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THE BRIEFING

Factsheets

Hillary Clintons Initiative on Technology

& Innovation
Todaysdynamicandcompetitiveglobaleconomydemandsanambitiousnational
commitmenttotechnology,innovationandentrepreneurship.Americaledtheworldin
theinternetrevolution,and,today,technologyandtheinternetaretransformingnearly
everysectorofoureconomyfrommanufacturingandtransportation,toenergyand
healthcare.HillaryClintonspriorityistoharnessthepoweroftechnologyand
innovationsothatitworksforallAmericans,creatinggoodpayingjobsthroughoutthe
country.Doingthisrightwillnotonlyboosteconomicgrowth,itwillleadto
immeasurablesocialbenefitshomemonitoringoptionsforseniorswillimprovehealth
outcomesandrelievepressuresonfamilymembersinteroperableandnextgeneration
publicsafetysystemswillmeanfasterresponsetimesandsafercommunitiessmarter
transportationnetworkswillleadtolesscongestion,feweraccidents,andlowerenergy
costsandwidelydeployeddigitalinfrastructurewillallowforwraparoundlearningfor
ourstudentsinthehomeandinourschools.Hillarybelievesthatwiththerightpublic
policies,wecanensurethattechnologyisaforceforbroadbasedgrowth,reducingsocial
andeconomicinequality,andsecuringAmericanleadershipontheglobalstage.
Today,HillaryisannouncingaTech&InnovationAgendawithfivekeyparts.First,her
planwillleveragetechnologytocreategoodpayingjobsonMainStreetthroughnew
commitmentsincomputerscienceandSTEMeducation,supportforentrepreneurial
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ecosystems,andotherpoliciestobuildthehumancapitalpipeline.Second,herplanwill
deliverhighspeedbroadbandtoallAmericans,hookuppublicplaceslikeairportsand
stationsandenablethemtoofferfreeWiFiandlaythegroundworkforthenext
generationofthemobileinternetandtheInternetofThings.Third,heragendawill
ensureAmericaremainsthegloballeaderintechnology,bypromotingmorehightech
exportsandensuringthefreeflowofdata.Fourth,herplanwillestablishrulesofthe
roadtosupportinnovationrulesthatfosterhealthycompetition,reducebarriersto
entry,andeffectivelyprotectintellectualpropertywhilesafeguardingprivacyand
security.Fifth,herplanwillmakeourgovernmentsmarter,moreefficient,andmore
responsive,usingnewtechnologiestodeliverrealresultsfortheAmericanpeople.
BUILDINGTHETECHECONOMYONMAINSTREET
Hillarystechnologyagendaisfocusedoncreatinggoodjobsincommunitiesacross
America.Entrepreneurshipandinnovationarefundamentaltoourfutureeconomic
growthnotjustintheinformationtechnology(IT)industry,butinenergy,
manufacturing,transportation,health,retail,services,andcountlessothersectors.New
technologiesarealreadytransformingoureconomy,andtheyhavethepowerto
[1]
generatetrillionsineconomicoutput. Hillarybelieveswemustharnesstheseforcesso
thattheycreatehigherpayingjobsacrossthecountry,bringmorepeopleintothe
workforce,andreduceinequality.Todothis,weneedtoeducateourpeopleandtrain
ourworkforcesupportentrepreneurshipandpromoteinclusioninthedigitaleconomy
attractandretaintalentedpeoplefromallovertheworldandinvestinresearchand
development,aswellasingettingideastomarket.Specifically,Hillarywill:
InvestinComputerScienceandSTEMEducation:Anewgenerationof
potentialscientists,engineers,coders,andmathematiciansarelearningin
classroomsacrossAmericarightnow.Buttoofewaregettingthehighquality
educationtheyneedtosucceed,especiallyincomputerscienceandSTEMfields.
Lessthanoneinfivehighschoolstudentshasevertakenacomputerscience
courseafigurethathasfallenby24percentoverthepasttwodecades[2]and
only7%ofournationshighschoolsevenoffertheAdvancedPlacementcoursein
ComputerScience.[3]Meanwhile,therewereoverhalfamilliongoodpayingtech
jobsunfilledlastyear[4]andby2020,therewillbe1.4millioncomputerscience
relatedjobsinAmerica,withonly400,000computersciencegraduatestofill
them.[5]Whenouryoungpeoplearentlearningcuttingedgeskills,thisnotonly
holdsthemback,butlimitsourcollectivepotentialasanation.ThatiswhyHillary
will:
ProvideEveryStudentinAmericaanOpportunitytoLearnComputerScience:
HillarysupportstheObamaAdministrationsComputerScienceEducationfor
AllinitiativetoensurethatallpublicschoolstudentsinAmericahaveaccessto
rigorouscomputerscienceeducationbythetimetheygraduatewithin5years.
HillarywillbuildontheAdministrationsinitiativebylaunchingthenext
generationofInvestinginInnovation(i3)grantsassustainedintheEvery
StudentSucceedsAct(ESSA)astheEducationInnovationandResearchProgram.
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Shewilldoubleourinvestmentintheprogram,andestablisha50percentset
asideforscalingCSEducationinnovations.Thesenewcomputersciencegrants
(CSi3grants)willhelpscaleinstructionandlessonprogramsthatare
demonstratedtoimprovestudentachievementorincreasecollegeenrollmentand
completioninCSEdfieldshelpinguspreparethediversetechworkforceof
tomorrow.
EngagethePrivateSectorandNonprofitstoTrainupto50,000ComputerScience
TeachersintheNextDecade:Hillarywilllaunchaninitiativetoexpandthepoolof
computerscienceteachersboththroughrecruitingnewteachersintothefield,
andthroughhelpingcurrentteachersgainadditionaltrainingsothatwetrainan
additional50,000CSteachersinthenexttenyears.Todeliveronthisgoal,Hillary
willcommitfederalfinancialaid,assistancetoprofessionaldevelopment
programs,andsupportforpublicprivatepartnerships.ShellworktoimproveCS
Educationcertificationpathways,andtobroadenongoinglearningopportunities
forCSteacherssotheycanremainuptodateonthecuttingedgedevelopmentsin
thefield.
