Lighting Guide Lumiance 4 Lighting Guide. 2 Illuminance level 3 Glare prevention 3.4 32 33 4 Types of Lumiance fixtures. at 42 43 44 45 46 5 Fixture data. 5.1 5.2 53 54 55 5.6 57 58 5.9 5.10 5.11 6 _ Lighting of light-sensitive objects 61 62 63 64 65 66 7 _ Lighting terminology .. zl 72 73 74 75 76 17 78 79 7.10 7M 7.12 7.13 Shielding. Placing fixtures Rooms with computer displays General lighting Accent lighting Wall washing Local lighting Decorative lighting Emergency lighting Polar diagram Cartesian diagram . Performance cone Isolux curve Fast calculation table Utilization Factor (UF) svsnuneme Energy consumption per 100 Ix per m’. luminance in standard grid EULUMDAT see Unified Glare Rating (UGR) Séllner Diagram. Prevention of damage .. Light fastness . Advised maximum illuminance Filters Calculation of the allowed illumination time Damage prevention with Lumiance products Light. Luminous flux Mluminance Luminance Colour temperature. Colour rendering index. Uniformity ratio SHR. Room index k. Maintenance factor ‘Specific luminous flux Light Output Ratio (LOR). Utilization Factor (UF)...Lighting Guide Lumiance 1 Lighting Guide This guide provides background information for the application of Lumiance fixture data, Lighting levels, glare values and other photometric characteristics of lighting projects can be assessed with graphs and diagrams from data sheets or with ‘computer calculations. Technical data of Lumiance fixtures is available on paper in the form of tables and graphs and also as files for use in ‘computer programs. A computer program is also available. Legal requirements are indicated for guidance only. In some countries and in specific projects, different regulations may apply. If in doubt, consult an expert. 2 Mluminance level To determine how much light is required, account must be taken of the type of visual task: © To be able to safely find the emergency exit in a building, 1 Ix is sufficient © To be able to distinguish facial expressions, approx. 20 Ix is required * For accent lighting in shop windows, 1500 — 2000 Ix is usual ‘© Operation tables must be illuminated with a minimum of 5000 Ix In rooms where people work, legal minima apply for the illuminance, depending on the room and ‘on the visual task, Examples from European standard EN12464, Lighting of Indoor Work Places: 50 Ix stable 75 ix parking area 100 x storage space 200 Ix canteen 300 Ix classroom 500 Ix professional kitchen 750 ix fine assembly work 2000 Ix engraving installation 5000 Ix operation table These minima relate to the average illuminance in the working area. The uniformity in the working area may not be less than 0.7, and not less than 0.5 In the immediate surroundings. ‘The initial illuminance values must be higher than the legal minima, because account must be taken of light degradation caused by contamination and ageing of lamps and fixtures.Lighting Guide Lumiance 3. Glare prevention Glare occurs when one part of the visual field is much brighter than the average brightness to which the visual system is adapted. Glare is divided into discomfort glare and disability glare. Measures have to be taken to limit discomfort glare in lighting installations, Disability glare impairs Discomfort glare causes symploms Vision of visual fatigue 3.1 Shielding A shielding angle can be stated for open fixtures and for fixtures that are supplied with a clear, non-structured covering. The shielding angle is the angle from which the lamp or its reflection in the reflector is no longer visible. > The following minima apply according to the European standard EN 12461, Lighting of Indoor Work Places. Luminance (ked/m2) Example Minimum shielding angle (°) 1 to 20 fluorescent tube 10 20 to 50 compact fluorescent lamp 15 50 to 500 discharge lamp (mat) 20 more than 500 discharge lamp (clear) 30 3.2. Placing fixtures Reflections from fixtures on glossy paper can make it difficult to read printed matter. This type of glare is called veiling glare. Fixtures must be placed in the room such that veiling glare is avoided ©Lighting Guide Lumiance 3.3 Rooms with computer displays The European standard EN 12464, Lighting of Indoor Work Places, contains regulations with regard to the allowed luminance of fixtures of which the mirror image can be visible in computer displays. If light is emitted at an angle of 65° or more to the vertical axis of a fixture, the luminance above this angle may not be more than 1000 cd/m*. When using displays with light characters on a dark background, a maximum of 200 cd/m? applies. According to the British standard CIBSE LG3, fixtures can be subdivided into three categories: * Category 1 - 55° Suited for rooms where people work intensively with computer displays * Category 2 - 65° Suited for rooms where people work regularly with computer displays * Category 3 - 75° Suited for rooms where people now and then perform simple work with ‘computer displays For all three categories, the luminance may not exceed 200 cd/m* above the stated angles. 