Presentación Esquemas de Uniones Metálicas

506
CHAPTER 11
263 kips $ 235 kips

#Pn " 235 kips $ Puf " 112 kips OK
Compression:
K " 0.65 (Figure 5-3)
L " 3 in.
t
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ry "
"
" 0.144 in.
212
212
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r
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Since KL!r ! 25, Fcr " Fy (AISC specification, Section J4.4).
#Pn " #Fcr Ag " (0.9)(36)(0.5)(8) " 129 kips $ Puf " 112 kips OK
The connection is adequate for the applied moment. Note that the column should also be checked for the need
of stiffeners to support the concentrated flange force (see Example 11-8).
11.6 MOMENT CONNECTIONS: BEAMS AND BEAM SPLICES

In the previous sections, we considered moment connections as they related to connections
used in moment frames. In this section, we will consider moment connections for beam
elements supporting mainly gravity loads.
The simplest type of moment connection is one in which welds are used to connect
one beam to another beam or other element. Figure 11-19a shows a small beam cantilevered
from the face of a column. The flanges and web have a groove weld to the column. Note that
the flanges are welded to develop the flexural strength and the web is welded to develop shear
capacity. Figure 11-19b indicates the welds used at a beam splice. In each of these cases,
the welds could be partial or full penetration, or fillet welds, depending on the shear and moment loads at the connection.
a. welded moment
connection (stub)
Figure 11-19 Basic beam moment connections.
b. welded moment
connection (splice)
498
CHAPTER 11
a. FR (fully restrained) connections
w!L
b. PR (partially restrained) connections

Figure 11-12 FR and PR connections.
It is also important to note that some moment connections might provide little or no rotation even though an assumption has been made that an FMC has been used when, in fact,
a more rigid connection exists. For this reason, the designer should select a known flexible
connection when one is required. Figure 11-12 shows common FR and PR connection types.
FR connection behavior would resemble curve 3 in Figure 11-11 and PR connection behavior would resemble curve 2 in Figure 11-11.
11.4 MOMENT CONNECTIONS: PARTIALLY RESTRAINED

AND FLEXIBLE
As discussed in the previous section, the use of PR connections requires knowledge of the
moment versus rotation curve, as well as the load sequence. Since very little data is available for PR connections, most designers will use an FMC, which allows conservative and
simplifying assumptions to be made. It is important to note that the use of a PR connection
Special Connections and Details
515
a. forces on flanges
b. local flange bending
c. local web buckling
Figure 11-25 Concentrated forces on columns.
a. flange stiffener
(one side)
d. web doubler plate

and flange stiffeners
b. flange stiffener
(full-depth)
e. diagonal stiffeners
Figure 11-26 Column stiffeners for concentrated forces.
c. web doubler plate
f. extended shear plate
498
CHAPTER 11
a. FR (fully restrained) connections
w!L
b. PR (partially restrained) connections

Figure 11-12 FR and PR connections.
It is also important to note that some moment connections might provide little or no rotation even though an assumption has been made that an FMC has been used when, in fact,
a more rigid connection exists. For this reason, the designer should select a known flexible
connection when one is required. Figure 11-12 shows common FR and PR connection types.
FR connection behavior would resemble curve 3 in Figure 11-11 and PR connection behavior would resemble curve 2 in Figure 11-11.
11.4 MOMENT CONNECTIONS: PARTIALLY RESTRAINED

AND FLEXIBLE
As discussed in the previous section, the use of PR connections requires knowledge of the
moment versus rotation curve, as well as the load sequence. Since very little data is available for PR connections, most designers will use an FMC, which allows conservative and
simplifying assumptions to be made. It is important to note that the use of a PR connection
Structural steelwork and pipework
351
8.2.2 Stanchion splices

Splices in stanchions or columns should be arranged at a position above the adjacent
floor level so that the joint, including any splice plates, are well clear of any beam
(horizontal member) connection. Splices should never be made on a connection,
otherwise the bolts or rivets making the joint would be subjected to double loading.
Figure 8.3 shows some typical stanchion splices.
Figure 8.3 Stanchion splices
Structural steelwork and pipework
351
8.2.2 Stanchion splices

Splices in stanchions or columns should be arranged at a position above the adjacent
floor level so that the joint, including any splice plates, are well clear of any beam
(horizontal member) connection. Splices should never be made on a connection,
otherwise the bolts or rivets making the joint would be subjected to double loading.
Figure 8.3 shows some typical stanchion splices.
Figure 8.3 Stanchion splices
Steel
MATERIALS MODULES
Systems
Fig. 33: Erecting a steel column
Base details for pinned-base columns

1 no tension
2 no tension
3 for low tension, with lower base plate installed
beforehand
4 no tension, with hinge
Base details for fixed-base columns
5 with threaded bars cast in beforehand
6 with base plate installed beforehand, column
welded to base plate on site
7 column in pocket to accommodate large bending
moments
8 column in pocket to accommodate large bending
moments
Fig. 34
Source: Swiss Central office for Structural Steelwork (SZS) (ed.), C8 Konstruktive Details in Stahlhochbau, Zurich, 1973
125
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90
Architectural Design in Steel
6.4 Some examples of tubular

connections with pinned ends
possible end-connection details for long-span tubular trusses of

various types.
Simple pinned connections can be made in a similar manner to
bolted connections using welded end-plates and fin plates.
Alternative pinned details for smaller tubular sections are shown in
Figure 6.4.
6.3 Welded flange or end-plates and bolted

connections
6.3.1
Projecting flange-plates
Welded flange-plates with projecting sides (see Figure 6.2 (a)) are the
simplest but potentially one of the least attractive forms of
connection, and can be used with any size and shape of member. The
flange plates may be either solid or of ring-form with an opening.
The opening may be required for the passage of internal pipes, or for
concrete infilling, or for galvanizing internally. The external projection
of the flange plate should be kept as small as possible, but the plate
should be of sufficient thickness to resist the tensile force transferred
by the connecting bolts and to avoid distortion during welding.
Similar types of flange connections may be used for CHS or SHS
sections. In close-up these connections may look bulky, but in overall
perspective, their effect is diminished. In multi-storey construction,
connections of this type to tubular columns can normally be
accommodated within the floor depth (or within the raised floor
depth).
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FIGURE 10-9
a) Pinned top chord joint of the bridge

across the Brahe (now Brda) at Czersk
built in 1861 [Winkler, 1872, p. 135];
b) rigid top chord joint of the bridge
across the same river near Bromberg
(now Bydgoszcz) built in 1870 [Winkler,
1872, p. 130]
10.2.2.1
The pin-jointed trussed framework model of trussed framework theory