OtherSTEMInvestments:HillarybelievesthatstrongSTEMprogrammingin
everypublicschooliscriticaltoournationssuccess,andtoreducingeconomic
andsocialinequality.Yettoday,lessthan40%ofhighschoolgraduateshavetaken
aphysicscourse[6]andthelackofSTEMprogrammingisevenmorepronounced
inschoolswithhighconcentrationsofstudentsofcolor.[7]HillarysDepartmentof
Educationwillhelptoreversethisbysupportingstates,cities,andchartersin
developinginnovativeschoolssuchasDenversSchoolofScienceandTechnology
andtheScienceLeadershipAcademyofPhiladelphia,whichhaveproduced
impressiveresultsandengagedunderrepresentedpopulationsinscienceand
technology.Grantscouldalsobeusedtoredesignhighschoolstofocusmoreon
STEMeducationsupportlocaleffortstoimplementmakerspaces,makerfairs,
orroboticscompetitionsinschoolsandafterschoolprogramsortohelpdistricts
buildpartnershipswithlocaluniversitiesandtheprivatesectortoimproveSTEM
education,suchasthepartnershipintheClevelandMetropolitanSchoolDistrict.
BuildtheHumanTalentPipelinefor21stCenturyJobs:Todayseconomy
requiresmoreagile,adaptable,andtechnologicallyliterateworkersthanever
before.Peopleofallagesneedcontinuedaccesstoarangeofhighereducationand
trainingopportunitiesearlycareer,midcareer,andevenlatecareersothatthey
cankeepupwithchangesintechnologyandindustry,andshiftfieldsormoveup
intheirfields.Employersalsoneedabettermechanismforcommunicatingtojob
seekersandeducationalinstitutionswhatsortsofskillsandcompetenciestheyare
lookingfor.Inshort,weneedalifelonglearningsystemthatisbettertailoredto
the21stcenturyeconomyonethatenablesongoingskillsbuilding,emphasizes
portableandperformancebasedcredentials,andenablesemployers,jobseekers,
andeducationproviderstobeinconstantcommunication.Todothat,Hillarywill:
OpenuptheHigherEducationandJobTrainingLandscape:HillarysCollege
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Compactdedicates$10billioninfederalfundingtoenablestudentstoparticipate
inpromisingnewprogramssuchasnanodegrees,acceleratedlearningprograms
forcomputercoding,careerandtechnicaltraining,certificatesfor
specializations,andonlinelearning.Companiesarealreadypartneringwith
universitiesandeducationproviderstocreatedegreeprogramsoutsideof
traditionalsettings,sothatstudentscanobtainskillsdirectlyrelevanttocareer
placements.Hillarywillenablestudentstousefederalstudentaidinthesetypesof
newprograms,aslongastheyareaccountableandhaveproventrackrecordsof
success.Andshewillestablishincentivesforcollegesanduniversitiestoaccept
thesekindsofalternativelearningprogramsascredittowardgraduation.
RebootJobTrainingAroundIndustryNeedsandJobCredentials:Hillarywill
createacompetitivegrantprogramtosupportstateandregionalpublicprivate
partnershipsthatdevelopmethodstotailorjobtrainingopportunitiestomatch
labordemandsintechnologydrivenindustries.Severalpromisinginitiativespoint
thewayforwardincludingColoradosBusinessandSchoolsinCollaboration
(BASIC),theMarkleFoundationsSkillfulinitiative,andtheTechHireplatform
runbyOpportunity@WorkatNewAmerica.Shewouldpayparticularattentionto
supportingthedevelopmentanduseofadvancedtrainingtechnologies
applicationsthatreducethetimeneededforworkerstogaintheskillsthatarea
tickettoamiddleclassjob.Inaparalleleffort,HillarywillinstructtheDepartment
ofLabortomodernizeitssystemofcatalogingindemandjobskills,sothatthereis
betterinformationsharingbetweenemployers,jobseekers,andeducation
providersaboutthecredentialsandcompetenciesemployersareseeking.
DiversifytheTechWorkforce:Hillarywillputaspecialemphasisonminorityand
womenadvancementinthefieldsofresearch,technology,andengineering.She
believeswemustbreakdownthebarrierstofullandequalparticipationbyall
groupsinthe21stcenturyeconomyparticularlyincuttingedgesectors.Thisisnt
onlytherightthingtodo,itsthesmartthingtodo:diversifyingthetechworkforce
cangenerateanadditional$500billioninnewvalueforthetechnologyindustry,
boostingGDPbyupto1.6%.[8]Hillaryscollegeplancreatesa$25billionfundto
supportcollegesthatserveminoritystudents,suchasHistoricallyBlackColleges
andUniversities(HBCUs)andMinorityServingInstitutions(MSIs).Hillarywill
alsoinvest$20billioninyouthjobsandpathwaysforindividualsfrom
disadvantagedcommunitiesthroughsupportformodelslikelinkedlearning,P
Tech,apprenticeships,andCareerAcademies.
IncreaseAccesstoCapitalforGrowthOrientedSmallBusinessesand
StartUps,withaFocusonMinority,Women,andYoung
Entrepreneurs:Technologicalinnovationandjobcreationisoftendrivenby
smallercompaniesandstartupstoday,smallbusinessescreatetwooutofevery
threenewjobs.[9]Butthepercentageofbankloansthathavegonetosmall
businesseshasdeclinedbyonethirdsince2000venturecapitalfundingishighly
clusteredwith70%ofallVCfundinggoingtothreestates,40%goingtoone
[10]
region ,7%goingtofirmswithwomenfounders,andamere1%directedto
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AfricanAmericanwomenfounders.[11]TheresultisthattoofewAmericansare
benefitingfromtheopportunitytoaccesscapitalandputtheirjobcreatingideasto
thetest.Hillarywillsupportentrepreneurshipecosystemsinallpartsofthe
country,withthefederalgovernmentplayingitsparttoincreaseaccesstocapital
forSMEsandstartups,especiallyforminority,womenandyoungentrepreneurs.
Hillarywill:
BuildLocalTechDrivenEconomiesbyInvestinginEntrepreneursandSmall
Businesses:Hillarywantstoseeinnovationclustersandentrepreneurshiphubs,
likeSiliconValley,emergeandthriveacrossthecountry.Sheiscommittedto
supportingincubators,accelerators,mentoringandtrainingfor50,000
entrepreneursinunderservedareas.Andsheiscommittedtoinvestingnewfederal
resourcesinthegrowthofsmallbusinessesintheseareasbyextendingand
makingpermanenttheNewMarketsTaxCredit,doublingTreasurysinvestmentin
theCommunityDevelopmentFinancialInstitutions(CDFI)Fund,doublingthe
StateSmallBusinessCreditInitiative(SSBCI),andbuildingpublicprivate
partnershipstoinvestinlocalinnovation.Hillarybelievesthatbysupporting
entrepreneursinalltypesofcommunities,wecancatalyzeinnovationhubsacross
thecountry,encouragetalentandcapitaltoinvestintheircommunities,andbuild
thrivinglocaleconomies.