4 Types of Lumiance fixtures 4.1 General lighting General artificial lighting is provided by ceiling fixtures that are installed in a regular pattern. General lighting is mostly soft in nature with few shadows and differences in brightness. 4.2. Accent lighting Accent lighting is used to emphasise the characteristic aspects of an interior or as an eye catcher in shop windows, shops, galleries or in the living room. Accent lighting is achieved by locally increasing the illuminance and by consciously introducing shadows to enhance the three- dimensional effect. For the local increase of the illuminance, beamed light is required 4.3. Wall washing With wall washing, the walls are illuminated as evenly as possible. This can be done for functional reasons, for esthetical purposes or to improve visual comfort. In rooms with general lighting the contrast ratios in the field of vision improve if the walls are also illuminated. This can be done with wall washers or with accent lighting fixtures.Lighting Guide Lumiance 4.4 Local lighting Extra fixtures are often placed in task areas. The necessary illuminance depends on the character of the task that is being performed 4.5 Decorative lighting Certain types of lighting fixtures are used for beautification rather than for lighting purposes. 4.6 Emergency lighting Emergency lighting should start automatically as soon as the mains voltage drops below 70% of its rated value. See the Lumiance Emergency Lighting Guide for further details. 5 Fixture data Technical data of Lumiance fixtures is available on paper in the form of tables and graphs and also as files for use in computer programs. A computer program is also available. For reflector lamps, the data from the lamp manufacturer must be used. 5.1 Polar diagram The polar diagram is the graphic representation of the luminous intensity in different directions. light distribution «The value of the luminous intensity is indicated in candelas per 1000 lumen (cd/kim). This value must be multiplied by the luminous flux of the used lamp(s). Example: 1000 cd/kim ‘corresponds with 400 ed with a 400 Im lamp and with 1100 ced with an 1100 Im lamp. If two curves are plotted in one diagram, the intensity distributions are different in two vertical planes or in all four half planes: CO, C90, C180 and C270. C0 is one of the two half planes perpendicular to the axis of, the lamp. The half plane in which the highest luminous | intensity has been measured is taken as CO in Lumiance data files. Gamma (y) is the angle between the optical axis of the luminaire and the direction in which a particular luminous intensity value has been measured.Lighting Guide Lumiance 5.2 Cartesian diagram The Cartesian diagram is the graphic representation of the luminous intensity in different directions. The difference with the polar diagram is that rectangular «a? coordinates are used in the Cartesian diagram instead of polar Cy coordinates. The scales are therefore easier to read, but the shape « of the light distribution is more difficult to assess. « | The values are indicated in candelas per 1000 lumen (cd/kim). This value must be multiplied by the luminous flux of the used lamps. . Example: 1000 cd/kim corresponds with 400 cd with a 400 Im lamp and with 1100 ed with an 1100 Im lamp. Iftwo curves are plotted in one diagram, the distribution is different in two vertical planes. 5.3 Performance cone The performance cone gives an indication of whether the fixture emits a narrow or a wide beam of light. The diagram also shows the illuminance at the centre of the beam Emax for different distances h between the fixture and an illuminated object. Cone angle 94° Lamp flux. 3600 Im h 2 Emax (mim) ) 1 2A 670 With accent lighting, the beam diameters give an impression of the 2 43 167 __size of the light spot with different distances between the fixture and 3 64 74 anilluminated object. With downlights placed in a grid, the beam 4 86 42 diameter is also a means to broadly assess the degree of uniformity. 