cannot conceal its close relationship with the design language of mechanical engineering. Werner Lorenz investigated the design thinking of
August Borsig (1804 54), who was successful both as a mechanical and a
structural engineer [Lorenz, 1990, p. 5; 1997, pp. 293 294], and showed
through examples that Borsig regarded his buildings as machines [Lorenz,
1990, p. 5]. Structural engineering had not yet quite completed its divorce
from the disciplines of mechanical and railway engineering, also shipbuilding, mining and metallurgy the typical professions of the Industrial
Revolution. The early history of structural engineering, Wieland Ramm
notes, is largely identical with the history of iron construction [Ramm,
2001, p. 640]. Iron construction, the hub of structural engineering, began
to form the basis of an independent design language as early as the late
1850s.
The joining of structural elements in the fashion of the carpenter
was superseded by the use of bolts and later rivets. For the bridge over
the River Brahe (today Brda) near Czersk, built in 1861 to a design by
Schwedler, the truss joints were designed as pins (Fig. 10-9a). Nine years
later, another bridge over the Brahe was built near Bromberg (today
Bydgoszcz), again designed by Schwedler, this time, however, using riveted joints (Fig. 10-9b). In a paper divided into 100 paragraphs, which
was later repeatedly identified as a catechism of iron bridge construction,
Schwedler stated that the material of most iron bridges is rolled wrought
iron [Schwedler, 1865, col. 333]. The disappearance of composite systems
from trussed framework construction not only signals the substitution of
the carpenter by the metalworker, but also simplifies the theoretical treatment of iron construction practice through structural theory.
The iron trussed frameworks constructed across continental Europe
after 1870 gradually became less reminiscent of the mechanical engineering tradition of early iron structures. Whereas in 1872 Emil Winkler
a)
b)
586
570-673_Chap10_Korr2_INDD-5_bp.indd 586
FROM CLASSICAL TO MODERN THEORY OF STRUCTURES
A real engineering artefact:

the iron trussed framework
with riveted joints
05.03.2008 13:16:42 Uhr
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tabla 2.5.3.C. Estos lmites se han determinado

para que la rosca y su salida, con excepcin de
las tolerancias, no penetren en la longitud de
apretadura.
Peso de los tornillos ordinarios
El peso de 1.000 tornillos con tuerca se da en la
tabla 2.5.3.D, para cada tipo, en funcin de la
longitud de su vstago, y con un peso especfico
del acero de 7,85 kg/dm3.
Tolerancias
Las tolerancias en las dimensiones y en la forma de los tornillos ordinarios se dan en la tabla 2.5.3.E.
2.5.4.
Tornillos calibrados
Los tornillos calibrados tienen la forma representada en la figura 2.5.4.
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- 29 -
a
b
ISO 898-1:1999
Marca de identificacin del fabricante

Clase de calidad
Fig. 7 ! Ejemplos de marcado de los pernos y tornillos de cabeza hexagonal y hexalobular

9.3.2 Tornillos de cabeza cilndrica con hueco hexagonal y tornillos de cabeza cilndrica alta hexalobular interna. Estos tornillos deben marcarse con la marca de identificacin del fabricante y con el smbolo de marcado de la clase
de calidad definido en la tabla 14.
El marcado es obligatorio para las clases de calidad iguales o mayores que 8.8 y se hace, preferiblemente, en el costado
de la cabeza por grabado, o en la parte superior de la cabeza por grabado o en relieve (vase la figura 8).
Fig. 8 ! Ejemplos de marcado de tornillos de cabeza cilndrica con hueco hexagonal

9.3.3 Pernos de cabeza redonda y cuello cuadrado. Los pernos de cabeza redonda y cuello cuadrado de clases de
calidad superiores o iguales a 8.8 deben marcarse con la marca de identificacin del fabricante y con el smbolo de
marcado de la clase de calidad definido en la tabla 14.
El marcado es obligatorio para los pernos con dimetro nominal de rosca d " 5 mm. Este marcado debe hacerse en la
cabeza, en grabado o en relieve (vase la figura 9).
Fig. 9 ! Ejemplo de marcado de una perno de cabeza redonda y cuello cuadrado
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- 30 -
9.3.4 Bulones. Los bulones de dimetro nominal de rosca d ! 5 mm, de clase de calidad 5.6 y de clases de calidad
iguales o superiores a 8.8, deben marcarse con el smbolo de la clase de calidad definido en la tabla 14 y con la marca
de identificacin del fabricante, en la parte no roscada del buln (vase la figura 10).
Si no es posible el marcado en la parte no roscada, se permite realizar nicamente el marcado de la clase de calidad en
el extremo del buln, lado tuerca (vase la figura 10). Para los bulones de empotramiento, el marcado debe colocarse en
el extremo de la zona con tuerca, y si es posible con la marca de identificacin del fabricante.
Fig. 10 " Marcado de bulones

Los smbolos de la tabla 16 se admiten como mtodo alternativo de identificacin de las clases de calidad.
Tabla 16
Smbolos de marcado alternativos para bulones
Clase de calidad
5.6
8.8
9.8
10.9
12.9
Smbolo de marcado
9.3.5 Otros tipos de pernos y tornillos. Por acuerdo entre las partes interesadas, el mismo sistema de marcado definido en los apartados anteriores del captulo 9 se puede utilizar para otros tipos de pernos y tornillos y para los productos
especiales.
9.4 Marcado de pernos y tornillos con rosca a izquierdas
Los pernos y tornillos con rosca a izquierdas deben marcarse con el smbolo indicado en la figura 11, indistintamente,
en la cabeza o en el extremo de los mismos.
El marcado se exige para los pernos y tornillos con dimetros nominales de rosca d ! 5 mm.
ISO 898-6:1994
- 14 -
8.2 Ensayo de dureza
Para una inspeccin de rutina, los ensayos de dureza deben llevarse a cabo en una superficie soporte de la tuerca y
la dureza se tomar como la media de tres valores espaciados 120 . En caso de conflicto, los ensayos de dureza
deben realizarse en la seccin longitudinal pasando por los ejes de la tuerca, y en dos puntos situados lo ms cerca
posible del mayor dimetro nominal de la rosca de la tuerca.
El ensayo de dureza Vickers es el ensayo de referencia y, si es posible, se debe aplicar una carga de HV 30.
Si se aplican los ensayos de dureza Brinell o Rockwell se deben utilizar las tablas de conversin de acuerdo con la
norma ISO 4964.
El ensayo de dureza Vickers debe realizarse segn los requisitos de la norma ISO 6507-1.
El ensayo de dureza Brinell debe realizarse segn los requisitos de la norma ISO 6506.
El ensayo de dureza Rockwell debe realizarse segn los requisitos de la norma ISO 6508.
8.3 Ensayo de integridad de la superficie
Para el ensayo de integridad de la superficie, vase la norma ISO 6157-2.