DeferStudentLoanstoHelpYoungEntrepreneurs:Asmallerproportionof
millennialstodayarestartingnewventuresascomparedtotheirpredecessors.[12]
ThisisnotforalackofdesiremorethanhalfofAmericasmillennialssaythey
wanttostartabusinessbutbarrierslikestudentdebtandalackofaccessto
creditareholdingyoungpeopleback.[13]Hillaryiscommittedtobreakingdown
barriersandlevelingtheplayingfieldforentrepreneursandinnovatorswhoare
launchingtheirownstartups.Hillarywillallowentrepreneurstoputtheirfederal
studentloansintoaspecialstatuswhiletheygettheirnewventuresoffthe
ground.FormillionsofyoungAmericans,thiswouldmeandefermentfromhaving
tomakeanypaymentsontheirstudentloansforuptothreeyearszerointerest
andzeroprincipalastheyworkthroughthecriticalstartupphaseofnew
enterprises.Hillarywillexploreasimilardefermentincentivenotjusttofounders
ofenterprises,buttoearlyjoinerssuchasthefirst10or20employees.
Additionally,foryounginnovatorswhodecidetolauncheithernewbusinessesthat
operateindistressedcommunities,orsocialenterprisesthatprovidemeasurable
socialimpactandbenefit,shewillofferforgivenessofupto$17,500oftheir
studentloansafterfiveyears.
AttractandRetaintheTopTalentfromAroundtheWorld:Our
immigrationsystemisplaguedbyvisabacklogsandotherbarriersthatprevent
highskilledworkersandentrepreneursfromcomingto,stayingin,andcreating
jobsinAmerica.Fartoooften,werequiretalentedpersonsfromothercountries
whoaretrainedinU.S.universitiestoreturnhome,ratherthanstayinhereand
continuetocontributetooureconomy.Aspartofacomprehensiveimmigration
solution,HillarywouldstapleagreencardtoSTEMmastersandPhDsfrom
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accreditedinstitutionsenablinginternationalstudentswhocompletedegreesin
thesefieldstomovetogreencardstatus.Hillarywillalsosupportstartupvisas
thatallowtopentrepreneursfromabroadtocometotheUnitedStates,build
companiesintechnologyorientedgloballytradedsectors,andcreatemorejobs
andopportunitiesforAmericanworkers.Immigrantentrepreneurswouldhaveto
obtainacommitmentoffinancialsupportfromU.S.investorsbeforeobtainingthe
visa,andwouldhavetocreateacertainnumberofjobsandreachperformance
benchmarksinordertopursueagreencard.
InvestinScienceandTechnologyR&DandMakeTechTransferEasier:
Hillarybelievesthebenefitsofgovernmentinvestmentinresearchand
development(R&D)areprofoundandirrefutabletheygeneratedthesciencethat
spawnedtheinternetandtheHumanGenomeProject,andhavehelpedspark
lucrativenewindustriesandcountlesshighpayingjobs.Yet,federalfundingfor
R&DasashareofGDPislowerthanbeforeSputnik.[14]AsPresident,Hillarywill
looktogrowtheresearchbudgetsofentitiesliketheNationalScienceFoundation,
theDepartmentofEnergy,andDARPA,sothatwecantacklebigchallengeslike
ensuringAmericacontinuestoleadtheworldinHighPerformanceComputing,
greenenergy,andmachinelearning.Hillarywillalsomaketechnologytransfer
easierandmoreefficient,asgettingideastomarketisthecatalystforscaling
innovations.Shewillsupportsettingasideasmallportionoffederalresearch
budgetsforcommercializationcapacitybuildingandacceleratorgrants,and
expandprovenmodelsliketheRegionalInnovationProgramandtheNSFICorps
program.
EnsureBenefitsareFlexible,Portable,andComprehensiveasWork
Changes:ThedigitaleconomyiscreatingexcitingopportunitiesforAmericansto
jointhelaborforceinnewcapacities.Itisenablingpeopletooffertheirservicesas
freelancersandcontractors,toearnextracashthroughflexibleandparttimework
andassortedgigs,andtoconnectwithcustomersandclientsalloverthecountry.
Thesechangesintheeconomyarealsopresentingnewquestionsaboutthefuture
ofworkinAmerica,andabouthowtoensurethatwehaveadequateprotectionsfor
workersandfamilies.Hillarybelievesthatasoureconomychangesandmore
Americanstakeadvantageofnewworkopportunities,thegovernmentmustdoall
thatitcantoensurethatbenefitsareflexible,portable,andcomprehensive.The
AffordableCareAct,whichcreatedasubsidizedhealthinsurancealternativefor
millionsofAmericanswhodonthaveinsurancethroughtheiremployers,madean
enormousdifferenceinensuringhealthsecurity.Wemustconsidermorewaysin
whichthegovernmentcanbuildthenexterasafetynetinotherareas.Hillarywill
conveneahighlevelworkinggroupofexperts,businessandlaborleadersto
recommendhowbesttoensurethatpeoplehavethebenefitsandsecuritythey
neednomatterhowtheywork.
