Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
vast expanse of open water at the top of our world was once covered with ice. The melting of
the Arctic ice caps has forced polar bears to swim as far as 40 miles, causing them to drown in
significant numbers. Such deaths were rare in the past.
There is strong scientific consensus that human activities are changing the Earths climate. Scientists
now believe that there is a striking correlation between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and
global temperature. As both of these variables increase at significant rates, there are warnings of a planetary
emergency that threatens to condemn coming generations to a catastrophically diminished future.*
In this chapter, youll learn to approach our climate crisis mathematically by creating formulas, called
functions, that model data for average global temperature and carbon dioxide concentration over time.
Understanding the concept of a function will give you a new perspective on many situations, ranging
from global warming to using mathematics in a way that is similar to making a movie.
103
SECTION
2.1
Objectives
Introduction to Functions
Top U.S. Last Names
Name
% of All Names
Smith
1.006%
Johnson
0.810%
Williams
0.699%
Brown
0.621%
Jones
0.621%
Definition of a Relation
A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first components of the ordered
pairs is called the domain of the relation and the set of all second components is
called the range of the relation.
1 Find the domain and
range of a relation.
Exam ple 1
Check point 1 Find the domain and the range of the relation:
{(0, 9.1), (10, 6.7), (20, 10.7), (30, 13.2), (38, 19.6)}.
As you worked Check Point 1, did you wonder if there was a rule that assigned the
inputs in the domain to the outputs in the range? For example, for the ordered
pair (30, 13.2), how does the output 13.2 depend on the input 30? The ordered pair
is based on the data in Figure 2.1(a), which shows the percentage of first-year U.S.
college students claiming no religious affiliation.
Percentage of First-Year United States College
Students Claiming No Religious Affiliation
Women
Men
23.2
19.6
21%
16.9
18%
15%
12%
9%
14.0 13.2
11.9
9.7
9.1
10.7
6.7
6%
3%
1970
1980
1990
Year
2000
24%
Percentage Claiming No
Religious Affiliation
Percentage Claiming No
Religious Affiliation
24%
21%
18%
15%
12%
(30, 13.2)
(0, 9.1)
9%
(20, 10.7)
6%
(10, 6.7)
3%
2008
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
In Figure 2.1(b), we used the data for college women to create the following ordered
pairs:
percentage of first@year college
years after 1970, women claiming no religious .
affiliation
Consider, for example, the ordered pair (30, 13.2).
(30, 13.2)
30 years after 1970,
or in 2000,
The five points in Figure 2.1(b) visually represent the relation formed from the
womens data. Another way to visually represent the relation is as follows:
2 Determine whether a
relation is a function.
0
10
20
30
38
9.1
6.7
10.7
13.2
19.6
Domain
Range
Functions
Shown, again, in the margin are the top five U.S. last names and the percentage of
Americans who share those names. Weve used this information to define two relations.
Figure 2.2(a) shows a correspondence between last names and percents sharing those
names. Figure 2.2(b) shows a correspondence between percents sharing last names and
those last names.
0.810%
Smith
Johnson
Williams
Brown
Jones
1.006%
0.810%
0.699%
0.621%
Williams
0.699%
Domain
Range
Brown
0.621%
Jones
0.621%
Name
% of All Names
Smith
1.006%
Johnson
1.006%
0.810%
0.699%
0.621%
Smith
Johnson
Williams
Brown
Jones
Domain
Range
1.006%
0.810%
0.699%
0.621%
Domain
Range
Smith
Johnson
Williams
Brown
Jones
Domain
Range
A relation in which each member of the domain corresponds to exactly one member
of the range is a function. Can you see that the relation in Figure 2.2(a) is a function?
Each last name in the domain corresponds to exactly one percent in the range. If we
know the last name, we can be sure of the percentage of Americans sharing that name.
Notice that more than one element in the domain can correspond to the same element
in the range: Brown and Jones are both shared by 0.621% of Americans.
Is the relation in Figure 2.2(b) a function? Does each member of the domain
correspond to precisely one member of the range? This relation is not a function
because there is a member of the domain that corresponds to two different members
of the range:
(0.621,, Brown) (0.621,, Jones).
The member of the domain, 0.621%, corresponds to both Brown and Jones in the
range. If we know the percentage of Americans sharing a last name, 0.621%, we cannot
be sure of that last name. Because a function is a relation in which no two ordered pairs
have the same first component and different second components, the ordered pairs
(0.621%, Brown) and (0.621%, Jones) are not ordered pairs of a function.
Same first component
Definition of a Function
A function is a correspondence from a first set, called the domain, to a second set,
called the range, such that each element in the domain corresponds to exactly one
element in the range.
In Check Point 1, we considered a relation that gave a correspondence between
years after 1970 and the percentage of first-year college women claiming no religious
affiliation. Can you see that this relation is a function?
Each element in the domain
{(0, 9.1), (10, 6.7), (20, 10.7), (30, 13.2), (38, 19.6)}
corresponds to exactly one element in the range.