9 MARCADO
9.1 Smbolos
Los smbolos de marcado se muestran en las tablas 8 y 9.

9.2 Identificacin
Las tuercas hexagonales de todo tipo de clases de calidad deben marcarse segn el sistema de designacin descrito
en el captulo 3, mellando el lado de la superficie soporte, o grabando en relieve el bisel. Vanse las figuras 3 y 4.
Las marcas grabadas en relieve no sobresaldrn ms all de la superficie soporte de la tuerca.
Fig. 3 Ejemplos de marcado con smbolos de designacin
Fig. 4 Ejemplos de marcado con cdigo de smbolos (sistema de cuadrante horario)
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ISO 5845-1:1995
-6-
4 REPRESENTACIN SIMPLIFICADA DE ELEMENTOS DE UNIN

4.1 Representacin sobre los planos de proyeccin normal de los ejes de los elementos de fijacin
Para representar agujeros, tornillos y remaches sobre los planos de proyeccin normal a sus ejes, la representacin
simblica debe de dibujarse con lneas gruesas continuas, tipo A, de acuerdo con la Norma ISO 128. La posicin del
elemento de fijacin se indica con una cruz (vase figura 1).
Fig. 1
La informacin adicional debera indicarse de acuerdo con lo expresado en la tablas 1 y 2 o de acuerdo con la Norma
ISO 5485-2.
Puede colocarse un punto prominente en el centro de la cruz para facilitar el empleo de copias de dibujos como
plantillas (vase un ejemplo en la figura 2). El dimetro del punto debe de ser de cinco veces el espesor de la lnea
utilizada para la indicacin de la cruz.
Tabla 1
Representacin simblica de agujeros, y de los tornillos y remaches que se acoplan en ellos
Agujero1) y tornillo
o remache
Agujero
Sin avellanado
Avellanado en el
lado mas prximo
Avellanado en el
lado mas alejado
Avellanado en
ambos lados
Taladrado y montado
en taller
Taladrado en taller y
montado en obra
Taladrado y montado
en obra
1)
Para distinguir los agujeros de los tornillos y remaches, se debe de dar la denominacin correcta del agujero o del elemento de fijacin de
acuerdo con una norma internacional apropiada.
EJEMPLO
La designacin de un agujero de dimetro 13 mm es 13, la designacin de un tornillo de rosca mtrica de dimetro 12 y longitud
50 mm es M12 x 50, mientras que para un remache de dimetro 12 mm y longitud 50 mm es 12 x 50.
-7-
ISO 5845-1:1995
4.2 Representacin sobre planos de proyeccin paralelos al eje del elemento de fijacin
Para representar agujeros, tornillos y remaches sobre los planos de proyeccin paralelos a sus ejes, debe de adoptarse la
representacin simblica mostrada en las tablas 2 y 3. La lnea horizontal de esta representacin simblica debe de
dibujarse con una lnea fina tipo B; todas la otras parte deben de dibujarse con lnea gruesa tipo A, de acuerdo con la
Norma ISO 128.
Tabla 2
Smbolos de representacin de agujeros
Agujero
Agujero
Sin avellanado
Avellanado slo en un lado
Avellanado en los dos lados
Taladrado en taller
Taladrado en obra
Tabla 3
Representacin simblica de agujeros y remaches que acoplan en agujeros
Tornillo o remache1)
Sin avellanado
Agujero
Avellanado slo en
un lado
Avellanado en los
dos lados
Tornillo con
posicin designada
de tuerca
Montado en taller
Montado en obra
Agujero taladrado en
obra y tornillo o
remache montado en
obra
1) Para distinguir los tornillos de los remaches, se debe de dar la denominacin correcta del elemento de fijacin de acuerdo con una norma
internacional relevante.
EJEMPLO
La designacin de un tornillo de rosca mtrica de dimetro 12 y longitud 50 mm es M12 x 50, mientras que para un remache de dimetro 12 mm
y longitud 50 mm es 12 x 50.
410
CHAPTER 9
a. before tightening
b. after tightening
Figure 9-2 Direct tension indicator washer.
proportional to the tension in the bolt (see Figure 9-2). The deformation in the ribs is
measured to determine whether the proper tension has been achieved.
One unique condition pertaining to installation is when bolted connections slip into bearing when the building is in service. When this happens, occupants might hear what sounds
like a gunshot, which is naturally disturbing. However, this event is not indicative of a structural failure. This is referred to as banging bolts. To prevent this from happening, the bolts
should be snug-tight or, if it is possible, the steel erector should not tighten the bolts until
the drift pins have been released and the bolts are allowed to slip into bearing before tightening (see Section 9.4 for further discussion on bolt bearing).
The final type of joint that we will consider is a slip-critical joint. This type of joint is
similar to a pretensioned joint except that failure is assumed to occur when the applied load
is greater than the friction force and thus slip does not occur between the faying surfaces. As
with pretensioned joints, slip-critical joints are used for joints subjected to cyclical loads or
fatigue loads. They should also be used in connections that have slotted holes parallel to the
direction of the load or in connections that use a combination of welds and bolts along the
same faying surface. The amount of pretension or clamping force for a slip-critical bolt is the
same that was used for pretensioned joints (see Table 9-1). The design strength of a slip-critical
joint is generally lower than that of a bearing-type connection since the friction resistance is
usually lower than any other failure mode for a bolt (such as direct shear or bearing).
The main difference between pretensioned and slip-critical joints is the type of faying
surface between the connected parts. There are three types of faying surfaces identified in
the AISC specification: Class A, Class B, and Class C. Each type has a specific surface
preparation and coating requirement that corresponds to a minimum coefficient of friction.
A Class A faying surface has either unpainted clean mill-scale surfaces, or surfaces with Class
A coatings on blast-cleaned steel. The mean slip coefficient for a Class A surface is ! 0.35.
A Class A coating has a minimum mean slip coefficient of ! 0.35.
A Class B faying surface has either unpainted blast-cleaned steel surfaces or surfaces
with Class B coatings on blast-cleaned steel. The mean slip coefficient for a Class B surface
is ! 0.50, and a Class B coating has a minimum mean slip coefficient of ! 0.50.
A Class C faying surface has the same mean slip coefficient as a Class A surface
( ! 0.35), but has roughened surfaces and a hot-dipped galvanized surface.
The mean slip coefficient for any faying surface can also be established by testing for
special coatings and steel surface conditions.
Another key parameter in slip-critical connections is the probability of slip occurring
at service loads or at factored loads. In some cases, slip between faying surfaces could lead
to serviceability problems, but not necessarily problems at the strength level. In essence, there
is slip between the faying surfaces, but that does not cause the bolt to be engaged in bearing
or to cause yielding or fracture in the connected parts. In other cases, slip between the faying surfaces could cause problems at the strength level (e.g., a bolted splice in a long-span
roof truss). Slip in the splice connection would cause additional deflection and increase the
potential for undesirable ponding.
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3.3
Materials: steel
Typically leave at least 1/4 in. clearance for assembly tools,