5 107 a If two beam angles are indicated in one diagram, this concerns a fixture with a non-rotationally ‘symmetrical distribution. In this case, the data of two vertical planes are presented, The illuminance can be expressed in lux (Ix) and this illuminance then applies to a specific lamp. However, the luminance can also be expressed in lux per 1000 lumens (Ix/kim). These values must be multiplied by the luminous flux of the used lamp. Example: 1000 kim corresponds with 400 Ix with a 400 Im lamp and with 1100 Ix with an 1100 Im lamp. 5.4 Isolux curve The isolux lines indicate the points of equal illuminances. These curves give an idea of the illuminance on the reference plane if the fixture is suspended at a certain height For uplighters and wall fixtures, the stated suspension height in a room with the stated dimensions and the also-stated reflection ‘ values of ceiling, walls and floor are assumed. The same standard room is used each time to enable comparison between fixtures : Different values will be obtained in other rooms. }— | —~ The illuminance can be expressed in lux (Ix) and this illuminance. 2 then applies to a specific lamp. However, the luminance can also be ( ye ) expressed in lux per 1000 lumens (Ikim). These values must be multiplied by the luminous flux of the used lamp. Example: 1000 oie kim corresponds with 400 Ix with a 400 Im lamp and with 1100 bx o Lj 3 if with an 1100 Im lampLighting Guide 5.5 Fast calculation table {ast calculation table (ra. 807 80/30) = ph [2x TCU EW ZG OTT eff mais nok . x5] af af a] af afta] | 25 a oat ap af af ay 265 af af af a} af a] res] 2| 2] | af alata] sol 2ssf 2] 2] 2] af 4] als] | 2e5|_2{ 2] af af af af | res] s{_ 3] al 5] 7|_ ala] roof 25] af «| af_s| 7] _e| 9] 0 205] af «ff of 7] ef 9] ad Lumiance The fast calculation table is intended for a fast estimate of the required number of fixtures. No account is taken of the shape of the room or the reflection factors of reflecting surfaces. Mounting height Lph = room height — table height. Examples: The average illuminance is E = 50 Ix with 4 fixtures placed in a room of 70 mat. suspension height Lph = 2.65 m. With 8 fixtures the average illuminance is E = 100 Ix. The average illuminance increases almost proportionally with the number of fixtures, so 16 fixtures will give about 200 Ix. 5.6 Utilization Factor (UF) llizaion factors TMS c F [ors] 20 [ras [as [20 [28 [a0 [40 [50 7 2] 66| 70] 7a] 75] 7a] eo] oi] a3] 0 710 2] ei{ 5] sa] 70] va] ro] re] oo] en so 20] 65| 9] 72] 7| 76] ve] 70] ao] at ws] 2] ar] eo) mi] vm] vo] rm] va] 00 10 2] oof | or] | 72] 74] vo] va] ro ao 2 e2| o6| ca| ro] 7| z| 75| ro| 7 o 0 0] s| «| «| e| «| mo] nm] a] | Ezm wap apts ‘Seo 050 ‘Sires 000 The Utilization Factor indicates which percentage of the light reaches the working surface. The UF depends on the shape of the room (see room index) and on the reflection factors of reflecting surfaces. Example: From the table, we can read that UF = 78% with room index k = 2 and with reflection factors Ceiling 70% Wall 50% Floor 20%. With UF = 78%, the avera placed in a room of 100 m e illuminance is E = 998 Ix if 10 fixtures with 4 lamps of 3200 Im are E = 0.78 x 10 x 4 x 320/100 = 998 Ix)Lighting Guide Lumiance 5.7 Energy consumption per 100 Ix per m* Eneray cons Correction factors (a) lper 100 tux per m? lcrwir = rorsor20% k=25 Reflctances (4) Lemp fx = 3600 Im Gelling 80 80 50 80 80 70 70 50 30 0 Walt 50 30 30 50 30 50 30 30 30 0 Low toss TC-D26W G24d3 Floor «30-30-30 8 10-20-20 10 10 0 PLuminaice (W) 62 Room indox k P*qwrt00im!) 5.3 os 56 48 47 54 45 54 47 45 45 39 4 77 68 66 72 65 73 G6 64 63 57 45 94 86 82 85 80 88 82 78 77 7 25 109 102 96 95 92 100.95 89 8 83 a 414 108 100 98 96 104 100 93 92_87 P* (W/100Ix.m?) is the energy consumption per 100 Ix per m?. This figure indicates the relationship between energy consumption and light output. PL (W)is the energy consumption per fixture (Luminaire), including ballast. With these two facts, it can be determined how many fixtures are required to illuminate a certain surface with a certain average illuminance and what the energy consumption will be. The values are calculated for a room with room index of k = 2.5 and reflection factors Ceiling 70% Wall 50% Floor 20% with a maintenance factor of 0.8. If k or the reflection values are different, the stated values must be corrected with the correction percentage from the correction table. 