INVESTINGINWORLDCLASSDIGITALINFRASTRUCTURE
Hillarybelievesthathighspeedinternetconnectivityisnotaluxuryitisanecessityfor
st

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economicsuccessandsocialmobilityina21stcenturyeconomy.Despiteconsiderable
progressandprivateinvestmentinthelasteightyearstoclosethedigitaldivide,there
remainsworktobedone.MillionsofAmericanhouseholds,particularlyinruralareas,
[15]
stilllackaccesstoanyfixedbroadbandprovider, around30%ofhouseholdsacross
Americahavenotadoptedbroadband(withmuchhigherlevelsinlowincome
[16]
communities), andAmericanconsumerspaymoreforhighspeedplansthan
[17]
consumersinsomeotheradvancednations. Foryears,Hillaryhasfoughttodeliver
connectivitytoallAmericans.AsPresident,shewillfinishthejobofconnectingevery
householdinAmericatohighspeedbroadband,increaseinternetadoption,andhelp
hookupanchorinstitutionssotheycanofferfreeWiFitothepublic.Hillarywillalso
takeactiontohelpAmericawidelydeploy5Gtechnologythenextgenerationwireless
servicethatwillnotonlybringfasterinternetconnectionstounderservedareas,butwill
enabletheInternetofThingsandahostoftransformativetechnologies.Hillarywill:
ClosetheDigitalDivide:HillarywillfinishthejobofconnectingAmericas
householdstotheinternet,committingthatby2020,100percentofhouseholdsin
Americawillhavetheoptionofaffordablebroadbandthatdeliversspeeds
sufficienttomeetfamiliesneeds.Shewilldeliveronthisgoalwithcontinue
investmentsintheConnectAmericaFund,RuralUtilitiesServiceprogram,and
BroadbandTechnologyOpportunitiesProgram(BTOP),andbydirectingfederal
agenciestoconsiderthefullrangeoftechnologiesaspotentialrecipientsi.e.,
fiber,fixedwireless,andsatellitewhilefocusingonareasthatlackanyfixed
broadbandnetworkscurrently.HillaryalsobackstheFCCsdecisiontoextend
Lifelinesupporttobroadband,andshewillworktoconnectthispolicywith
communitybasedprogramsthathelpcitizenswithenrollment,offerdigital
literacytrainingandexpandaccesstolowcostdevices.
LaunchaModelDigitalCommunitiesGrantProgram:Byleveragingthe
$25billionInfrastructureBanksheplanstoestablish,Hillarywillcreateanew
competitivegrantprogramtogivecities,regions,andstatesincentivestocreatea
modeldigitalcommunity.Theendgoalissimple:encouragelocalitiesto
undertakeactionsthatfostergreateraccesstohighspeedinternetfortheir
residentsataffordablepriceswhetherthroughfiber,wireless,satellite,orother
technologies.Regionswouldcomeforwardwithproposals,andgrantswouldbe
awardedbasedonimpactassessment.Qualifyingproposalsmightseekto:
Reduceregulatorybarrierstotheprivateprovisionofbroadbandservices:
Localitiesmayseektostimulatemoreinvestmentbycurrentornewservice
providersbystreamliningpermittingprocesses,allowingnondiscriminatoryaccess
toexistinginfrastructuresuchasconduitsandpoles,pursuingclimbonce
policiestoeliminatedelays,orfacilitatingdemandaggregation.
Coordinatethedevelopmentofbroadbandinfrastructurewithothermunicipal
services:Localitiesmayseektodevelopinformationandmapsaboutexisting
infrastructureandpursuedigoncepolicies,wherethedevelopmentof
broadbandinfrastructure(i.e.,darkfiber)iscoordinatedwiththedevelopmentand
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maintenanceofothermunicipalinfrastructureandjointtrenchingisenabled
whereappropriate.
Developpublicprivatepartnershipsforbroadband:Hillarywillexplorewaysthat
targetedusesoftheInfrastructureBankcouldfavorablychangetheeconomicsof
privatecapitalinvestmentinexistingornewbroadbandnetworks.Thisapproach
opensthedoortoupgradingnetworks,fillinggapsinunderservedareas,andnew
modelsofpublicprivatepartnerships,suchasinHuntsville,Alabamaand
Westminster,Maryland.
ConnectMoreAnchorInstitutionstoHighSpeedInternet:Tofully
realizethebenefitsoftheinternettoday,peopleneedacontinuumof
connectivitytheabilitytogetonlineintheirhomesandoffices,butalsoin
schools,libraries,transitsystems,andotherpublicspaces.Overthelastfewyears,
theErateprogram,launchedunderPresidentBillClintonandupdatedunder
PresidentObama,aswellastheBTOPprogram,havebroughtultraspeed,fiber
opticbroadbandtoschoolsandlibrariesnationwide.Hillarywillexpandthis
concepttoadditionalanchorinstitutionsbyinvestingnewfederalresources.This
wouldenablerecreationcenters,publicbuildingslikeonestopcareercenters,and
transportationinfrastructuresuchastrainstations,airports,andmasstransit
systems,toaccesstohighspeedinternetandprovidefreeWiFitothepublic.
Deploy5GWirelessandNextGenerationWirelessSystems:Americas
worldleadingrolloutof4Gwirelessnetworksinthefirsthalfofthisdecadehas
beenasuccessstoryforpolicymakers,industry,andAmericanconsumers.The
ObamaAdministrationplayedakeyrolebyrepurposingspectrumandauctioning
licenses,aswellasbymakingnewspectrumavailableforunlicensedtechnologies.
Hillarywillacceleratethisprogressandhelpfostertheevolutionto5G,smallcell
solutions,andothernextgenerationsystemsthatcandeliverfasterwireless
connections.Widelydeployed5Gnetworks,andnewunlicensedandshared
spectrumtechnologies,areessentialplatformsthatwillsupporttheInternetof
Things,smartfactories,driverlesscars,andmuchmoredevelopmentswith
enormouspotentialtocreatejobsandimprovepeopleslives.Hillarywill:
ReallocateandRepurposeSpectrumforNextGenerationUses:Hillarywill
enhancetheefficientuseofspectrumbyacceleratingtheprocessofidentifying
underutilizedbands,includingonesnowusedbythefederalgovernment,thatcan
becomemorevaluableunderrevisedregulatoryregimes.Shewillfocusonthefull
rangeofspectrumusepoliciesincludingnewallocationsforlicensedmobile
broadband,aswellasunlicensedandsharedspectrumapproaches.Shebelieves
thatcreativeusesofshared/nonexclusiveusesofspectrumcouldunleashanew
waveofinnovationinwirelessbroadbandtechnologiesandtheInternetofThings,
muchasWiFididinthefirstgenerationofdigitalservices.
FosteraCivicInternetofThingsthroughPublicInvestments:Hillarywilldedicate
federalresearchfundingtotestbedding,fieldtrials,andotherpublicprivate
endeavorstospeedthedeploymentofnextgenerationwirelessnetworksanda
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civicInternetofThings.Governmentsaroundtheworldarealreadyinvesting
billionsofdollarsindevelopingandcommercializing5Gtechnologies,andHillary
wantsAmericancompaniestoleadtheworldinwirelessinnovation.Her
investmentswillaimatusingadvancedwirelessanddatainnovationtodrivesocial
prioritiesinarangeofareas,suchaspublicsafety,healthcare,environmental
management,trafficcongestion,andsocialwelfareservices.