more if rotation or other operation is required
Figure 3.3.6. Fabrication

clearance.
to operate tools (Fig. 3.3.6). Another factor to consider is the steel finish.
Painted or galvanized pieces will have the finish destroyed by welding on site,
and then the original finish will be matched with a can of spray paint. This
tends to be completely unsatisfactory in appearance. Think through the
assembly and finishes carefully to decide how to join steel elements together.
All exterior carbon steel must be finished to avoid corrosion. This goes for
most interior carbon steel as well, but not to the same degree. We have previously discussed stainless and Cor-Ten, which have corrosion resistance
capabilities, but exterior carbon steel has particular problems with finishes.
The primary problem is the durability of the finish; steel is very dimensionally
active so it tends to move throughout the year. Most paint cannot stretch to
accommodate this movement and eventually cracks and then the degradation cycle begins. Water penetrating the cracks separates the paint quickly
and in freeze-thaw environments it gets progressively worse. Hidden conditions also cause problems, such as the joint between two steel sections thermally moving, removing the protective coating, trapping the moisture, and
rusting from within. Galvanizing can help protect steel, as the zinc forms a
corrosion resistant coating. However there are two types of galvanizing: electroplating and hot-dip galvanizing. Electroplating is an electrically applied
micro-thin coating that flakes off quickly. Hot-dip galvanizing requires the
entire piece to be dipped in a zinc bath, making a much thicker, more reliable,
and more expensive coating. There is no choice to be made here, long-term
durability requires hot dipping. Electroplating is typically ineffective for exterior building components; you are better off using higher quality paint rather
than spending resources on the electroplating. Keep in mind that galvanizing
tanks are limited in size and will require thoughtful consideration of the size
of individual steel pieces you use. Hot-dipped galvanizing can also warp thin
steel plates due to the temperatures of the molten zinc. Breaking plates with
a minimal cross or v shaped seam can prevent warpage (Fig. 3.3.7). Like many
situations in buildings, you must judge the maintenance capabilities of the
owner and the life cycle of the project. For high abuse projects, like parking
garages or coastal buildings, it is common to use hot-dip galvanized and then
epoxy coated exterior steel pieces, because stainless steel is cost prohibitive.
173
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Structural Design of Steelwork to EN 1993 and EN 1994
221
The method of determining the effective length is illustrated by a simple example for
the plastic yield lines shown in Fig. 7.16(b).
For a single bolt force then from virtual work
! 2 " #
$
tp fyp
Ft m!
4(m + e)
2x
=
!
+
m+e
4
x
m+e
(i)
Differentiating with respect to x to determine the value of x for which Ft is a minimum

Ft
2
(m + e)
+
= 4
=0
2
x
m+e
x
hence x = (m + e) 2
(ii)
Combining Eqs (i) and (ii) and rearranging, the thickness of the plate
%&
'
Ft mfyp
tp =
2(m + e)
From Eq. (i) the effective length
#
$
4m + e
2x
+
(m + e) = 4 2(m + e)
leff,b =
x
m+e
m e
(a)
m e
(c) leff,b ! 4 m " 1,25e

(inner and end bolts)
(b) Simple theory
m e
m e
(d) leff,b ! p (inner bolts)

! 0,5p " 2 m " 0,625 e
(outer bolts)
(e) leff,b ! 2 m
FIGURE 7.16 Effective lengths for column flanges
(7.20)
Structural Design of Steelwork to EN 1993 and EN 1994
221
The method of determining the effective length is illustrated by a simple example for
the plastic yield lines shown in Fig. 7.16(b).
For a single bolt force then from virtual work
! 2 " #
$
tp fyp
Ft m!
4(m + e)
2x
=
!
+
m+e
4
x
m+e
(i)
Differentiating with respect to x to determine the value of x for which Ft is a minimum

Ft
2
(m + e)
+
= 4
=0
2
x
m+e
x
hence x = (m + e) 2
(ii)
Combining Eqs (i) and (ii) and rearranging, the thickness of the plate
%&
'
Ft mfyp
tp =
2(m + e)
From Eq. (i) the effective length
#
$
4m + e
2x
+
(m + e) = 4 2(m + e)
leff,b =
x
m+e
m e
(a)
m e
(c) leff,b ! 4 m " 1,25e

(b) Simple theory
m e
m e
(d) leff,b ! p (inner bolts)

! 0,5p " 2 m " 0,625 e
(outer bolts)
(e) leff,b ! 2 m
FIGURE 7.16 Effective lengths for column flanges
(7.20)
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Material removal
Portable cutting machine

Steering and carrying handle
Power input cable
Cover
Heat shield
Motor
Motor speed
control knob
Motor
output pinion
Forward/off/reverse switch
Input terminal
block
Driven wheel
Chassis
Cover retaining screw
Castor locking screw
Figure 6.61 Portable type oxygen cutting machine
Steering castor assembly
273
EN ISO 15616-1:2003
-8-
4 CONDICIONES DEL ENSAYO DE ACEPTACIN

4.1 Instalacin de la mquina de haz lser de CO 2
La mquina de haz lser de CO2 debe montarse e instalarse de tal forma que los factores externos, tales como
vibraciones, grandes variaciones de temperatura, contaminacin atmosfrica, etc., no influyan en la operacin en
proceso. Las condiciones especificadas por el fabricante del sistema del lser deben satisfacerse durante el montaje y la
instalacin.
En la figura 1 se puede apreciar una vista esquemtica de la mquina de haz lser de CO2 tpica.
Leyenda
1
2
3
4
5
Absorbente
Lser
Obturador
Sistema de guiado del haz
ptica de acodamiento
6
7
8
9
10
Cabezal de enfoque
Pieza
Mesa de trabajo
Haz lser
Movimiento en la direccin del eje Z
Fig. 1 Vista esquemtica de una mquina de soldeo de haz lser de CO2
4.2 Suministro de corriente

La fuente de energa para la mquina de haz lser de CO2 debe ser un sistema elctrico principal con fluctuaciones de
voltaje que no excedan de 10%, vase la Norma EN 60204-1.
4.3 Salud, seguridad y entorno
4.3.1 Salud y seguridad. Esta norma no cubre ni la inspeccin de dispositivos de seguridad ni otros aspectos de
seguridad.
NOTA Deberan aplicarse los reglamentos en vigor sobre salud y seguridad, a las reglas sobre prevencin de accidentes, as como a las
especificaciones tcnicas generalmente aceptadas.
- 11 -
EN ISO 15620:2000
4.1.1 Soldeo por friccin rotacional de accionamiento directo. La energa necesaria se suministra por accionamiento directo a velocidad o velocidades rotacionales predeterminadas, vanse las figuras 1 y 2.
1
2
3a
3b
4a
4b
5
Motor accionador
Freno
Mordaza giratoria
Mordaza estacionaria
Pieza giratoria
Pieza estacionaria
Cilindro de forja
Fig. 1 Diagrama mostrando el soldeo por friccin rotacional de accionamiento directo
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Fuerza axial
Desplazamiento axial
Velocidad de giro
Fase de friccin
Fuerza de friccin
Fase de parada
Fase de forja
Fuerza de forja
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Consumo de material
Tiempo de friccin
Tiempo de parada
Tiempo de forja
Longitud de forja
Prdida de longitud total (recalcado)
Fig. 2 Diagrama mostrando relaciones tpicas de las caractersticas del soldeo por friccin con velocidad
de giro constante (soldeo por friccin, proceso n 42 de acuerdo con la Norma EN ISO 4063)
NOTA ! Los trminos seguidos de la indicacin /B/ o /USA/ se emplean en Blgica y en los Estados Unidos respectivamente.
Los trminos entre parntesis se deberan evitar.

