09-273 Year 4 2013 Bruchid Management For Beans

Grant No.
09-273
REPORT DUE 09/30/2013
TEMPLATE: R EQUIRED FOR
ALL
CCRP GRANTS
ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT NARRATIVE AND APPENDICES
General Guidelines
x
x
x
x
Only one narrative report per project is needed. This section of the report should be
submitted by the lead Principal Collaborator only.
Separate financial reports are required from each collaborator that receives funds
directly from The McKnight Foundation. Each collaborator must submit a separate
financial report for their funding only.
Your regional team is available to support you as you prepare your annual progress report.
They can assist you as you consider challenges and revisions to your research design and/or
workplan.
Except for financials and Appendix G (photographs and graphs), all parts of your annual
progress report will be posted publicly on your project web page on the CCRP website. If
you have information that must be kept confidential, please include this only in Appendix H.
Report Format
The components of your annual progress report should follow the formats outlined below; should
not exceed the page limits indicated; and should be submitted in English or translated to English
prior to submission. Include the page number in the footer and the organization name and grant
number in the header. Please include the section reference (e.g., Appendix X) in the footer along
with the page number.
I.
Overview (1-2) pages). Use this section to introduce your report. Include your project
description, updated as necessary. Include a description of how your project influences
agricultural systems and supports agricultural research and development institutions.
Consider outcomes related to food security (productivity, livelihoods, and nutrition) as well
as long-term impacts of your project on agricultural systems and agricultural research and
development institutions.
The project generally aims at reducing post harvest losses of beans due to bruchid damage so as
to increase storage period and ensure continuous market supply of dry common beans.
Bruchids are important bean storage pests in Tanzania and Malawi; contributing to the
destruction of seeds with a reduction of about 48 % in quality and quantity. Longer storage of
beans may result into total loss of stored beans. Majority of farmers preferred varieties (FPVs)
are the most susceptible to bruchids. Where bean weevils are prevalent, significant market price
fluctuations are observed throughout the year, leading to short periods of high quantity and long
periods of low quantity and/or quality of bean seeds in the market. Small scale farmers who
produce only enough food to subsist from one growing season to the next are the most vulnerable
to environmental threats, contributing to low household income and food insecurity.
Farmers employ some strategies to reduce bean seed damage and losses from bruchids by (1)
limiting the time of storage as a result, (2) many farmers sell their beans (usually at low price)
shortly after harvest, (3) reducing the quantity of production during any one season for the fear
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Grant No. 09-273
of such post-harvest losses and other field pests of course. The major control method for this pest
is through application of chemicals to stocks of beans in storage to avoid total loss. However,
these chemicals are expensive for small-scale farmers with limited resources. Currently, the only
non-chemical control strategy used by farmers includes mixing beans with ashes and some few
botanical products to deter adult bean weevils from laying eggs. However, these methods are
only efficient for small quantities of bean seeds. Therefore most of the beans produce are at risk
of being destroyed by the pest within short time of storage. To avoid this, farmers in turn have to
sale their beans immediately after harvest at a very low price. This result into a period of scarcity
of the commodity in rural and urban areas with the few available beans sold at very high price.
Small-scale farmers are the most affected groups both in terms of nutrition, food security and
house-hold income.
Lack of bruchid resistant cultivars, poor storage facilities, and inefficient control strategies
contribute to the low productivity that discourages farmers from engaging into intensive bean
production. Cultivar improvement for bruchid resistance is among the important strategies of
mitigating biotic factors affecting productivity of beans in Tanzania. Recently a family of tightly
linked anti-nutritional seed storage proteins from the APA (Arcelin-Phytohemagglutinins-Alpha
amylase inhibitors) locus has been transferred into common bean from wild tepary bean
accession G40199. The incorporated seed proteins into common beans demonstrated a delay or
prevention of larval development of the predominant bruchid species Acanthocellides obtectus.
A backcross population of the dry bean has been developed demonstrating significant resistance
to Acanthocellides obtectus (Kusolwa and Myers 2008; Kusolwa and Myers 2011). The
introgression of bruchid resistance trait into farmers preferred bean varieties and the
development of bruchid resistance stable lines is contributing to the on-going breeding
programmes in the NARS and Sokoine University for common bean improvement against biotic