ADVANCINGAMERICASGLOBALLEADERSHIPINTECH&INNOVATION
HillarystechnologyagendapromotesAmericanvaluesandinterestsintheworld.Inthe
knowledgebased21stcenturyglobaleconomy,themosttechnicallyproficient
economieswillbethemostprosperous.Hillarysplanpairsoureconomicinterestswith
ourdemocraticvalues.WemustpositionAmericaninnovatorstoleadtheworldinthe
nextgenerationoftechnologyrevolutionsfromautonomousvehiclestomachine
learningtopublicserviceblockchainapplicationsandwemustdefenduniversalaccess
totheglobal,digitalmarketplaceofideas.Butwefacechallengestobothofthesegoals.
Thereisfierceglobalcompetitionintheglobaltecheconomy.Andtherearemany
countriesthatwouldratherregulatethaninnovate,orwhodonotshyfromclosingoff
markets,forcingtechnologytransferfromU.S.innovators,orevenshuttingdownthe
internet.FromhertimeasSecretaryofState,HillarywasthechampionofInternet
Freedomandadvancingtechnologicalinnovationaspartofforeignpolicy.She
understandstheinterrelationshipbetweentheseissuesandwilladvanceAmerican
interestseffectively.Hillarywill:
FightforanOpenInternetAbroad:AsSecretaryofState,Hillaryboldlychose
toelevateInternetFreedomtothetoplevelsofAmericanforeignpolicyand
crystallizedtheissueintheinternationalcommunityasacontestbetweenthe
valuesofopenandclosedsocieties.Sheembracedthepoweroftechnologyasan
assetofAmericanleadershipandaninstrumentofAmericanidealsintheworld.
ShewillcontinuethisworkasPresidentfightingforInternetFreedomand
insistingontheresponsibilityofallnationstorespectfreespeechandhuman
rightsonline,aswellastheopenflowofdataacrossbordersandaccesstodigital
markets.Shewillopposeeffortstoblockordegradeinternetaccessortoshutdown
socialmedia,andshewillstandwithlikemindedcountriesagainsteffortsby
countrieslikeChinaorRussiatocreateabalkanizedinternetrunbygovernments.
PromoteMultiStakeholderInternetGovernance:Hillarybelievesthat
internetgovernancethecoordinationofthetechnicalsystemsthatallowthe
internettofunctionseamlesslyacrosstheglobeshouldbelefttotheglobal
communityofengineers,companies,civilsocietygroups,andinternetusers,and
nottogovernments.ThatiswhyasSecretaryofStateshechampionedthe
multistakeholderapproachtointernetgovernanceandvigorouslyfoughtback
againsteffortsbynationalgovernmentstocontroltheinternetthrough
governmentledmultilateralorganizations,suchastheInternational
TelecommunicationsUnion.ShesupportstheDepartmentofCommercesplansto
formallytransitionitsoversightroleinthemanagementoftheDomainName
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Systemtotheglobalcommunityofstakeholders,viewingthetransitionasacritical
steptowardssafeguardingtheinternetsopennessforfuturegenerations.Shewill
continuetofighttodefendtheinternetfromgovernmenttakeoverandtoempower
thoseinternetgovernanceorganizationsthatadvanceinternetopenness,freedom,
andtechnicalinnovation.
GrowAmericanTechnologyExports:Americaleadstheworldintechnology
exports,includingininformationtechnologyhardware,software,andservices.
HillarywillcontinuetofightforAmericanexportsabroadasshedidduringher
tenureasSecretaryofStatetosupportjobsandinnovationhereathome.To
preventforeigncountriesfromabusingtherulesandtakingadvantageof
Americanworkersandbusinesses,shewilladvanceExportControlReform,
pursuepoliciestoprotectU.S.tradesecretsandIP,andresistcallsforforcedtech
transferorlocalizationofdata.ShewillalsobuildontheObamaAdministrations
effortstostopChinascyberenabledeconomicespionageandensurethatChina
adherestoitsinternationalcommitments.Andshewillopposetradeagreements,
liketheTransPacificPartnership,unlesstheymeetherhightestofcreatinggood
payingAmericanjobs,raisingincomes,andenhancingournationalsecurity.
PromoteCyberSecurityatHomeandAbroad:Hillarywillsupportefforts
tostrengthencybersecurity,bothforgovernmentnetworksandfortheprivate
sector.Cybersecurityisessentialtooureconomicandnationalsecurity,anditwill
onlybecomeincreasinglyimportantasmorecommercial,consumer,and
governmentdevicesarenetworked.Shesupportsexpandedinvestmentin
cybersecuritytechnologies,aswellaspublicprivatecollaborationoncybersecurity
innovation,responsibleinformationsharingoncyberthreats,andaccelerated
adoptionofbestpracticessuchastheNationalInstituteofStandardsand
TechnologyCybersecurityFramework.Toensureacoherentstrategyacrossfederal
agencies,shewillbuildontheObamaAdministrationsCybersecurityNational
ActionPlan,especiallytheempowermentofafederalChiefInformationSecurity
Officer,themodernizationoffederalIT,andupgradestogovernmentwide
cybersecurity.
SafeguardtheFreeFlowofInformationAcrossBorders:Thepowerofthe
internetisinpartitsglobalnature.Yetincreasingnumbersofcountrieshave
closedofftheirdigitalbordersorareinsistingondatalocalizationtoattemptto
maintaincontrolorunfairlyadvantagetheirowncompanies.WhenHillarywas
SecretaryofState,theUnitedStatesledtheworldinsafeguardingthefreeflowof
informationincludingthroughtheadoptionbytheOECDcountriesofthefirst
InternetPolicymakingPrinciples.HillarysupportseffortssuchastheU.S.EU
PrivacyShieldtofindalignmentinnationaldataprivacylawsandprotectdata
movementacrossborders.Andshewillpromotethefreeflowofinformationin
internationalfora.