N de
Trmino en espaol
referencia
1
Soldeo por arco
101
11
111
Soldeo por arco con electrodo de aporte

Soldeo por arco sin proteccin gaseosa y
electrodo de aporte
Soldeo por arco con electrodo revestido
Trmino en ingls
Arc welding
Soudage l'arc
Metal arc welding

Metal arc welding without gas
protection
Manual metal arc welding (metal arc
welding with covered electrode);
shielded metal arc welding /USA/
Gravity (arc) welding with covered
electrode;
gravity feed welding /USA/
Self-shielded tubular-cored arc welding
Soudage l'arc avec lectrode fusible

sans protection gazeuse
Soudage manuel l'arc avec lectrode
enrobe
Soldeo por gravedad con electrodo

revestido
114
Soldeo por arco con alambre tubular

autoprotegido
Soldeo por arco sumergido
Submerged arc welding
121
Soldeo por arco sumergido con un

alambre electrodo
Submerged arc welding with one wire

electrode
122
Soldeo por arco sumergido con banda

electrodo
Submerged arc welding with strip

electrode
*123
Soldeo por arco sumergido con

mltiples alambres electrodos
Submerged arc welding with multiple

wire electrodes
124
Soldeo por arco sumergido con adicin

de polvo metlico
Soldeo por arco sumergido con alambre
tubular
Soldeo por arco protegido con gas y
electrodo de aporte
Soldeo por arco con gas inerte; soldeo
MIG
Submerged arc welding with metallic

powder addition
Submerged arc welding with tubular
cored electrode
Gas-shielded metal arc welding;
gas metal arc welding /USA/
Metal inert gas welding; MIG welding;
gas metal arc welding /USA/
125
13
131
Trmino en alemn
Lichtbogenschweien
(Lichtbogenschmelzschweien)
Metall-Lichtbogenschweien
Metall-Lichtbogenschweien ohne
Gasschutz
Lichtbogenhandschweien
Soudage l'arc par gravit
Schwerkraftlichtbogenschweien
Soudage l'arc avec fil fourr

autoprotecteur
Soudage l'arc sous flux (en poudre);
soudage l'arc submerg /B/
Soudage l'arc sous flux (en poudre)
avec un seul fil;
soudage l'arc submerg avec un seul
fil-lectrode /B/
avec lectrode en feuillard;
soudage l'arc submerg avec lectrode
en bande /B/
avec fils multiples;
soudage l'arc submerg avec filslectrodes multiples /B/
avec addition de poudre mtallique
avec fil fourr
sous protection gazeuse
Soudage MIG (soudage l'arc sous
protection de gaz inerte avec fillectrode fusible)
Metall-Lichtbogenschweien mit
Flldrahtelektrode ohne Schutzgas
Unterpulverschweien
Unterpulverschweien mit
Drahtelektrode
Bandelektrode
Unterpulverschweien mit mehreren

Drahtelektroden
Metallpulverzusatz
Flldrahtelektrode
Metall-Schutzgasschweien
Metall-Inertgasschweien;
MIG-Schweien
-6-
112
12
Trmino en francs
ISO 4063:1998
3 RELACIN DE PROCESOS Y NMEROS DE REFERENCIA
EN 1011-1:1998
- 14 -
Cuando sea apropiado, el valor del aporte trmico Q se puede calcular como sigue (vase tambin tabla 1):
Q=k
U!I
!10 "3 en kJ / mm
#
Tabla 1
Factor de rendimiento trmico k de algunos procesos de soldeo
Proceso N
121
111
131
135
114
136
137
138
139
141
15
Proceso
Soldeo por arco sumergido con alambre
Soldeo metlico por arco con electrodo revestido
Soldeo MIG
Soldeo MAG
Soldeo por arco con alambre tubular (sin proteccin gaseosa)
Soldeo por arco con alambre tubular (con proteccin de gas activo)
Soldeo por arco con alambre tubular (con proteccin de gas inerte)
Soldeo por arco con alambre tubular con relleno metlico (con proteccin de gas activo)
Soldeo por arco con alambre tubular con relleno metlico (con proteccin de gas inerte)
Soldeo TIG
Soldeo por arco plasma
Factor
k
1,0
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,8
0,6
0,6
Cuando el factor k difiere de los valores indicados en la tabla 1, se dar informacin en las partes relevantes de esta
norma.
20 PROCEDIMIENTOS DE SOLDEO
Cuando se requieran especificaciones de procedimiento de soldeo escritas, deben cubrir todas las operaciones de soldeo
incluyendo dispositivos provisionales y correccin de no conformidades. Los contenidos de los procedimientos deben
cumplir con la Norma EN 288-2. Cuando sea aplicable, la cualificacin del procedimiento de soldeo se debe efectuar de
acuerdo con la norma europea apropiada.
Los soldadores/operadores de soldeo deben disponer de la informacin que les permita llevar a cabo el procedimiento
de soldeo de acuerdo con los requisitos. Cuando sea apropiado, deben ser cualificados de acuerdo con la parte relevante
de la Norma EN 287, en el proyecto de norma prEN ISO 9606 o la Norma EN 1418.
21 TRAZABILIDAD
Cuando est especificado, se debe disponer de medios de identificacin adecuados, bien mediante marcas identificativas
u otros mtodos, que permitan relacionar cada soldadura con el soldador/es o con el operador/es de soldeo que la
efectu. Se debera evitar el troquelado profundo, pero en el caso de tener que utilizarlo se prestar especial atencin
cuando se emplee en zonas muy tensionadas o susceptibles a la corrosin.
22 MARTILLADO
El martillado slo se debe llevar a cabo de acuerdo con la norma de aplicacin o el contrato.
23 INSPECCIN Y ENSAYO
El mtodo y alcance de la inspeccin y ensayo debe estar de acuerdo con la norma de aplicacin o el contrato.
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-5-
UNE-EN 1435:1997/1M:2002
6.1.4 Fuente de radiacin centrada en el objeto, con la pelcula en el exterior (figuras 5 a 7)

Remplazar la figura 6 por la siguiente:
Fig. 6 Disposicin de ensayo para exposicin a simple

pared de objetos curvos (soldadura de injerto penetrante)
6.1.8 Fuente de radiacin situada en el exterior del objeto con la pelcula en el otro lado (figuras 13 a 18)
Remplazar la figura 13 por la siguiente:
Fig. 13 Disposicin de ensayo para exposicin a doble pared simple imagen de objetos curvos para
interpretacin de la pared del lado de la pelcula, con el IQI situado en contacto con la pelcula
6.2.2 Otras fuentes de radiacin