and abiotic stresses. In this aspect the trait can therefore be integrated into bean genotypes that
are resistant to bacterial, fungal, viral diseases, enriched micronutrients and tolerance to
phosphorus deficiency.
!
Specifically, this year our project has paid more attention in refining the selection of bruchid
resistant lines containing seed storage proteins for resistance to Acanthoscelides and Zabrotes.
On farm field selection was established in different locations in bean growing areas initiating the
multiple location evaluations as a prerequisite for variety release. Selection of resistant materials
was based on use of 2D SDS-PAGE protein gels and gene specific DNA markers followed by
screening using bruchid feeding trials. Through this approach, we have advanced a selection of
homozygous lines for the target genes to bruchid resistance into three selected major farmers
preferred bean varieties. On the other hand, a participatory evaluation of botanical pesticides for
bruchid management has been carried out in farm households in four major bean producing
regions of Tanzania with the purpose for development of an integrated strategy for bruchid
management investigating the efficacy of different types of botanical plants as alternative to
chemical control to bruchids. Two MSc students completed their studies with output on
generation of introgression lines with arcelin-2 and APA genes for resistance to Zabrotes
subfasciatus and Acanthoscelides obtectus and the other student identified botanical pesticides
for use in the integrated management of bruchids. A PhD candidate has also investigated and
identified some common bean landraces expressing resistance to the two bruchid species in
Tanzania. Gene discovery or mechanism for bruchid resistance in these landraces is being
investigated also by the PhD candidate following the crossing to generate segregating
populations for genetic studies. Furthermore, using these materials we have started some two and
9
Grant No. 09-273
three-way crossing for introgression of multiple disease resistances into one farmer preferred
variety Soya /Kablanketi. Field evaluation, seed increase and selection of best adapted bruchid
resistant lines from Malawi has been carried out in three the Northern zone, Eastern and
Southern zones for adaptation studies in the project sites using a participatory evaluation
approach.
Agricultural systems impacts: improved storage due to reduced postharvest loss and increased
bean supply to the markets, new skills on bruchid management using botanicals that have been
identified and will be promoted for use by farmers. The project will distribute some new high
yielding variety introduced from Malawi in this collaborative project. The adoption of new
varieties by farmers may lead to increased productivity of beans. Because the varieties of beans
to be developed in this project will have close or similar characteristics preferred by farmers such
as colour of seeds and seed size easy adoption is expected. Since earlier studies have
demonstrated that bean is the main source of income in household, thus increased production of
new bruchid resistant varieties will result into increased income that will allow the farmer to
develop and promote other agricultural activities.
Support Agricultural research and institutions:
x The use of DNA marker technology established at SUA by the aid of McKnight Foundation
have significantly provided opportunity for other CoP researchers and several Postgraduate
students to work on research related to Molecular biology for crop plant improvement.
Researchers from Agricultural Institutions in the country and in other countries in the SaF are
now benefiting with this laboratory in both training and research. This technology is now
being scaled up to other legumes crops for increased breeding efficiency. We have been able
to accommodate a total of 12 students working on rice, coffee, eggplant, beans and
groundnuts on DNA marker related research for genotyping and diversity studies.
x The use botanical plant pesticides as an option to IPM package for bruchids is a better base
that has laid a foundation towards insights in research for active ingredients and
phytonutrients involved in bruchid control. This research has build international
collaboration with other partners in UK- Kews Institute thus building up on better
understanding of the chemistry and further botanical identification of the efficient botanicals
observed for bruchid management. This is the work on characterization of the chemical
composition of active compounds in Z. Africana, Chenopodium ambrosoides, and
Neuranntonia mitis.
x Human capacity building through trained manpower. Research carried out is generating
insightful new knowledge that has accommodated students for higher studies in genetics and
plant breeding as well as IPM for bruchid management.
Physical capacity equipment that can be used as center for excellence for genotyping other
crops including legumes. The laboratory has continued to give support for students working
towards their postgraduate research.
10
II.
Grant No. 09-273
Narrative (4 pages). Based upon the objectives, provide a description of your project over the
past year.
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This involved validation and selection of resistant lines to Z. subfasciatus among BC 2 F 3

