
214.51
Total cost in Rs. = 2998.92 /From the above calculation we can save 715.54 /- Rs per 1m length by using
combination of glass fiber and quartzite dust. The construction cost of the pavement is
reduced by 23.85% by using combination of glass fiber and quartzite rock dust.
31
CHAPTER-6
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH
QUARTZITE ROCK DUST
6.1 Trial mixes
In this investigation sand is partially replaced by quartzite dust and additionally glass
fibers are used for improving mechanical properties of concrete in rigid pavements
.Trial mixes are prepared with conventional concrete and with quartzite dust replacing
cement by varying percentages of 10%, 20%30% and 40% to find out the optimum
dosage of quartzite rock dust. Glass fibers added with dosage of 0.2%.Trail mix results
are tabulated below
Table 6.1.Trail mix results with Quartzite rock dust replacing cement
Mix designation
Cemen Quartzite
t
rock dust
Average
compressive
Strength of cubes
at 7days(M Pa)
30.17
100
90
10
30.78
80
20
31.5
70
30
32.3
60
40
30.16
Results Analysis:
From the analysis of results 30% replacement of quartzite rock dust with cement is
optimum dosage in concrete for improving mechanical properties of concrete. From
32
the past experimental results we found that 0.2% glass fibers by weight of cement is
the optimum dosage for improving flexural strength in rigid pavements.
Trial mix results
7 days strength
7 days(MPa)
28 days(MPa )
CC
QC
QGFC
30.17
32.9
37.7
46.16
50.29
57.67
57.67
46.16
30.17
32.9
50.29
CC
QC
QGFC
37.7
33
7 days(MPa)
28 days(MPa )
CC
4.56
6.31
QC
4.89
6.86
QGFC
5.96
8.29
8.29
5.96
4.56
6.31
4.89
6.86
CC
QC
QGFC
34
Figure 6.3 Flexural strength of 30% cement replaced by quartzite dust mixes at 7 & 28
days
Description of Results
1. From the figure 6.3 it is observed that rate of increment in flexural strength of the
quartzite rock dust concrete is 7.23% and 8.71% at age of 7&28 days respectively
compared to conventional concrete.
2. From the graph it is clear that there is an improvement in flexural strength of the
quartzite rock dust with glass fibers is 21.88% and 20.84% at age of 7&28 days
respectively compared to quartzite rock dust concrete.
3. It is evident that from results flexural strength of quartzite rock dust concrete with
glass fiber increases to 30.7% and 31.38% at age of 7&28 days respectively compared
to conventional concrete.
4. From the figure 5.3 it is observed that rate of gain in flexural strength is more at 28
days compared to 7 days.
6.3 Design of slab thickness for partial replacement of cement with quartzite rock
dust
Trail thickness = 24 cm, sub grade modulus = 8 kg/cm3, design period = 30 yrs,
modulus of rupture = 71.9 kg/cm2, load safety factor = 1.2.
Table 6.4 Calculation of fatigue life consumed for slab thickness of 24 cm
Axle
A.L1.2
load
Stress,
Stress
Expected
Fatigue
Fatigue life
Kg/cm2
ratio
repetition,
life, N
consumed
(AL),
From
Tones
(1)
charts
(3)
(2)
N
(4)
(5)
(6)
Ratio
(5)/(6)
Single axle
20
24.0
33
0.49
644496
1241747
0.52
18
21.6
30
0.44
1353442
16
19.2
27
0.40
3158032
14
16.8
Tandem axle
36
43.2
24
0.36
7218361
25.5
0.35
322248
38.4
23.8
0.32
Cumulative fatigue life consumed
193348
32
0
= 0.52
The cumulative fatigue life consumed being less than 1, the design life is safe from
fatigue conditions.
35
Warping stress
Frictional stress
CE t
2
L = 450 cm.
B = 300 cm.
l=
E h3
12(1 2) k
E = 3105 kg/cm2
h = 24cm.
= 0.15.
K= 8 kg/cm3
l = 81.53 cm.
L
l = 5.51
C = 0.82 (Figure 2 IRC-58:2002)
= 1010-6/0C
t= 15.80(was taken for the Andhra region)
Edge warping stress = 19.52 kg/cm2
(ii) Frictional stresses
sf=
WLf
2 10 4
2400 4.5 1.5
2 104
36
= 33+19.52-0.81
= 51.71 kg/cm2
During winter:
Critical combination of stresses = load stress + warping stress + frictional stress (at
edge region).
= 33+19.52+0.81
= 53.36 kg/cm2
At corner region:
There is no frictional stress at the corner region
Critical combination of stresses = load stress + warping stress (at corner region)
= 33+19.53
= 52.52 kg/cm2
This is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 67.3 kg/cm 2. So the
pavement thickness of 24 cm is safe under combined action of wheel load and
temperature.
Check for corner stress
Corner stress can be calculated by following equation
Corner stress =
3p
a2
1
2
l
h
1.2
( )
l = 81.53 cm
a= radius of area of contact of wheel.