El segundo prrafo queda como sigue:
Si se permite mediante especificacin, el valor para Ir 192 puede reducirse a 10 mm y para Se 75 a 5 mm.
EN 1714:1997
- 12 -
9 EXAMEN DEL METAL BASE
El metal base, en el rea de la zona de exploracin, debe examinarse con un palpador de haz directo antes o despus del soldeo, a menos que se pueda demostrar (por ejemplo exmenes previos durante el proceso de fabricacin)
que al examen con un palpador angular no le influir la presencia de las imperfecciones o una alta atenuacin.
Cuando se encuentra alguna imperfeccin debe evaluarse su influencia sobre el examen con haz angular propuesto
y, si es necesario, ajustar las tcnicas apropiadamente. Cuando la realizacin satisfactoria del examen ultrasnico
est afectada seriamente, deben considerarse otros mtodos de inspeccin (por ejemplo radiografa).
1 Anchura del volumen de examen

2 Superficie de exploracin
Fig. 1 Ejemplo del volumen de examen a cubrir cuando se examinan indicaciones longitudinales
10 AJUSTE DEL RANGO Y LA SENSIBILIDAD
10.1 Generalidades
El ajuste del rango y la sensibilidad debe efectuarse con anterioridad a cada examen de conformidad con esta norma
y el proyecto de Norma prEN 583-2. Las comprobaciones para confirmar estos ajustes deben realizarse, al menos,
cada 4 horas y una vez finalizado el examen. Las comprobaciones deben efectuarse tambin siempre que un parmetro del sistema se cambie o se sospechen cambios en los ajustes equivalentes.
EN 1290:1998
- 10 -
Cuando el examen se hace con la ayuda de electroimanes o electrodos, habr un rea del componente, prxima a
cada polo o punta que ser imposible de examinar debido a la gran intensidad del campo magntico. Este fenmeno
normalmente se traduce en incrustaciones de las partculas.
Se deben tomar precauciones para asegurar un recubrimiento suficiente de las reas a examinar tal y como se muestra en las figuras 2 y 3.
Medidas en milmetros
Fig. 2 Ejemplos de rea efectiva de examen (sombreada)

en el caso de magnetizacin por electroimn o electrodo
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EN 22553:1994
-8-
Tabla 1
Smbolos elementales
N
Designacin
Soldadura a tope de chapas con bordes levantados1); soldadura de borde en canto/USA/ (los bordes levantados se fundirn completamente)
Soldadura a tope con bordes planos
Soldadura a tope en V simple
Soldadura a tope en bisel simple
Soldadura a tope en V simple con taln de raz amplio
Soldadura a tope en bisel simple con taln de raz

amplio
Soldadura a tope en U simple (lados paralelos o en

pendiente)
Soldadura a tope en J simple
Cordn de respaldo; soldadura de reverso o de respaldo /USA/
Ilustracin
Smbolo
(Contina)
1) Las soldaduras a tope de chapas con bordes levantados (smbolo 1) sin penetracin completa se simbolizarn como soldaduras a tope con
bordes planos (smbolo 2) indicando el espesor de soldadura s (vase tabla 5).
-9-
EN 22553:1994
Tabla 1
Smbolos elementales
N
Designacin
10
Soldadura en ngulo
11
Soldadura de tapn o de ojal /USA/
12
Soldadura por punto
13
Soldadura por costura
14
Soldadura a tope en V simple con flancos empinados
15
Soldadura a tope en bisel simple con flancos empinados
16
Soldadura de canto
Ilustracin
Smbolo
(Contina)
EN 22553:1994
- 10 -
Tabla 1 (Fin)
Smbolos elementales
N
Designacin
17
Recargue
18
Unin superficial
19
Unin inclinada
20
Unin en pliegue
Ilustracin
Smbolo
4.2 Combinaciones de smbolos elementales

Cuando se requiera, se podrn utilizar combinaciones de smbolos elementales.
Los smbolos elementales para el soldeo por ambas caras se combinarn de forma que se siten simtricamente
respecto a la lnea de referencia. En la tabla 2 se dan ejemplos tpicos y en la tabla A.2, aplicaciones para la representacin simblica.
NOTA 1 La tabla 2 muestra una coleccin de combinaciones de smbolos elementales para soldaduras simtricas. Para la representacin
simblica, los smbolos elementales estn dispuestos simtricamente respecto a la lnea de referencia (vase tabla A.2). Para el
empleo de los smbolos fuera de la representacin simblica, stos deben representarse sin la lnea de referencia.
- 11 -
EN 22553:1994
Tabla 2
Smbolos combinados para soldaduras simtricas (ejemplos)
Designacin
Ilustracin
Smbolo
Soldadura a tope en V doble (soldadura en X)
Soldadura a tope en bisel doble
Soldadura a tope en V doble con taln de raz amplio
Soldadura a tope en bisel doble con taln de raz

amplio
Soldadura a tope en U doble
4.3 Smbolos suplementarios

Los smbolos elementales pueden completarse con un smbolo que caracterice la forma de la superficie externa o la
forma de la soldadura.
Los smbolos suplementarios recomendados se dan en la tabla 3.
La ausencia de un smbolo suplementario significa que la forma de la superficie de la soldadura no necesita ser
indicada con precisin.
En las tablas 4 y A.3 se dan ejemplos de combinaciones de smbolos elementales y suplementarios.
NOTA 2 Aunque no est prohibido asociar varios smbolos, es preferible representar la soldadura en un croquis separado cuando la simbolizacin resulte demasiado difcil.
EN 22553:1994
- 12 -
Tabla 3
Smbolos suplementarios
Forma de la soldadura o
de su superficie
Smbolo
a) Plano (normalmente acabado a pao)

b) Convexa
c) Cncava
d) Acuerdos de transicin suave
e) Empleo de pletina de respaldo permanente

f) Empleo de pletina de respaldo eliminable
La tabla 4 muestra ejemplos de aplicacin de los smbolos suplementarios.

Tabla 4
Ejemplos de aplicacin de smbolos suplementarios
Designacin
Ilustracin
Smbolo
Soldadura a tope en V simple plana (a pao)
Soldadura a tope en V doble convexa
Soldadura en ngulo cncava
Soldadura a tope en V simple plana (a pao) con

cordn de respaldo plano (a pao)
Soldadura a tope en V simple con taln de raz amplio y cordn de respaldo
(Contina)
EN 22553:1994
- 12 -
Tabla 3
Smbolos suplementarios
Forma de la soldadura o
de su superficie
Smbolo
a) Plano (normalmente acabado a pao)

b) Convexa
c) Cncava
d) Acuerdos de transicin suave
e) Empleo de pletina de respaldo permanente

f) Empleo de pletina de respaldo eliminable
La tabla 4 muestra ejemplos de aplicacin de los smbolos suplementarios.