UpdateProceduresConcerningCrossBorderRequestsforDatabyLaw
Enforcement:Hillaryrecognizestheneedforupdated,streamlined,andprivacy
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protectiveproceduresforthesharingofdataacrossbordersinresponseto
legitimatelawenforcementinvestigations.Thecurrentsystemforfulfilling
governmentalrequestsfordatawhichcentersontheMutualLegalAssistance
Treaty(MLAT)processiscumbersomeandtimeconsuming.Thissystem
encouragesdatalocalization,theuseofsurreptitiousmeansofaccessingsought
afterdata,andunilateralassertionsthatoftenputU.S.basedcompaniesinthe
middleofconflictinglegalregimes.HillarywillseektomodernizetheMLAT
process,inkeepingwiththerecommendationsofthePresidentsReviewGroupon
IntelligenceandCommunicationsTechnologies,andpursueagreementswith
likemindedcountriestoallowforlawenforcementagenciestoobtaindataacross
bordersinamannerthatrespectsprivacy,securityandhumanrights.
SETTINGRULESOFTHEROADTOPROMOTEINNOVATIONWHILE
PROTECTINGPRIVACY
Hillarybelievesthegovernmenthasanimportantroletoplayinlayingafoundationfor
broadbasedinnovationandeconomicgrowthbyreducingregulatorybarrierstoentry,
promotinghealthycompetition,andensuringourIPlawseffectivelyrewardcreators
whileallowingforadditionalexperimentation.Atthesametime,shebelievesweshould
beensuringthatadvancesintechnologyandinformationtechnologyprotectindividual
privacyandsecurity.Shewill:
ReduceBarrierstoEntryandPromoteHealthyCompetition:Hillary
believesthatfederal,state,andlocalgovernmentsallhavearoletoplayinlaying
downrulesoftheroadthatfosterinnovation,promotehealthycompetition,and
protectconsumers.Hillarywill:
AppointaChiefInnovationAdvisortoReduceFederalRegulatoryBarriers:Hillary
willmakethereductionofregulatorybarrierstodevelopingnewproductsand
servicesatoppriorityoftheOfficeofManagementandBudgetsOfficeof
InformationandRegulatoryAffairsbyappointingaChiefInnovationAdvisorto
thatoffice.ThisChiefInnovationAdvisorwouldspearheadreformsacrossthe
governmentsuchasthatspurredbythebipartisanFDASafetyandInnovation
Act,whichcreatedapathwayforthequickerapprovalofmedicaldevice
innovationstocatalyzetechnologicaldevelopment.
EncourageStatesandLocalitiestoReduceBarrierstoEntry:Hillarywillchallenge
stateandlocalgovernmentstoidentify,review,andreformlegalandregulatory
obligationsthatprotectlegacyincumbentsagainstnewinnovators.Examples
includestateregulationsgoverningautomotivedealersthatstifleinnovationand
restrictmarketaccess,orlocalrulesgoverningutilitypoleaccessthatrestrain
additionalfiberandsmallcellbroadbanddeployment.
EmpowerFederalEnforcementAuthoritiestoPromoteCompetition:Hillary
supportsPresidentObamasrecentExecutiveOrder,directingallagenciesto
identifyspecificactionstheycantakeintheirareasofjurisdictiontodetect
anticompetitivepracticessuchastyingarrangements,pricefixing,and
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exclusionaryconductandtoreferpracticesthatappeartoviolatefederalantitrust
lawtotheDOJandFTC.
DefendNetNeutrality:Hillarybelievesthatthegovernmenthasanobligation
toprotecttheopeninternet.Theopeninternetisnotonlyessentialforconsumer
choiceandcivicempowermentitisacornerstoneofstartupinnovationand
creativedisruptionintechnologymarkets.HillarystronglysupportstheFCC
decisionundertheObamaAdministrationtoadoptstrongnetworkneutralityrules
thatdeemedinternetserviceproviderstobecommoncarriersunderTitleIIofthe
CommunicationsAct.Theserulesnowbanbroadbanddiscrimination,prohibit
payforplayfavoritism,andestablishoversightofinterconnectionrelationships
betweenproviders.Hillarywoulddefendtheserulesincourtandcontinueto
enforcethem.Shealsomaintainsheroppositiontopoliciesthatunnecessarily
restrictthefreeflowofdataonlinesuchasthehighprofilefightovertheStop
OnlinePiracyAct(SOPA).
ImprovethePatentSystemtoRewardInnovators:Sinceourcountrys
Founding,theUnitedStatespatentsystemhasbeenanenvyoftheworldandhas
helpedpropelinventionsfromthecottongintothecomputer.Hillarywillensure
thepatentsystemcontinuestorewardinnovatorsbyenactingreformsto:
ReduceExcessivePatentLitigation:TheObamaAdministrationmadecritical
updatestoourpatentsystemthroughtheAmericaInventsAct,whichcreatedthe
PatentTrialandAppealsBoard,andthroughothereffortstoreininfrivoloussuits
bypatenttrolls.Butcostlyandabusivelitigationremains,whichiswhyHillary
supportsadditionaltargetedrulechanges.Shesupportslawstocurbforum
shoppingandensurethatpatentlitigantshaveanexustothevenueinwhichthey
aresuingrequirethatspecificallegationsbemadeindemandlettersand
pleadingsandincreasetransparencyinownershipbymakingpatentlitigants
disclosetherealpartyininterest.
StrengthenthePTOsOperationalCapacity:Hillarybelievesitisessentialthatthe
PTOhavethetoolsandresourcesitneedstoactexpeditiouslyonpatent
applicationsandensurethatonlyvalidpatentsareissued.Thatiswhyshe
supportslegislationtoallowthePTOtoretainthefeesitcollectsfrompatent
applicantsinaseparatefundendingthepracticeoffeediversionbyCongress,
andenablingthePTOtoinvestfundsleftoverfromitsannualoperationsinnew
technologies,personnel,andtraining.Hillaryalsobelievesweshouldseta
standardoffasterreviewofpatentapplicationsandclearoutthebacklogofpatent
applications.
EffectiveCopyrightPolicy:Copyrightsencouragecreativityandincentivize
innovatorstoinvestknowledge,time,andmoneyintothegenerationofmyriad
formsofcontent.However,thecopyrightsystemhaslanguishedformanydecades,
andisinneedofadministrativereformtomaximizeitsbenefitsinthedigitalage.
Hillarybelievesthefederalgovernmentshouldmodernizethecopyrightsystemby
unlockingandfacilitatingaccesstoorphanworksthatlanguishedunutilized,
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benefitingneithertheircreatorsnorthepublic.Shewillalsopromoteopen
licensingarrangementsforcopyrightedmaterialanddatasupportedbyfederal
grantfunding,includingineducation,science,andotherfields.Shewillseekto
developtechnologicalinfrastructuretosupportdigitization,search,and
repositoriesofsuchcontent,tofacilitateitsdiscoverabilityanduse.Andshewill
encouragestakeholderstoworktogetheroncreativesolutionsthatremovebarriers
totheseamlessandefficientlicensingofcontentintheU.S.andabroad.