Considering single axle duel wheel
a=
0.8521
p s
p
+
q 0.5227 q
0.5 0.5
p= load
s= c/c distance between 2 tyres = 25cm.
q= tyre pressure
a = 24.3 cm
Corner stress = 26.95 kg/cm2
The corner stress is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 67.3 kg/cm 2 and
the pavement thickness of 24 cm assumed is safe.
37
6.4 Design of slab thickness for partial replacement of cement by quartzite rock
dust with glass fibers
Trail thickness = 21 cm, sub grade modulus = 8 kg/cm3, design period = 30 yrs,
modulus of rupture = 81.32kg/cm2, load safety factor = 1.2.
Table 6.5 Calculation of fatigue life consumed for slab thickness of 21 cm
Axle
A.L1.2
load
Stress,
Stress
Expected
Fatigue
Fatigue life
Kg/cm2
ratio
repetition
life, N
consumed
(AL),
From
Tones
(1)
charts
(3)
(2)
,
n
(5)
(4)
(6)
Ratio
(5)/(6)
Single axle
20
24.0
39.6
0.49
644496
1521975
0.43
18
21.6
36.3
0.44
1353442
16
19.2
33.0
0.40
3158032
14
16.8
Tandem axle
36
43.2
29.5
0.36
7218361
28.7
0.35
322248
32
38.4
27.0
0.32
Cumulative fatigue life consumed
193348
0
= 0.43
The cumulative fatigue life consumed being less than 1, the design life is safe from
fatigue conditions.
Check for temperature stress
Temperature stresses tends to produce two types of stresses in a concrete pavement.
These are
(i)
Warping stress
(ii)
Frictional stress
CE t
2
L = 450 cm.
38
B = 300 cm.
l=
E h3
12(1 2) k
E = 3105 kg/cm2
h = 20cm.
= 0.15.
K= 8 kg/cm3
l = 73.76 cm.
L
l = 6.10
C = 0.964 (Figure 2 IRC-58:2002)
= 1010-6/0C
t= 15.80(was taken for the Andhra region)
Edge warping stress = 22.84 kg/cm2
(ii) Frictional stresses
sf=
WLf
4
2 10
2400 4.5 1.5
4
2 10
39
3p
a2
1
2
l
h
1.2
( )
l = 73.76 cm
a= radius of area of contact of wheel.
Considering single axle duel wheel
a=
0.8521
p s
p
+
q 0.5227 q
0.5 0.5
p= load
s= c/c distance between 2 tyres = 25cm.
q= tyre pressure
a = 24.3 cm
Corner stress = 32.65 kg/cm2
The corner stress is less than the flexural strength of the concrete i.e., 81.32 kg/cm 2
and the pavement thickness of 21 cm assumed is safe.
40
S.no
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Material
Quantity
Rate per kg in
Cost in Rs.
(kg)
Rs.
Cement
277.52
6.11
Fine aggregate
507.15
0.46
Coarse aggregate (20mm)
612.9
0.88
Coarse aggregate (10mm)
408.6
0.63
Super plasticizer
1.86
60
Quartzite rock dust
118.94
0.13
Total cost in Rs. = 2852.74/-
1695.64
233.28
539.35
257.41
111.6
15.46
6.5.2 Cost for combination of glass fiber and Quartzite rock dust concrete
Length of the pavement = 1m.
Width of the pavement = 3.75m.
Thickness of the pavement = 20cm.
Total volume of concrete required to fill the surface course = Lbh.
= 1m3.75m0.21m.
=0.79 m3.
Table 6.7 Estimation of materials for quartzite rock dust mix with glass fibers
S.no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Material
Quantity
Rate per
(kg)
kg in Rs.
Cement
243.6
6.11
Fine aggregate
445.17
0.46
Coarse aggregate (20mm)
537.99
0.88
Coarse aggregate (10mm)
358.66
0.63
Super plasticizer
1.64
60
Fibers(glass)
0.48
150
Quartzite rock dust
104.40
0.13
Total cost in Rs. =2576.5 /-
Cost in Rs.
1488.4
204.78
473.43
225.96
98.4
72
13.57
From the above calculation we can save 1137.96 /- Rs per 1m length by using
combination of glass fiber and quartzite dust. The construction cost of the pavement is
reduced by 44.17 % by using combination of glass fiber and quartzite rock dust.
41
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSIONS
1. Optimum dosage of replacement of sand by quartzite rock dust was 50%.
Workability of Quartzite dust concrete mix with and without fibers is decreased
compared to conventional concrete.
2. Rate of increment in flexural strength of the Quartzite rock dust concrete is 16.14%
at age of 28 days compared to conventional concrete.
3. About 23.37% of increment in flexural strength was found by using quartzite rock
dust with glass fibers at age of 28 days compared to quartzite rock dust concrete.
4. Glass fibers addition to quartzite rock dust concrete enhances its flexural strength
by 42.15%.