lines containing arcelin 2 proteins focus on the good seed types in term of color and size.
The selected seeds were multiplied for seed increase of bruchid resistant inbred lines
containing arcelin 2 and eventually used for bruchid screening trials. 12 lines were selected
based on the presence of seed storage proteins and the response to bruchid resistance. These
lines will be used for on farm evaluation experiments.
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The activities carried out in this objective included: Seed increase; yield evaluation, bruchid
resistance screening and distribution to farmers plots for field performance of 11 bean
genotypes from Malawi. On the other hand, advanced inbred lines with APA seed storage
proteins were increased and selected for uniformity and stability in seed type, yield and
resistance to bruchids at SUA. These breeding lines were confirmed for stability and
homozygous expression of the 33kDa proteins and DNA markers for the APA genes before
planting. Seeds harvested from these putative lines were infested with Acanthoscelides for
bruchid feeding trials to eventually confirm resistance and select breeding lines for seed
increase and multi-locational yield evaluation trials on in three bean producing zones.
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The activities in this objective were directed towards optimization of the combination of
best botanical mixtures resistance by SSP from APA inbred lines and solarization,
dissemination of a package of bruchid management technology: resistant varieties, botanical
preparations and other best storage practices to wider bean producing communities and
develop sustainable supply and distribution or sharing mechanism for the best botanical
pesticides and bean varieties introduced from Malawi
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Capacity building -training PhD focused on Identification of seed storage proteins and or
seed coat based on mechanism for bruchid resistance in Tanzanian common bean landraces
and breeding lines from Malawi. Two students completed their MSc degree under this
project. The PhD is due for completion next year (2014).
A. Major insights and lessons learned and future directions
Promising lines with demonstrated resistance to Z. subfasciatus were developed in this
objective these lines were increased. It is important to have resistance to both bruchid
species in the breeding program. Based on these achievements, the resistance conferred
by the presence of arcelin 2 can be enhanced by combining with APA and the
replacement of pheseolin by arcelin like proteins. This is a work that needs to be carried
11
Grant No. 09-273
forward in the new project grant. Arcelin 2 with phaseolin null alleles has demonstrated
resistance to both bruchids in some breeding lines in Puerto Rico. This resistance
mechanism has will therefore be incorporated into APA lines recently developed in this
project. Based on the outcome of this phase of the project, we will be focusing on
upscaling the outputs generated. The project looking at further opportunities of
Developing resistant varieties for resistance both bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus and
Zabrotes subfasciatus);
Evaluate novel sources of resistance and understand
mechanisms of resistance to bruchids (both Acanthoscelides obtectus and Zabrotes
subfasciatus); enhance an Integrated Bruchid management strategies combining
resistance and solarization for enhanced protection of beans against bruchid infestations.
During the previous phase of the project while working with farming community in bean
production, farmers reported significant yield losses of bean production due to foliar
diseases. Of the major foliar diseases, Angular leaf spot (ALS), Common bacterial
blight (CBB) and Common bean mosaic virus (CBMV) were observed in different bean
producing areas in Tanzania. Efforts have been made and lines with introgression of the
three diseases have been developed using kablanket. Thus the ALS,CBB,and BCMV are
in Kablanketi background as well as the ARL bruchid resistant materials. These
materials can be used to initiate hybridization work, we need to confirm that they are not
segregating for the desired loci. Since there are more challenges related to biotic stress,
combining bruchid resistance with multiple disease resistance (ALS, CBB, BCMNV) for
increased productivity of beans will be necessary. Based on level gained in the breeding
process, seed production and delivery arrangements of new developed bruchid resistant
lines and varieties to farmers need to be implemented.
The IPM strategy has generated very useful insights and future directions towards
enhance bruchid management. In the previous project we have demonstrated the efficacy
of three botanical plant pesticides. The coming project will be focused on integrating
both the resistance mechanism and the efficient pesticidal plants in storage of bean
seeds. We would like to focus on further bioassay of the active compounds of the tree
botanical plants. I addition to resistance transfer, the IPM strategies using botanicals in
the previous phase of the project will be taken to another level where we plant to
integrate botanicals, resistance, and solarization in order to ensure even higher level of
protection of bean seeds against bruchids. Three botanical plants (Neorautanenia mitis,
Zanha Africana, and Chenopodium ambrosoides) will be used together with resistant
beans and solarization of harvested beans in this experiment. For wider knowledge
dissemination we are preparing a manual on bruchid management for common beans.
This booklet will serve to give highlights of the strategies to combat bruchids in storage
and will help to wider application in other legume crops like cowpeas, pigeonpea and
Bambara nut which are affected by different species of bruchids in storage.
Based on the theory of change, the major outcomes from this project can be described as
follows:
Increase productivity of bean (yield /unit area at least 5% from current production) will
be attained as a result increased amount of saved seeds is expected to increase due to
reduced bruchid infestations and this will lead to increase in area under bean production.
12
Grant No. 09-273
Stability of bean supply and improved food and nutritional security as a result of
reduced bruchid infestations. Farmers, middle men, retailers will be able to keep beans
for longer time in order to maintain a good supply of beans in the markets depending on
the forces of demand and supply of the product. Nutrition and food security will be
guaranteed by the constant availability of beans in the value chain for food. . The
innovation will have a general impact in improving food security, productivity and
ensure improved household income by sale of dry beans both in the local market and for
export. It is expected that bruchid resistant seeds will be kept longer with no or
minimum risk to bruchid destruction. The technology will assure farmers of the seed
safety and guarantee for good market price and be able to keep good seeds for the next
planting season.
Overall improved livelihood will be realized in the bean growers community, middle
men and retailers involved in bean production and selling will be assured f a constant
income. Increased income by sale of beans will eventually improve their livelihoods.
Reduced post harvest losses to below 40% and increased income since low infestation
and damage by bruchids will be realized as a result of the use of resistant varieties and
an integration of botanical and physical methods of bruchid management. As from the
previous research findings it is indicated that the reduction in losses.
The project was expected to deliver specific changes (outcomes) in agricultural or food
systems and agricultural research and development institutions via technologies that has
been developed such as new varieties resistant to bruchids, packages for botanical
pesticides and human capacity building in terms of degrees and non degree training as
well as infrastructure development in term of laboratories.
Since the project is regional, it is expected to deliver a broader effect to other
collaborating countries and their neighbours, also research communities in bean
improvement will benefit in using or applying the technology for breeding or designing
strategies for bruchid management. Further broader effects will come through
publications and other modes of disseminations, workshops, media communications
conferences.
13
III.
Grant No. 09-273
Annual Workplan. Each year, the Foundation requests an updated, detailed workplan for the upcoming year. Please use the same
format that you used in your previous year or in your proposal. In your work plan, please indicate the who, what, when, where, and
how for each objective and related activities. Indicate budget totals (how much) for each objective only.
The Annual work plan for the coming new project is outlined below:
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Grant No. 09-273