CommercialDataPrivacy:Hillarybelievesadvancesincomputingliketherise
ofbigdataandtheInternetofThingswillyieldtransformativebenefitstopeople.
Butthisfutureraisesimportantquestionsaboutprivacyandfairness.Herpolicy
approachtoprivacywillaffirmstrongconsumerprotectionvaluesthrough
effectiveregulatoryenforcementinanadaptivemanner,encouraginghigh
standardsinindustrywithoutstiflinginnovation.Shewillcarrythroughthat
approachgloballytosupportdataflowsessentialtothedigitaleconomy.
ProtectOnlinePrivacyaswellasSecurity:Hillaryrejectsthefalsechoice
betweenprivacyinterestsandkeepingAmericanssafe.Shewasaproponentofthe
USAFreedomAct,andshesupportsSenatorMarkWarnerandRepresentative
MikeMcCaulsideaforanationalcommissionondigitalsecurityandencryption.
Thiscommissionwillworkwiththetechnologyandpublicsafetycommunitiesto
addresstheneedsoflawenforcement,protecttheprivacyandsecurityofall
Americansthatusetechnology,assesshowinnovationmightpointtonewpolicy
approaches,andadvanceourlargernationalsecurityandglobalcompetitiveness
interests.
SMARTERANDMOREINNOVATIVEGOVERNMENT
Hillarybelievesthat,beyondenablinginnovationandeconomicgrowth,weshouldlook
totechnologyanddatatoprovidebetterservicestotheAmericanpeople,andmake
governmentsmarterandmoreeffective.Specifically,Hillarywill:
MakeGovernmentSimplerandMoreUserFriendly:Thefederal
governmenttoooftenoperateswithwebsitesdesignedfromanotherera.Theyare
toocomplicated,toohardtouse,andrarelydesignedformobilephonesortablets.
AftertherockyreleaseofHealthcare.gov,theObamaAdministrationlaunchedthe
U.S.DigitalService,withasmallgroupoftechnologistsintheWhiteHouseand
thevisionofdeployingsmalltechnologyteamsthroughoutfederalagencies.The
U.S.DigitalServiceisalreadydeliveringresultsmakingiteasierforstudentsand
theirfamiliestocomparecollegeoptions,andeasierforapplicantstofile
immigrationforms.ButUSDSandsimilarprogramsareonlyintheirinfancy.
Hillarywill:
MakeDigitalServicesaPermanentPriorityforFederalAgencies:Hillarywillmake
theUSDSandotherdigitalservicesapermanentpartoftheexecutivebranchto
ensurethattechnicalinnovationbecomesanongoingfeatureofAmerican
governance.Thereshouldbeaconstantflowoftechnologyanddesignexperts
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workingtomakeiteasierforAmericanstogetaffordablehealthinsurance,apply
forstudentloans,orgettheveteransbenefitstheydeserve.Hillarywillexpand
dedicatedDigitalServiceteamsthroughoutfederalagencies(includingcivil
servantsandoutsideexperts),andensurethatCIOsarepartofthisinnovation
agenda.Shewillmaintainsupportforotherfederaltechprograms18F,
InnovationFellows,andInnovationLabsandlooktothemtodevelopa
coordinatedapproachtotacklingpressingtechnologyproblems.Shewillalso
explorewaystoleveragethesecapabilitiestohelpourstateandlocalgovernments
withtheirowntechissuesandagencies.
TransformtheTop25citizenfacingGovernmentServices:Hillarywillchargethe
USDSwithtransforminganddigitizingthetop25federalgovernmentservicesthat
directlyservecitizens.Foreachone,theUSDSwouldredesignthemtomeetthe
needsofcitizensinthe21stcenturypublishdetailedperformanceandcustomer
servicemetrics,includingcreatingaYelpforgovernmentthatallowsforeasy
citizenratingandembracetheindustrybestpracticeofcontinuoussite
improvement.Hillarywillmakesurethatgovernmentdeliversonresultsfor
citizens.
EliminateInternalBarrierstoGovernmentModernization:Thefederal
governmentusescumbersomeprocessesforbuyinginformationtechnologyand
hiringtechnicalexperts.Andithasoutdatedlawsandruleswhichimposeinternal
impedimentstobuildingmoderndigitalservicesi.e.,itcantakemanymonthsto
makesimplechangestoawebsiteorgetadigitalformapproved.Hillarywill
streamlineprocurementprocessesandgetridofunnecessaryinternalredtapethat
preventsgovernmentfromdevelopingintuitiveandpersonalizeddigitalexperience
thattheyhavecometoexpectfromgreatconsumerinternetcompanies.
UsetheBestandMostCostEffectiveTechnology:Thefederalgovernmentspends
nearly$90billionininformationtechnologybuttheAmericantaxpayerdoesntget
$90billioninvalue.Hillarywillmakeiteasierforthefederalgovernmenttofind,
try,andbuyinnovativetechnologyincludingopensourcesoftware.Shewould
alsobreaklargefederalITprojectsintosmallerpieces,soitwillbeeasiertostop
projectsthatareoverbudgetorfailingtomeetuserneeds,andalsomorefeasible
forsmallandmediumsizedbusinessestosupportpublicserviceprojects.
OpenupMoreGovernmentDataforPublicUses:TheObama
Administrationbrokenewgroundinmakingopenandmachinereadablethe
defaultfornewgovernmentinformation,launchingData.govandchargingeach
agencywithmaintainingdataasavaluableasset.Withmoreaccessibledatasets,
entrepreneurscancreatenewproductsandservices,citizenscanevaluatemore
effectivelyhowthegovernmentdoesitjob,researcherscanlookfornewinsights
andgovernmentcanworkbetter.Hillarywillcontinueandacceleratethe
Administrationsopendatainitiatives,includinginareassuchashealthcare,
education,andcriminaljustice.ShewouldfullyimplementtheDATAActtomake
governmentspendingmoretransparentandaccountabletotheAmericanpeople,
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improvingUSASpending.govsothatAmericanscanmoreaccuratelyseehowand
wheretheirtaxpayerdollarsarespent.Shewouldalsobringanopendata
approachtoregulationmakingiteasierforbusinessestosubmitstructureddata
insteadofdocuments,andbringinggreatertransparencytofinancialandother
marketssothatregulators,watchdoggroups,andtheAmericanpeoplecanmore
easilyidentifyfraudandillegalbehavior.