Solution We begin by making a figure for each relation that shows the domain and
the range (Figure 2.3).
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
Domain
Range
Figure 2.3(a)
a. Figure 2.3(a) shows that every element in the domain corresponds to exactly one
element in the range. The element 1 in the domain corresponds to the element 5 in
the range. Furthermore, 2 corresponds to 5, 3 corresponds to 7, and 4 corresponds
to 8. No two ordered pairs in the given relation have the same first component and
different second components. Thus, the relation is a function.
1
2
3
4
Domain
Range
b. Figure 2.3(b) shows that 5 corresponds to both 1 and 2. If any element in the
domain corresponds to more than one element in the range, the relation is not a
function. This relation is not a function because two ordered pairs have the same
first component and different second components.
Same first component
Figure 2.3(b)
(5, 1)
Great Question!
If I reverse a functions
components, will this new
relation be a function?
If a relation is a function,
reversing the components in
each of its ordered pairs may
result in a relation that is not
a function.
3 Evaluate a function.
(5, 2)
Look at Figure 2.3(a) again. The fact that 1 and 2 in the domain correspond to the
same number, 5, in the range does not violate the definition of a function. A function
can have two different first components with the same second component. By contrast,
a relation is not a function when two different ordered pairs have the same first
component and different second components. Thus, the relation in Example 2(b) is
not a function.
Input x
f
Output
f (x)
The variable x represents the number of years after 1970. The variable y represents the
percentage of first-year college women claiming no religious affiliation. The variable
y is a function of the variable x. For each value of x, there is one and only one value
of y. The variable x is called the independent variable because it can be assigned any
value from the domain. Thus, x can be assigned any nonnegative integer representing
the number of years after 1970. The variable y is called the dependent variable because
its value depends on x. The percentage claiming no religious affiliation depends on the
number of years after 1970. The value of the dependent variable, y, is calculated after
selecting a value for the independent variable, x.
If an equation in x and y gives one and only one value of y for each value of x, then
the variable y is a function of the variable x. When an equation represents a function,
the function is often named by a letter such as f, g, h, F, G, or H. Any letter can be used
to name a function. Suppose that f names a function. Think of the domain as the set
of the functions inputs and the range as the set of the functions outputs. As shown in
Figure 2.4, the input is represented by x and the output by f(x). The special notation
f(x), read f of x or f at x, represents the value of the function at the number x.
Lets make this clearer by considering a specific example. We know that the equation
y = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8
defines y as a function of x. Well name the function f. Now, we can apply our new
function notation.
Great Question!
Output
f(x)
Equation
f(x)=0.014x2-0.24x+8.8
0.014(30
) 2 0.24
(30) 8.
Output
f (30) 14.2
Figure 2.5 A function machine
atwork
Suppose we are interested in finding f(30), the functions output when the input is 30.
To find the value of the function at 30, we substitute 30 for x. We are evaluating the
function at 30.
302 = 30 # 30 = 900.
The statement f(30) = 14.2, read f of 30 equals 14.2, tells us that the value of the
function at 30 is 14.2. When the functions input is 30, its output is 14.2. Figure 2.5
illustrates the input and output in terms of a function machine.
f(30)=14.2
30 years after
1970, or in 2000,
We have seen that in 2000, 13.2% actually claimed nonaffiliation, so our function
thatmodels the data overestimates the data value for 2000 by 1%.
Using Technology
Graphing utilities can be used
toevaluate functions. The
screens on the right show the
evaluation of
f (x) = 0.014x 2 - 0.24x + 8.8
at 30 on a TI-84 Plus graphing
calculator. The function f is
named Y1 .
We used f(x) = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8 to find f(30). To find other function values,
such as f(40) or f(55), substitute the specified input value, 40 or 55, for x in the functions
equation.
If a function is named f and x represents the independent variable, the notation f(x)
corresponds to the y-value for a given x. Thus,
f(x) = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8 and y = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8
define the same function. This function may be written as
y = f(x) = 0.014x2 - 0.24x + 8.8.
Exampl e 3
Solution
a. f(x) = 2x + 3
f(4) = 2 # 4 + 3
= 8 + 3
f(4)=11
f of 4 is 11.
Multiply: 2 # 4 = 8.
Add.
g(x) = 2x2 - 1
g(-2) = 2(-2)2 - 1
= 2(4) - 1
= 8 - 1
g(2)=7
g of 2 is 7.
h(r) = r 3 - 2r 2 + 5
c.
h(-5) = (-5)3 - 2(-5)2 + 5 To find h of -5, replace each occurrence of r with - 5.
= -125 - 2(25) + 5
Evaluate exponential expressions.
= -125 - 50 + 5
Multiply.
-125 - 50 = -175 and -175 + 5 = - 170.
h(5)=170
h of 5 is 170.
d. F(x) = 5x + 7
F(a + h) = 5(a + h) + 7
F(a+h)=5a+5h+7
F of a + h is 5a + 5h + 7.
Replace x with a + h .
Apply the distributive property.
Great Question!