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15
Grant No. 09-273

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Budget. Each grantee should submit this section. Using the same template as the financial report, revise the upcoming years budget as
appropriate.
16
17
V.
Appendices. Please note, unless specified, all appendices are required.

A. Appendix A Research Report(s). This section of the report is to present and integrate
key aspects of your research into a coherent picture of your research project. There can
be one research report per research and/or evaluation question, or if your questions are
linked, several questions may be addressed in one report. This section should take the
form and substance of one or more publishable paper(s). Each year the report will be
revised to reflect the years work. Over the years of the project this allows you to
receive feedback on your research. For each major research component or objective of
the project, include (parts A-C will be reported on in Year 1 and parts A-E in Year 2
and beyond):
A1. Research Report - 1
Selection of Near-Isogenic lines to farmers Preferred varieties with resistance to A.
obtectus and Z. subfasciatus
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A
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1. Introduction
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17
18
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2. Review of relevant literature.

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18
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3. Research design and methods.

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20
21
Figure 2. Long reproduction cycle due to delayed emergence of adult bruchids

corresponds to DNA markers presence of APA proteins
Figure 3. Low Number of total emerged bruchids reflect less damage of stored beans for
the given bruchid reproduction cycles
21
22
Figure 4. The Least susceptible lines to bruchid damage are selected based on number of
emerging adults and days to emergence. The lower the SI the better resistance
Plate 1. Diplay of selections of near-isogenic lines to farmers preferred varieties containing