Tabla 4
Designacin
Ilustracin
Smbolo
Soldadura a tope en V simple plana (a pao)
Soldadura a tope en V doble convexa
Soldadura en ngulo cncava
Soldadura a tope en V simple plana (a pao) con

cordn de respaldo plano (a pao)
Soldadura a tope en V simple con taln de raz amplio y cordn de respaldo
(Contina)
- 13 -
EN 22553:1994
Tabla 4 (Fin)
Designacin
Ilustracin
Smbolo
1)
Soldadura a tope en V simple con acabado a pao
Soldadura en ngulo con transicin suave
1) Smbolo de acuerdo con la Norma ISO 1302; en lugar de ste se puede utilizar el smbolo
5 POSICIN DE LOS SMBOLOS EN LOS PLANOS

5.1 General
Los smbolos contemplados por estas reglas son slo parte de un sistema completo de representacin (vase figura 1) que comprende, adems del propio smbolo (3):
una lnea flecha (1) por unin (vanse figuras 2 y 3);
una doble lnea de referencia, que consiste en dos lneas paralelas, una continua y otra a trazos (2) (para excepciones vase la nota 3);
una serie de cotas y signos convencionales.
NOTAS
3
La lnea a trazos puede situarse por encima o por debajo de la lnea continua (
anexo B).
) (vanse tambin apartado 5.5 y
Para soldaduras simtricas, la lnea a trazos es innecesaria y debera omitirse.

4
El espesor de las lneas para la lnea de la flecha, la lnea de referencia, smbolo y anotaciones debe estar de acuerdo con el espesor de las
lneas para acotacin segn las Normas ISO 128 e ISO 3098-1, respectivamente.
El propsito de las siguientes reglas es definir la situacin de las soldaduras especificando:

la posicin de la lnea de la flecha;
la posicin de la lnea de referencia;
la posicin del smbolo.
La lnea de la flecha y la lnea de referencia forman la marca completa de referencia. Si se dan detalles como por
ejemplo: procesos, niveles de aceptacin, posiciones, materiales de aporte y auxiliares (vase captulo 7) se aadir
una cola al final de la lnea de referencia.
5.2 Relacin entre la lnea de la flecha y la unin
Los ejemplos dados en las figuras 2 y 3 explican el significado de los trminos:
"el lado de la flecha" de la unin;
"el otro lado" de la unin.
NOTA 5 La posicin de la flecha en estas figuras se ha escogido con el propsito de clarificar. Normalmente, deben situarse adyacentes a la
unin.
NOTA 6 Vase figura 2.
- 23 -
EN 22553:1994
Fig. 11 Indicacin del proceso de soldeo

7.4 Secuencia de informacin en la cola de la lnea de referencia
La informacin de las uniones y sus dimensiones pueden complementarse con informacin adicional en la cola, en
el orden siguiente:
proceso (por ejemplo, de acuerdo con la Norma ISO 4063);
nivel de aceptacin (por ejemplo, de acuerdo con las Normas ISO 5817 e ISO 10042);
posicin de trabajo (por ejemplo, de acuerdo con la Norma ISO 6947);
materiales de aporte (por ejemplo, de acuerdo con las Normas ISO 544, ISO 2560 e ISO 3581.
Cada trmino se separar por / (barras). Adems, es posible utilizar una cola cerrada para indicar una instruccin
especfica (por ejemplo, una hoja de procedimiento) mediante un signo de referencia. Vase figura 12.
Fig. 12 Informacin de referencia

EJEMPLO:
Soldadura a tope en V simple con pasada de respaldo (vase figura 13), mediante soldeo con electrodo revestido
(nmero de referencia 111 de acuerdo con la Norma ISO 4063), nivel de aceptacin requerido de acuerdo con la Norma
ISO 5817, en posicin plana (PA) de acuerdo con la Norma ISO 6947, electrodo revestido ISO 2560 E51 2 RR 22.
Fig. 13 Soldadura a tope en V simple con pasada de respaldo
EN 22553:1994
- 22 -
7 INDICACIONES COMPLEMENTARIAS
Con el fin de especificar alguna otra caracterstica de las soldaduras, pueden ser necesarias indicaciones complementarias. Por ejemplo:
7.1 Soldaduras todo alrededor
Cuando la soldadura deba realizarse todo alrededor de una pieza, el smbolo es un crculo como se muestra en la
figura 9.
Fig. 9 Indicacin de la soldadura todo alrededor

7.2 Soldaduras en campo
Para indicar que se trata de una soldadura en campo se utiliza una bandera, como se muestra en la figura 10.
Fig. 10 Indicacin de la soldadura en campo

7.3 Indicacin del proceso de soldeo
Si se requiere, el proceso de soldeo se simbolizar por un nmero escrito entre los dos ramales de la cola, al final
de la lnea de referencia y separado de la misma.
La figura 11 da un ejemplo de su utilizacin.
La Norma ISO 4063 incluye la lista de correspondencia entre la numeracin y los procesos de soldeo.
EN 22553:1994
- 22 -
7 INDICACIONES COMPLEMENTARIAS
Con el fin de especificar alguna otra caracterstica de las soldaduras, pueden ser necesarias indicaciones complementarias. Por ejemplo:
7.1 Soldaduras todo alrededor
Cuando la soldadura deba realizarse todo alrededor de una pieza, el smbolo es un crculo como se muestra en la
figura 9.
Fig. 9 Indicacin de la soldadura todo alrededor

7.2 Soldaduras en campo
Para indicar que se trata de una soldadura en campo se utiliza una bandera, como se muestra en la figura 10.
Fig. 10 Indicacin de la soldadura en campo

7.3 Indicacin del proceso de soldeo
Si se requiere, el proceso de soldeo se simbolizar por un nmero escrito entre los dos ramales de la cola, al final
de la lnea de referencia y separado de la misma.
La figura 11 da un ejemplo de su utilizacin.
La Norma ISO 4063 incluye la lista de correspondencia entre la numeracin y los procesos de soldeo.
EN 22553:1994
- 14 -
Fig. 1 Mtodo de representacin
Fig. 2 Unin en T con una soldadura en ngulo
Fig. 3 Unin cruciforme con dos soldaduras en ngulo
- 17 -
EN 22553:1994
Fig. 6 Ejemplos del principio

6.2 Dimensiones principales que deben indicarse
Las cotas que sitan las soldaduras respecto al borde de la pieza no aparecern en el smbolo sino en el plano.
6.2.1 La ausencia de indicaciones a continuacin del smbolo significa que la soldadura debe ser continua en toda
la longitud de la pieza.
6.2.2 Las soldaduras a tope sern de penetracin completa a no ser que se indique lo contrario.
6.2.3 Existen dos mtodos para dimensionar las soldaduras en ngulo (vase figura 7). Por lo tanto, las letras "a"
o "z", se situarn siempre en frente de la dimensin correspondiente como sigue.
Para indicar la profundidad de la penetracin de las soldaduras en ngulo, el espesor de la garganta se representar
por la letra "s". Vase figura 8.
6.2.4 En el caso de soldaduras en tapn o en ojal con los bordes biselados, se considerar la dimensin en el
fondo del agujero.
Fig. 7 Mtodos para indicar dimensiones en las soldaduras
- 23 -
EN 22553:1994
Fig. 11 Indicacin del proceso de soldeo