In Example 3 and Check Point 3, finding some of the function values involved
evaluating exponential expressions. Cant this be a bit tricky when such functions
are evaluated at negative numbers?
Yes. Be particularly careful if there is a term with a coefficient of -1. Notice the following
differences:
f(x)=x2
g(x)=(x)2
Replace x with 4.
Replace x with 4.
f(4)=(4)2
=16
g(4)=((4))2
=42=16
f(x)
-2
-1
c. f(-1)
d. f(0)
e. Find x such that f(x) = 4.
Solution
f(x)
-2
a. Values in the first column of the table make up the domain, or input values. Values
-1
in the second column of the table make up the range, or output values. We see
that every element in the domain corresponds to exactly one element in the range,
shown in Figure 2.6. Therefore, the relation given by the table is a function.
The voice balloons pointing to appropriate parts of the table illustrate the solution to
parts (b)(e).
5
0
3
1
4
Range
Figure 2.6
f ( x)
g(x)
c. g(1)
d. g(3)
e. Find x such that g(x) = 3.
Achieving Success
Check out Professor Dan Millers Learning Guide that accompanies this textbook.
Benefits of using the Learning Guide include:
It will help you become better organized. This includes organizing your class notes,
assigned homework, quizzes, and tests.
It will enable you to use your textbook more efficiently.
It will bring together the learning tools for this course, including the textbook, the
Video Lecture Series, and the PowerPoint Presentation.
It will help increase your study skills.
It will help you prepare for the chapter tests.
Ask your professor about the availability of this textbook supplement.
______________. The set of all second components of the ordered pairs is called the ______________.
2. A set of ordered pairs in which each member of the set of first components corresponds to exactly one member of the set of
Download the
MyDashBoard App
Practice Exercises
a. f(0)
c. f(2)
2x - 3
19. f(x) =
x - 4
a. f(0)
d. f(1) + f(- 1)
b. f(3)
c. f(- 4)
e. f(a + h)
d. f(-5)
b. f(2)
3x - 1
x - 5
b. f(3)
c. f(- 3)
a. f(0)
d. f(10)
e. f(a + h)
9. f(x) = x + 1
a. f(0)
d. f(2a)
b. f(5)
c. f(-8)
e. f(a + 2)
10. f(x) = x + 3
a. f(0)
d. f(2a)
b. f(5)
c. f(-8)
e. f(a + 2)
11. g(x) = 3x - 2
a. g(0)
d. g(4b)
b. g(- 5)
e. g(b + 4)
12. g(x) = 4x - 3
a. g(0)
d. g(5b)
b. g(- 5)
e. g(b + 5)
2
c. g a b
3
3
c. g a b
4
23.
13. h(x) = 3x 2 + 5
a. h(0)
d. h(- 3)
b. h(- 1)
22.
c. h(4)
e. h(4b)
14. h(x) = 2x 2 - 4
a. h(0)
d. h(- 3)
b. h(- 1)
c. h(5)
e. h(5b)
15. f(x) = 2x + 3x - 1
a. f(0)
d. f(b)
e. f(5a)
b. f(3)
24.
c. f(-4)
16. f(x) = 3x 2 + 4x - 2
a. f(0)
d. f(b)
e. f(5a)
b. f(3)
a. f(0)
c. f(2)
f(x)
-4
b. f(2)
-2
12
15
f(x) = 9?
a. f(-3)
f(x)
-5
b. f(3)
-3
12
16
20
f(x) = 12?
h(x)
-2
-1
a. h(- 2)
b. h(1)
c. For what values of x is
h(x) = 1?
h(x)
a. h(- 2)
-2
-2
b. h(1)
-1
-1
-1
-2
h(x) = -1?
Practice Plus
c. f(-5)
a. f(-2)
b. f(2)
d. f(1) + f(-1)
f(x)
g(x)
-2
-1
-1
-4
-3
-6
answer.
27. Find
30. f(x) = x 2 - 3x + 7
answer.
a. f(-2)
c. f(3)
32. f(x) = b
a. f(-3)
c. f(4)
3x + 5
4x + 7
if x 6 0
if x 0
b. f(0)
6x - 1
7x + 3
if x 6 0
if x 0
b. f(0)
d. f(-100) + f(100)
Haiti
Chad
Bangladesh
Denmark
New Zealand
Country
Source: Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index
answer.
Writing in Mathematics
35. What is a relation? Describe what is meant by its domain
What is a function?
37. Does f(x) mean f times x when referring to function f? If
1
Finland
Iceland
answer.
Application Exercises
Corruption Rating
d. f(-100) + f(100)
is a function.
is not a function.
Review Exercises
52. Simplify: 24 , 4[2 - (5 - 2)]2 - 6.
Preview Exercises
Exercises 5557 will help you prepare for the material covered
in the next section.
55. Graph y = 2x. Select integers for x, starting with - 2 and
ending with 2.
f(x)
g(x)
-4
-1
-1
-4
-3
-2
-2
-3
-2
-3
-3
-2
-1
-4
-4
-1
2?
1 2 3 4 5
f(a + h) - f(a)
h