APA seed storage proteins for A. obtectus resistance
22
23
Figure 5: Selections for low number of bruchid emergence, high infestations indicating
emerged bruchids over 50 adults were observed on Z. subfaciatus species
Selected lines for breeding process are listed in table 2 with the name of recurrent farmers
preferred varieties indicated.
Table 2. List of selections for Arcelin 2 lines containing bruchid resistance based on
delayed adult emergence indicated as mean Days for 50% Adult emergence
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Arcelin 2
lines
29-1-2
29-1-2
37-42-0
37-42-1
37-42-4
37-44-5
59--3-2-2
59-3-1-0
59-3-1-1
59-3-2-0
59-3-2-0
59-3-2-1
59-34-1
73-2-2
73-2-3
73-2-5
DAE 50%
45.800
47.000
48.333
45.667
48.000
50.000
52.667
48.333
45.333
51.500
54.000
49.000
47.333
47.333
50.667
50.333
Recurrent
Parent
Njano
Ndefu 2
Canadian W
4
Kablanketi
Punnda
3
23
24
A2. Research Report - 2

Participatory evaluation and selection of bruchid resistant lines and their adaptation
to Tanzania bean growing conditions
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!
Materials and Methods

24
25
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N+)>.1)$$
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Karatu trials 600 -1200mm of rainfalls
Kilimanjaro Munguishi Hai site 800 1200 mm rainfalls different planting dates and
management
25
26
Chart of Mean( Yield (g/m2) for different bean varieties

400
Chart of Mean( YIELD (g/m2) )
Mean of YIELD (g/m2)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
300
200
100
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
ga tuusbha rsaua ngr aa tuusbha rsaua ngr aa tuusbha rsaua ngr aa tuusbha rsaua ngr aa tuusbha rsaua ngr aa tuusbha rsaua ngr aa tuusbha rasua ngr aa tuusbha rasua ngr aa tuusha rasua ngr aa tuusha rasua ngr aa tuusha rasua
aKna ragm
aKa gm
aKa gm
aKa gm
aKa gm
aKa gm
aKa gm
aKa gm
aKa gmb w aKan gmb w aK angmb
iv wmunna
iv wmunna
iv wmunna
iv wmunna
iv wmunn a
iv wmunn a
iv wmunn a
iv wmunn a
iv wmunn a
iv mun a
iv mun a
Site
1
ML
VA R
ML
10
ML
11
2
ML
3
ML
4
ML
5
ML
6
ML
7
ML
8
ML
9
ML
ML1
ML10
ML11
ML2
ML3
ML4
VA R
ML5
ML6
ML7
ML8
ML9
Variation of experimental plot management and local weather conditions might influence
the mean performance of varieties in different ecological sites
Mbeya - Mbozi trials in the southern highlands of the bean production zone with 1200
1600 mm rainfalls
Chart of Mean average pods per plant for different varieties
12
250
10
Mean of avpods/plant
Chart of Mean Yield (g/m2) at Different Sites