7.4 Secuencia de informacin en la cola de la lnea de referencia
La informacin de las uniones y sus dimensiones pueden complementarse con informacin adicional en la cola, en
el orden siguiente:
proceso (por ejemplo, de acuerdo con la Norma ISO 4063);
nivel de aceptacin (por ejemplo, de acuerdo con las Normas ISO 5817 e ISO 10042);
posicin de trabajo (por ejemplo, de acuerdo con la Norma ISO 6947);
materiales de aporte (por ejemplo, de acuerdo con las Normas ISO 544, ISO 2560 e ISO 3581.
Cada trmino se separar por / (barras). Adems, es posible utilizar una cola cerrada para indicar una instruccin
especfica (por ejemplo, una hoja de procedimiento) mediante un signo de referencia. Vase figura 12.
Fig. 12 Informacin de referencia

EJEMPLO:
Soldadura a tope en V simple con pasada de respaldo (vase figura 13), mediante soldeo con electrodo revestido
(nmero de referencia 111 de acuerdo con la Norma ISO 4063), nivel de aceptacin requerido de acuerdo con la Norma
ISO 5817, en posicin plana (PA) de acuerdo con la Norma ISO 6947, electrodo revestido ISO 2560 E51 2 RR 22.
Fig. 13 Soldadura a tope en V simple con pasada de respaldo
UNE-EN 22553:1994
Tabla A.3
Ejemplos de combinaciones de smbolos elementales y suplementarios
Representacin
N
Smbolo
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
- 38 -
(Contina)
Tabla A.3 (Fin)

Ejemplos de combinaciones de smbolos elementales y suplementarios
Representacin
N
Smbolo
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
- 39 -
UNE-EN 22553:1994
Ejemplos de casos excepcionales

Representacin
N
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
Incorrecto
- 40 -
UNE-EN 22553:1994
Tabla A.4
(Contina)
Tabla A.4 (Fin)

Ejemplos de casos excepcionales
Representacin
N
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
No recomendado
No recomendado
No recomendado
Incorrecto
NOTA 1 Cuando la flecha no puede apuntar a una unin, la simbolizacin no puede utilizarse.
UNE-EN 22553:1994
- 41 -
O bien
Tabla A.1
Ejemplos de utilizacin de smbolos elementales
Designacin
Smbolo
(El nmero se
refiere a la
tabla 1)
Representacin
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
Soldadura a tope
de chapas con
bordes levantados
- 27 -
Soldadura a tope
con bordes
levantados
3
(Contina)
UNE-EN 22553:1994
UNE-EN 22553:1994
Tabla A.1
Designacin
Smbolo
(El nmero se
refiere a la
tabla 1)
Representacin
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
Soldadura a tope
en V simple
- 28 -
Soldadura a tope
en bisel simple
8
(Contina)
Tabla A.1
10
11
Designacin
Smbolo
(El nmero se
refiere a la
tabla 1)
Representacin
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
Soldadura a tope
en bisel simple
Soldadura a tope
en V simple con
taln de raz amplio
- 29 -
12
Soldadura a tope
en bisel simple con
taln de raz amplio
13
14
(Contina)
UNE-EN 22553:1994
Soldadura a tope
en U simple
UNE-EN 22553:1994
Tabla A.1
Designacin
Smbolo
(El nmero se
refiere a la
tabla 1)
Representacin
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
15
Soldadura a tope
en J simple
- 30 -
16
17
Soldadura
en ngulo
18
(Contina)
Tabla A.1
Designacin
Smbolo
(El nmero se
refiere a la
tabla 1)
Representacin
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
19
- 31 -
Soldadura
en ngulo
20
(Contina)
UNE-EN 22553:1994
21
UNE-EN 22553:1994
Tabla A.1
Designacin
Smbolo
(El nmero se
refiere a la
tabla 1)
Representacin
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
22
Soldadura
en tapn
24
- 32 -
23
Soldadura
por puntos
25
(Contina)
Tabla A.1 (Fin)

Designacin
Smbolo
(El nmero se
refiere a la
tabla 1)
Representacin
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
26
Soldadura
por costura
- 33 -
27
UNE-EN 22553:1994
Tabla A.2
Ejemplos de combinaciones de smbolos elementales
Designacin
Smbolo
(El nmero se refiere
a la tabla 1)
Representacin
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
Soldadura a tope
en V doble
5
(soldadura en X)
Soldadura a tope
en bisel doble
- 35 -
(soldadura en K)
7
(Contina)
UNE-EN 22553:1994
Soldadura a tope
en V doble con taln
de raz amplio
UNE-EN 22553:1994
Tabla A.2
Designacin
Smbolo
a la tabla 1)
Representacin
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
Soldadura a tope
en bisel doble con
taln de raz amplio
9
Soldadura a tope
en U doble
- 36 -
10
Soldadura a tope
en J doble
11
Soldadura a tope
en V simple
12
y soldadura a tope
en U simple
(Contina)
Tabla A.2 (Fin)

13
Designacin
Smbolo
a la tabla 1)
Representacin
Simbolizacin
Croquis
Bien
O bien
Soldadura en ngulo
y soldadura en ngulo
- 37 -
14
UNE-EN 22553:1994
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Presentación Esquemas de Uniones Metálicas

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11.6 MOMENT CONNECTIONS: BEAMS AND BEAM SPLICES

a. FR (fully restrained) connections

b. PR (partially restrained) connections

11.4 MOMENT CONNECTIONS: PARTIALLY RESTRAINED

Special Connections and Details

b. local flange bending

c. local web buckling

Figure 11-25 Concentrated forces on columns.

d. web doubler plate

Figure 11-26 Column stiffeners for concentrated forces.

c. web doubler plate

f. extended shear plate

a. FR (fully restrained) connections

b. PR (partially restrained) connections

11.4 MOMENT CONNECTIONS: PARTIALLY RESTRAINED

Structural steelwork and pipework

8.2.2 Stanchion splices

Figure 8.3 Stanchion splices

Structural steelwork and pipework

8.2.2 Stanchion splices

Figure 8.3 Stanchion splices

Fig. 33: Erecting a steel column

Base details for pinned-base columns

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AENOR AUTORIZA EL USO DE ESTE DOCUMENTO A UNIVERSIDAD DE BURGOS

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Architectural Design in Steel

6.4 Some examples of tubular

possible end-connection details for long-span tubular trusses of

6.3 Welded flange or end-plates and bolted

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