5.8 illuminance in standard grid Lighting ever in Correction factors () standard grid Jerid (my (hs) Roflectancos (36) 2x12 807 Celing 80 60 50 80 80 70 70 50 30 0 2x18 538 Ws 50 20 20 50 30 §0 20 20 20 0 axis 369 Floor 30 30 30 80 10 20 20 10 10 0 ax24 269 Room index k iax30 215 os 50 48 47 54 45 54 47 45 45 99 24x24 202 1 77 68 66 72 65 73 66 of 63 57 aex30 161 15 94 86 82 85 80 88 82 78 77 71 s0x30 129 25 109 102 96 96 92 100 95 89 as 83 2 114 108 100 99 96 104 10093 92_@7 The illuminance in a standard grid gives the illuminance when the fixtures are positioned in a regular grid, for instance in a suspended ceiling ‘The values are calculated for a room with a room index of k = 2.5 and reflection factors Ceiling 70% Wall 50% Floor 20% with a maintenance factor of 0.8. If k or the reflection values are different, the stated values can be corrected with the correction percentage from the correction table. 5.9 EULUMDAT The photometric data of Lumiance fixtures is available as computer files in EULUMDAT format. This makes it possible to perform calculations for lighting projects with your own software. EULUMDAT data can be used in virtually any European lighting calculation software package and also in many North-American lighting calculation software packagesLighting Guide Lumiance 5.10 Unified Glare Rating (UGR) The UGR method relates to glare from ceiling fixtures that are placed in a regular pattern European standard EN 12461, Lighting of Indoor Work Places, contains a table in which the maximum allowed UGR value is prescribed per type of room and per type of activity. The UGR method produces a scale figure: below 13 no glare 13-16 suited for accurate eye tasks 16-19 suited for average eye tasks 19-22 Suited for moderate eye tasks 22-28 suited for simple eye tasks above 28 not suited for work lighting dlare rating according to UGR p-seling ro] 70] 50] so] 0] vo 70] so[ so] 30 owas so| so] so[ sof of so[ a0[ so[ so] 0 p-workplane zolzo[20[ 20[ 20 of 20] z0[ 20] 20 room dimensions Viewed crosswise Viewed endwise * ¥ TAH [isa te? 166 te9 ti) ies Ter is6 68 17a 3H | 155 166 158 168 170/156 165 158 188 170 an |ie1 a7 tee a3 7s] 161 171 164 173 175. eH | 185 174 188 177 179] 165 174 168 177 173 aH | is7 i768 170 q9 ii] %67 79 170 179 7181 vu | 168 178 17.1 180 183/168 178 17.1 180 183 44 oH | 152 181 154 163 165] 152 161 154 183. 165 aH | 465 174 188 ty ire] we5 74 188 q77 179 44 | 72 181 175 184 ie7| 72 181 175 184 187 cH | 475 182 178 186 189/775 182 178 186 189 eH | 477 184 te tas toi] 77 184 191 198 193 vaH | 180 187 185 191 195] 180 187 185 191 195 si an 473 180 177 183 187/173 180 17.7 183 187 6H | 182 189 ta 193 197| 12 189 186 193 197 BH | 186 132 190 198 201/185 192 190 198 201 san | 187 192 192 197 202] 187 192 192 197 202 wh an | a78 192 379 186 190] 775 182 179 196 190 6H | 184 190 188 194 199] 184 190 188 194 199 aH | 136 191 191 198 201] 16 181 191 196 201 TaRATOT OT OUSETVET POSTION 10H +08, wou oz 15H +o. toa 08 20H 40.8 joe 40 anger bie Bko4 KOs correction foclurinaice 84 84 lars ACES or SORTIORST TOOT When the dimensions and the reflection factors of a room are known, the uncorrected UGR value can be read from the UGR table of a fixture. The number found must be corrected for: ©The position of the observer +The actual distance between the fixtures ©The actual lamps usedLighting Guide Lumiance 5.11. Séllner Diagram class glare rating for service value of Wuminance (i) x a ino [2000 7500. 7000 | 765-00 00 o 2000-| 1000 | 800 | 200 = zo | i000 | 200 | 0 a e |, luminance curve(s) 18. es co-c180 os" —_ 2 Lamp type r—] SSP 1 xQT-ax 12 50W GY6.35 \ +1000 im so . I 1a os is 1 2 3 4 867 90 2030 — L (kod?) — Type The Séllner Diagram is a graphical representation of the calculated luminance values in the area between 45 and 85 degrees to the vertical. Measures to limit discomfort glare by downlights mainly relate to this area. The slanted lines indicate the allowed limit values. The limit values depend on the quality class of the eye task and on the rated value of the illuminance. 6 _ Lighting of light-sensitive objects 6.1 Prevention of damage Light can damage objects. The risk of damage from interior lighting is less than from sunlight. Sunlight can reach values of up to 100 000 Ix, while the illuminance from interior lighting will mostly be below 2000 Ix. Besides the amount of light produced, the spectral composition of the light is also a determining factor. In particular, blue, violet and ultraviolet light are harmful The damage increases proportionally to the illumination time and the illuminance. A restriction of the illuminance and the lighting time are therefore the most important measures to prevent damage. Filters can be used as an additional measure. 