300
200
150
100
6
4
2
50
0
ivwanga
Karatu
mungushi
Site
nambara
sua
ML1
ML10
ML11
ML2
ML3
ML4
VAR
ML5
ML6
ML7
ML8
ML9
All varieties perform relatively well in in term of yield but there is a significant variations in
yields across locations of the trials
26
27
These trials will be established for three consecutive seasons in on farms to get required data
for validation and towards variety release for bruchid resistance. There are a number of
promising lines that will fit for each location in Tanzania.
these are some of the promising bruchid resistant lines from Malawi that were evaluated for
adaptation to local growing conditions in Tanzania.
B. Appendix B Publications Summary & Training and Outreach Summary. Using
the attached spreadsheet, please record the following:
1. Most recent compilation of publications related to the McKnight-funded
activities. These can include published journal articles, book chapters, posters,
theses/dissertations, and presentations.
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27
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28
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F)1)! 2)+)93):! 642):! ,/! 1)9,MM)/:43.,/2! 51,M! 6)4/! 1)2)4197)12! 43! <01.98+381)! G)2)4197! V/23.383.,/2!
;<GV2?! 4/:! (.231.93! <01.98+3814+! i! H.*)23,9C! ]55.9)12! ;(<H(]2?! ./! 37)! 238:A! 41)42=! <3! 37)! *.++40)! +)*)+W!
./:.*.:84+! 541M)12! F)1)! 2)+)93):! ./! 9,++46,143.,/! F.37! 37)! ,55.9)! ,5! 37)! *.++40)! \,*)1/M)/3! F.37!
422.234/9)!,5!*.++40)!401.98+3814+!)J3)/2.,/!40)/32=!I7)!238:A!./*,+*):!3F,!4--1,497)2'!4!2,9.,E)9,/,M.9!
281*)A!4/:!5,982!01,8-!:.29822.,/2=!
H,-/,W+-,(,2/-$)>&5+=$
O,9.,E)9,/,M.9!281*)A!./*,+*):!4!3,34+!$%&!541M)12!2)+)93):!5,1!37.2!238:AW!,83!,5!F7.97!#cR!;cRd?!F)1)!
M4+)! 4/:! j&! ;%Rd?! F)1)! 5)M4+)2=! (434! F)1)! 9,++)93):! 371,807! ./3)1*.)F2! 82./0! 4! 23189381):!
P8)23.,//4.1)=! D1.,1! 3,! 37)! 281*)AW! 37)! P8)23.,//4.1)! F42! -1)3)23):! 3,! *4+.:43)! 37)! -81-,2)! ,5! 37)!
281*)A!4/:!4!5./4+!*)12.,/!,5!37)!P8)23.,//4.1)!F42!4:,-3):=!
U,->)$<&,>3$4/)->))/,($$
29
30
V/!)497!*.++40)W!K,982!\1,8-!(.29822.,/2!!;K\(?!F)1)!9,/:893):!F.37!37)!4.M!,5!.:)/3.5A./0!:.*)12.3A!4/:!
541M)12m!-1)5)11):!6)4/!*41.)3.)2=!K,1!)497!*.++40)W!541M)12!F)1)!0437)1):!5,1!01,8-!:.29822.,/!F7)1)!
-4.1EF.2)!M431.J)2!F)1)!82):!./!14/C./0!4/:!:)3)1M././0!-1)5)1)/9)=!I7)!M431.J!F42!82):!./!1)497./0!
9,/2)/282!
4/:!
401))M)/3!
4M,/0!
54M)12!
4/:!
1)2)4197)12!!
;733-'NNF)6$=9,/9,1:.4=94N"84+.3AN3,,+2N#a-4.1F.2)=-:5?=!
?'1'$'('.=)/)$
@,++)93):!:434!F)1)!9,:):W!-1,9)22):W!4/4+AB):!4/:!28MM41.B):!3,!4/2F)1!4/:!*4+.:43)!37)!,6^)93.*)2!
,5!37)!238:A!82./0!ODOO!4/:!ZJ9)+!-1,014MM)2!5,1!:)*)+,-M)/3!,5!:.231.683.,/!346+)2W!91,22!3468+43.,/2W!
-.)!974132!4/:!-4.1!F.2)!M431.J=!@7.E2P841)!3)23!,5!7,M,0)/).3A!F42!82):!3,!3)23!:.231.683.,/!,5!*41.46+)2!
491,22!24M-+):!-,-8+43.,/2=!
Results
!"#$%&'()*+,-($%-$%,."%/,*)0%#'"#/$
K41M!2.B)!4++,943):!5,1!6)4/!-1,:893.,/!./!281*)A):!41)42!14/0):!6)3F))/!R=#$TE&!74!F.37!37)!M4^,1.3A!
541M)12!;jj=cd?!4++,943./0!+)22!374/!4/!491)=!I7)!P84/3.3A!,5!6)4/2!-1,:89):!./!37)!238:A!41)42!4+2,!F42!
1)-,13):!3,!14/0)!51,M!%R!C0!3,!TRRR!C0!F.37!4/!4*)140)!1)-,13):!42!+,F!42!#=R%3N74=!Q,/,98+381)!F42!
37)! M4./! 91,--./0! 2A23)M! 82):! 6A! M4^,1.3A! ;j$=&d?! ,5! 541M)12! ./! 37)! 281*)A):! 41)42W! F7.+)! 2,M)!
541M)12!;$T=jd?!F)1)!./3)191,--./0!4/:!5)F!;##=Td?!82):!6,37!91,--./0!2A23)M2=!!
!
!
Table 1: Bean production characteristics in the study area.