HardenFederalNetworkstoImproveCybersecurity:U.S.government
networkshavelongbeensubjecttointrusionsfromhackerswithvarious
affiliationsandobjectives.Hillaryiscommittedtoincreasingthesecurityofour
governmentnetworks,makingitharderforhackerstogainunauthorizedaccess.
Shewillprioritizetheenforcementofwellknowncybersecuritystandards,suchas
multifactorauthentication,aswellasthemitigationofrisksfromknown
vulnerabilities.Shewillencouragegovernmentagenciestoconsiderinnovative
toolslikebugbountyprograms,modeledontheDefenseDepartmentsrecent
HackthePentagoninitiative,toencouragehackerstoresponsiblydisclose
vulnerabilitiestheydiscovertothegovernment.Andshewillbolsterthe
governmentsabilitytotestitsowndefensesbyincreasingthecapacityofelite,
clearedgovernmentredteamstohelpagenciesfindandfixvulnerabilitiesbefore
hackersexploitthem.
FacilitateCitizenEngagementinGovernmentInnovation:TheObama
Administrationhasencouragedagenciestousenewapproachestoimprovetheir
functionsandbetterservetheAmericanpeople.Inturn,agenciesarenowusing
incentiveprizestouncovercreativesolutionsfromcitizensolvers,IdeaLabsto
empowerfrontlineemployees,andflexibleprocurementauthoritiestoengage
startups.Hillarywillchampionthesestrategies,puttinginnovationattheheartof
hermanagementagenda.ShewilldirectthemembersofherCabinettoincrease
thenumberoffederalemployeesthatidentifyandimplementnewideasfrom
citizensandbusinessestohelpgovernmentservethecountrymoreeffectively.
UseTechnologytoImproveOutcomesandDriveGovernment
Accountability:Advancesindataanalytics,presentation,andcommunications
havedrivenatransformationinhowmodernbusinessestracktheirperformance,
bothinternallyandexternally.Datadrivendashboardsthatpresentan
organizationsgoalsandtheirperformanceagainstthosegoalsareincreasinglythe
norm,asistheopencommunicationofthisperformancedatatotheentire
organization.TheObamaAdministrationembracedthismanagementapproachby
creatingperformance.gov,whichpresentsgoalsandprogressformajor
governmentagencies.Hillarywillalsoembracethispracticeofprioritizedgoal
settingandperformancetrackingforthefederalgovernment.Heragendaand
prioritieswouldbeclearlyarticulatedonperformance.govprogressagainstthese
goalswouldbedemonstrated,usinguptodate,realtimedataandissuesblocking
progresswouldbepresented,alongwithactionplanstoaddressthem.By
promotingthishightypeoftransparencyandaccountability,andleveraging
technologytodosoinarealtimemanner,citizenswilldevelopgreaterconfidence
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thattheirgovernmentisworkingfortheircommongood.
[1]

Manyika,Jamesetal.,DisruptiveTechnologies:AdvancesthatwillTransformLife,
Business,andTheGlobalEconomy,McKinseyGlobalInstitute,May2013.
http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/disruptive_technologies.
[2]TheNationsReportCard,Washington,D.C.:TheNationalCenterforEducation
Statistics,InstituteofEducationSciences,U.S.DepartmentofEducation,2011.
[3]Ofthe42,000publicandprivatesecondaryschools,only3,075highschoolswere
accreditedtoteachAPComputerScience.Formoreinformation,seeInformation
Technology&InnovationFoundation,TheCaseforImprovingU.S.ComputerScience
Education(2016)andNationalCenterforEducationStatistics,Table91:Numberof
publicschooldistrictsandpublicandprivateelementaryandsecondaryschools:
Selectedyears,186970through200910(2011).
[4]TheWhiteHouse,ComputerScienceforAll,Jan.2016,
https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/01/30/computerscienceall.
[5]Nager,AdamsandAtkinson,Robert,TheCaseforImprovingU.S.Computer
ScienceEducation,TheInformationTechnology&InnovationFoundation,May2016.
http://www2.itif.org/2016computerscienceeducation.pdf.
[6]http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED547651.pdf
[7]Gewertz,Catherine,FederalDataShowUnequalAccesstoChallengingMathand
ScienceCourses,EducationWeek,June2016.
[8]IntelCorporationandDalbergGlobalDevelopmentAdvisors,DecodingDiversity:
TheFinancialandEconomicReturnstoDiversityinTech(2016).
[9]SmallBusinessTrends,TheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministration,
https://www.sba.gov/managingbusiness/runningbusiness/energy
efficiency/sustainablebusinesspractices/smallbusinesstrends.Seealso:The
ImportanceofYoungFirmsforEconomicGrowth,TheKauffmanFoundation,
September2015.
[10]

Mills,Karen,ThreeKeystoaBetterU.S.EntrepreneurEconomy,October2013.
http://karengmills.com/formersbachiefon3keystoabetterusentrepreneur
economy/.
[11]Andrew,Erin,BridgingtheGenderCapitalGenderGap,TheSmallBusiness
Administration,May2016.https://www.sba.gov/blogs/bridgingventurecapital
gendergap.
[12]Steinberg,Sarah,PromotingEntrepreneurshipAmongMillennials,TheCenterfor
AmericanProgress,November2014.
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2014/11/10/100804/promoting
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entrepreneurshipamongmillennials/.
[13]Ibid.Seealso:http://www.consumerfinance.gov/dataresearch/research
reports/studentloanaffordability/
[14]Atkinson,Robert,RestoringInvestmentinAmericasEconomy,Information
Technology&InnovationFoundation,June2016.
[15]

2015BroadbandProgressReport,FederalCommunicationsCommission,February
2015.https://www.fcc.gov/reportsresearch/reports/broadbandprogress
reports/2015broadbandprogressreport.
[16]

CommunityBasedBroadbandSolutions,TheExecutiveOfficeofthePresident,The
WhiteHouse,January2015.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/community
based_broadband_report_by_executive_office_of_the_president.pdf.
[17]

InternationalBroadbandDataReport,FederalCommunicationsCommission,
February2015,at9,12,https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA15
132A1.pdf.

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