6.2 Light fastness The light fastness of an object can be established by subjecting samples of the materials to accelerated ageing under a strong light source, and then comparing them with materials with a known light fastness such as the ‘Light fastness scale’ according to DIN 54004. Permissible illumination time with 1000 Ix unfiltered daylight Class |llumination time 1 70h 2 150h 3 300 h 4 600 h 5 1200hLighting Guide Lumiance 6 2.500h 7 5000h 8 10 000 h The following are highly light sensitive: Watercolours, postage stamps, prints, parchment, manuscripts, tapestries, feathers and wax. The following are fairly light sensitive: Oil paintings, wood, cork, untanned leather, bone, ivory, hom, mother of pear! and natural rubber. The following are insensitive to light: Glass, enamel, glazing and all types of stone and metal, jewellery. With some materials, the light sensitivity of specific types and qualities can differ considerably. The following are light sensitive to varying degrees: Paint, lacquer, ink, plastic, paper, textile and photographic products. 6.3 Advised maximum illuminance Highly light sensitive 50 Ix Fairly ight sensitive 150 Ix Slightly light sensi 300 Ix 6.4 Filters UV radiation can be filtered out with UV filters. This reduces the harm caused by light sources. To make a comparison between different lighting systems possible, the operation of light source + filter is given with respect to unfiltered daylight. ‘An extension factor of roughly 4 with respect to unfiltered daylight is the highest achievable value with an artificial light source in combination with a UV filter. A higher extension factor can only be achieved by also filtering out the blue part of the visible light. This naturally has an unfavourable effect on the colour reproduction and the light output. 6.5 Calculation of the allowed illumination time T=kt1000/E Where: T = _ the allowed illumination time in hours k extension factor t = _ permissible time in hours at 1000 Ix, unfiltered daylight E = _ illuminance (Ix) Example: newsprint in light fastness class | In sunlight (100 000 Ix) and extension factor 1, the permissible illumination time is 1x 70 x 100/100 000 = 0.7 hour. In halogen light (200 lux) and extension factor 2.3, the permissible illumination time is 2.3 x70 x 1000/200 = 805 hours. In UV-filtered halogen light (200 lux) and extension factor 3.5, the permissible illumination time is 3.5 x 70 x 1000/200 = 1225 hours. 6.6 Damage prevention with Lumiance products Fixtures for incandescent lamps, extension factor 2.7 - 3.5 The extension factor of incandescent lamps with respect to unfiltered daylight is 2.7. By dimming, this factor can be increased to 3.5. Here, the light colour changes from warm white to yellow. If there is further dimming, the light colour goes to orange and then to red. From a conservation viewpoint, lighting with red light is preferredLighting Guide Lumiance Fixtures for halogen reflector lamps, extension factor 2.5 - 3.5 Lumiance recommends that only halogen reflector lamps with a front glass be used. With lamps with a front glass of borosilicate glass, the extension factor is 2.5 with respect to unfiltered daylight. QR-CB *UV-stop” lamps can be used in all Lumiance fixtures for QR-CB. The extension factor is approx. 3.5 with respect to unfiltered daylight. Fixtures for halogen capsules, extension factor 2.5 — 3.5 Fixtures for QT halogen lamps are supplied as standard with a front glass. In this case, the extension factor is 2.5 with respect to unfiltered daylight With “UV-stop” QT lamps, the same effect is achieved as with a normal QT lamp in combination with a UV fiter. The extension factor is approx. 3.5 with respect to unfiltered daylight, Fixtures for high-pressure metal-halide, extension factor 1.1 - 2.1 Fixtures for high-pressure metal-halide lamps are supplied standard with a safety glass with an ‘extension factor of 1.1 with respect to unfiltered daylight. UV filters can be supplied for these fixtures. The extension factor of these filters is 2.1 with respect to unfiltered daylight. Fixtures for high-pressure sodium lamps, extension factor 4 High-pressure sodium lamps do not produce UV radiation. These lamps can be used without a filter. The extension factor is approx. 4 with respect to unfiltered daylight. Fixtures for fluorescent lamps, extension factor 1.9 - 2.7 With fluorescent lamps, the extension factor depends on the light colour (cool white approx. 1.9, warm white approx. 2.7). 7 Lighting terminology 7.1 Light The human eye is sensitive for electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 380 and 720 nm, If the wavelength is less than 380 nm, itis called ultraviolet light; if the wavelength is higher than 720 nm, itis called infra-red light (thermal radiation). 