5. Optimum dosage of replacement of cement by quartzite rock dust was 30%.
6. Rate of increment in flexural strength of the Quartzite rock dust concrete is 8.71%
at age of 28 days compared to conventional concrete.
7. About 20.24% of increment in flexural strength was found by using quartzite rock
dust with glass fibers at age of 28 days compared to quartzite rock dust concrete.
8. Glass fibers addition to quartzite rock dust concrete enhances its Flexural strength
by 31.38%.
9. Using the optimum dosage of quartzite rock dust with glass fibers in concrete
reduces the pavement thickness by 25%.
10. Construction cost of the pavement is reduced by 23.69%. With inclusion of glass
fibers in quartzite dust concrete.
11. Thickness of pavement is reduced up to 19.04% by replacement of cement with
quartzite rock dust and addition of glass fibers in concrete.
12. Construction cost of the pavement is reduced up to 44.17%, by partial replacement
of cement with quartzite rock dust and inclusion of glass fibers in concrete.
42
43
REFERENCES
1. G.Balamurugan, Dr.P.Perumal, Use of quarry dust to replace sand in concrete-an
experimental study, International journal of scientific and research publications,
Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013, ISSN: 2250-3153.
2. Dipan Patel, Use of steel fiber in rigid pavement, International global research
analysis, volume2, Issue6, june-2013, ISSN: 2277-8160.
3. Venkata Sairam Kumar N, Dr. B. Panduranga Rao, Krishna Sai M.L.N,
Experimental study on partial replacement of cement with quarry dust,
International journal of advanced engineering research and studies (IJAERS) ,Vol.
II, Issue III, April-June-2013/136-137 , ISSN (e):22498974.
4. Vipul D. Prajapati, Nilay Joshi, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Techno- economical
study of rigid pavement by using the used foundry sand, international journal of
engineering trends and technology (IJETT) - Volume4, Issue5, May 2013.
5. K.VamsiKrishna, J.Venkateswara Rao, Effect of glass fibers in rigid pavement,
International journal of scientific research and education (IJSRE), Volum2, Issue9,
Pages 1797-1804, September-2014, ISSN (e): 2321-7545.
6. Rajarajeshwari B Vibhuti, Radhakrishna, Aravind N, Mechanical properties of
hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavements, International journal of research
in engineering and technology (IJRET), IC-RICE Conference Issue, nov-2013,
ISSN(e): 2319-1163 | ISSN(p): 2321-7308.
7. Bahoria B.V, Parbat D.K. and Naganaik P.B, Replacement of natural sand in
concrete by waste products, A state of art journal of environmental research and
development, Vol. 7 No. 4A, April-June 2013.
8. K. Vamshi krishna, J.Venkateswara Rao, Experimental study on behavior of fiber
reinforced concrete for rigid pavements, IOSR journal of mechanical and civil
engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Volume 11, Issue 4 Ver. VII (Jul- Aug. 2014), PP 4953, e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X.
9. Pooja Srivastava, Dr.Y.p.Joshi, Innovative use of waste steel scrap in rigid
pavements, civil and environmental Research, Vol.6, No.7, 2014, ISSN 22245790 (P) | ISSN 2225-0514 (e).
10. Chandana
Sukesh,
Katakam
Bala
Krishna,
P.Sri
Lakshmi
Sai
Teja,
44
45
Curriculum Vitae
Name
: Chimata Ramarao
Fathers Name
Date of Birth
: 12/06/1992
Contact
: +91-9700525108
:chimata.ramarao7@gmail.com
Specialization
School/
College
Board/
Universit
Year of
Passing CG
y
Transportation GMRIT
M.Tech
B.Tech
Civil
engineering
on
PA
Chalapathi
Autonomo 2013usPursuin
affliated to
JNTUK
g
Acharya
Institute Of
nagarjuna
engg &
university
engineering
% / Divisi
8.04
1st Class
2013
77
Technology
with
distincti
on
Intermediate
S.S.C
M.P.C
S.S.C
Sri
Board of
chaitanya
Intermedia
junior
te
college
Education,
Ravindra
A.P.
Board of
English
Secondary
Medium
Education,
School
A.P
Publications:
46
2009
83.8
A
Grade
2007
JOURNALS
International:
1. Ramarao chimata, Venkateswara rao.j, Innovative Use of Quartzite Rock Dust
and Effect of Glass Fibers in Rigid Pavements, International Journal for
Research in Applied Science Engineering & Technology , Vol. 3, Issue IX,
September- 2015,ISSN:2321-9653.
2. Ramarao chimata, Venkateswara rao.j, Techno Economical Use of Quartzite
Rock Dust and Effect of Glass Fibers in Rigid Pavements, International Journal
of Engineering and General Science, Vol. 3, Issue 5, September-October
2015,ISSN:2091-2730.
Declaration:
I here by declare that the above given informations are true to the best of my
knowledge and belief.
(CH.RAMARAO)
47