7.2. Luminous flux Phi (Im) The luminous flux is the amount of visible electromagnetic radiation, measured in lumens (Im). The lamp manufacturers specify the rated luminous flux of their lamps. The luminous flux is expressed in lumens (Im). Luminous flux is measured in an Ulbricht sphere.Lighting Guide Lumiance Luminous intensity I= Philsr (cd) The luminous intensity always relates to a certain direction and is connected with the operation of reflectors and diffusers. The luminous intensity is the luminous flux radiated in a certain solid angle (s1), divided by this solid angle. The luminous intensity is expressed in candelas (cd). Luminous intensity distributions of luminaires are measured in a photometer. 7.3° Muminance E = PhilA (ix) The illuminance refers to the incidence of the light flux on a surface, per unit of surface. The illuminance is expressed in lux (Ix). Full moon O1k Emergency lighting 1k Street lighting 101K Winter day 10.000 x ‘Summer day 100 000 Ix lluminance is measured with a lux meter.Lighting Guide Lumiance 7.4 Luminance L = E/A (cd/m?) Luminance indicates the degree of brightness with which the human eye perceives a light source or an illuminated surface. The luminance is expressed in candela per square meter (cd/m’. 1000 000 000 cd/m? 10.000 000 cd/m? 10 000 cd/m? Luminance is measured with a luminance meter. 7.5 Colour temperature Te (K) ‘Temperature of a certain object (black body) that radiates light of the same type of colour as the given light source. Incandescent lamps have a colour temperature of 2700 K, but halogen lamps have a higher colour temperature. A higher colour temperature is perceived as a ‘cooler’ light (more blue). The colour temperature is expressed in Kelvin (K), Candle 1.900 K Incandescent lamp 2700K Halogen lamp 3.000 K Direct sunlight 6 000K Daylight with cloudy sky 7000 K Daylight with clear sky 20 000KLighting Guide Lumiance 7.6 Colour rendering index Ra (%) The colour rendering index indicates to what degree the colour rendering of a light source deviates from that of an incandescent lamp. With Ra(8), the colour shift of eight reference colours is measured as a percentage. The Ra is the average of these eight values. A colour rendering index of 100 to 90 is good, 90 to 80 are less good and lamps with an Ra below 80 are unsuited for applications where colour rendering is important. (min Lamps are divided into quality classes: Class Ra 1a 90 to 100 4b 80 to 89 2a 70 to 79 2b 60 to 69 3 40 to 50, 4 20 to 39 7.7 Uniformity ratio G = Emin/Egem (%) The uniformity ratio is the ratio between the minimum illuminance and the average illuminance on a surface. This figure indicates the degree of “eveness’. E = 1 indicates complete uniformity. 7.8 SHR ‘The SHR (Spacing to Height Ratio) is the number that indicates the maximum that the fixtures may be apart to still achieve sufficient uniformity. The number is given as the ratio between the distance between the fixtures and the height between the fixtures and the working plane, As a result, the same number applies to every suspension height. 7.9 Room index k ‘The room index is the ratio between the surface of the working plane and the half surface of the adjacent walls. This indicates whether a room is narrow and high, or low and wide. This influences the amount of light that is reflected to the working plane from the walls. k=a.b/(h. (a+b) length of the room idth of the room. eight between the lighting fixtures and the working plane. 7.10 Maintenance factor ‘As a result of contamination of the lamp and fixture, plus degradation of the lamp, the illuminance reduces in the course of time. This must be taken into account during the lighting design. With normal maintenance, the maintenance factor should be 0.8 or higher.Lighting Guide Lumiance 7.11 Specific luminous flux The specific luminous flux indicates how efficiently a lamp converts electrical energy to light that is visible for human beings. This is indicated in lumens per Watt (Im/W). 7.12 Light Output Ratio (LOR) LOR (%) The luminaire efficiency indicates how welll a fixture uses the luminous flux of the lamp. This is indicated as the ratio between the luminous flux of a fixture and the light source of the ‘bare’ lamp, expressed as a percentage. 7.13. Utilization Factor (UF) UF (%) The utilization factor indicates how well a lighting installation uses the luminous flux of the lamps. This is indicated as the ratio between the luminous flux that reaches the working plane and the light source of the ‘bare’ lamps, expressed as a percentage