D1,:893.,/!
9741493)1!
K41M!;74?!
qR=&!
R=&!_!R=a!
R=aE!#=$!
#=$!_!#=j!
#=jE!$=&!
r$=&!
p.)+:!;C0N74?!
q#WRRR!
#WRRR!E$WRRR!
$WRRRE%WRRR!
%WRRRE&WRRR!
&WRRRETWRRR!
rTWRRR!
@1,--./0!2A23)M!
Q,/,98+381)!
V/3)191,--./0!
U8M6)1!,5!
1)2-,/:)/32!
!
#Tj!
Ta!
c!
a!
#!
&!
D)19)/3!,5!
1)2-,/:)/32!
!
jj=c!
$&=a!
%=R!
%=&!
R=&!
#=c!
!
#cc!
%%!
#T!
j!
$!
#!
!
cT=j!
#&=#!
j=&!
$=j!
R=`!
R=&!
!
#$&!
c%!
!
T%=R!
%#=$!
30
31
%c!
X,37!
#T=a!
!
C+'($3&,4>-1/,($-,()1&'/(1)$
K.)+:! ./2)932! F)1)! 1)-,13):! 6A! M4/A! 541M)12! ;#`d?! 42! 4! 9,/2314./3! 3,! 6)4/! -1,:893.,/! 5,++,F):! 6A!
29419.3A!,5!2)):2!;#ad?=!]37)1!9,/2314./32!F)1)!:.2)42)2!;#jd?W!23,140)!-)232!;#$d?W!F43)1!231)22!;#Rd?W!
4/:! F)):2! ;#Rd?W! 3)M-)14381)! 231)22! ;ad?W! 4/:! 2,.+! 5)13.+.3A! 231)22! ;cd?=! I7)! .M-,134/9)! ,5! 37)2)!
9,/2314./32!*41.):!6)3F))/!1)0.,/2!42!.3!F42!1)*)4+):!:81./0!K\(=!
1%(2%,(,#3%'"/&($/"%
$"
$!
#"
#!
"
!
4'()*+,-($%+($/,'#-$,/%
U/<>&+$"P$N+)3,()+$,*$*'&2+&)$KXM$,($3&,4>-1/,($-,()1&'/(1)#$
$
N+'),()$*,&$<&,;/(<$6+'()$
I7)1)!F42!2.0/.5.94/3!:.55)1)/9)!;9$!s!%=c%aW!:5!s!$TW!-!s!R=RRR#?!./!1)42,/2!5,1!01,F./0!6)4/2!6)3F))/!
1)0.,/2=!V/!<18274!;`R=Td?W!V1./04!;`#=`d?W![.+.M4/^41,!;cRd?!4/:!Q4/A414!;c$d?W!37)!M4^,1.3A!,5!541M)12!
F)1)! 01,F./0! 6)4/2! 5,1! 6,37! 5,,:! 4/:! ./9,M)! F7.+)! M4^,1.3A! ,5! 541M)12! ./! Q6)A4! ;TT=cd?! 4/:!
Q,1,0,1,!;a#d?!F)1)!01,F./0!6)4/2!M4./+A!5,1!./9,M)=!
31
32
#$!%!
1%(2%'"/&($/"%5-,.-$%'"6-($/%
#!!%!
(!%!
'!%!
)**+
&!%!
)**+,-.+
/.0*12
/.0*12
$!%!
!%!
7"6-($/%
U/<>&+$0P$N+)3,()+$,*$*'&2+&)$KXM$/($)/Y$<&,;/(<$&+</,()$,($&+'),()$*,&$<&,;/(<$6+'()#$
$
?/5+&)/1=$,*$6+'($5'&/+1/+)$'(4$.'(4&'-+)$
A total of 31 bean varieties and landraces were identified and collected during the survey (Table
3). These varieties were diverse in terms of seed colour and seed coat pattern, size, growth habit
and time to maturity. There was more diversity in Iringa compared to other regions (Table 2).
Generally, seven bean varieties were dominant across surveyed regions. Soya (Kablanketi) is
the most preferred, followed by Kigoma and Punda varieties (Figure 3).
Table 2: List of bean varieties ranked according to their importance in the surveyed region.
Iringa
Mbeya
G8/0)M64!
[.0,M4!
O4+8/:.!
O,A4!
@7.*,C4!
D8/:4!
@4/4:.4/!
h,/:)1!
Morogoro
Manyara
Arusha
Kilimanjaro
O,A4!
@4/4:.4/!
h,/:)1!
D8/:4!
@4/4:.4/!
h,/:)1!
O,A4!
HA4M8/0,!
HA4M8/0,!
HA4M8/0,!
[.0,M4!
D8/:4!
O,A4!
Q4424.!1):!
[.0,M4!
@4/4:.4/!
h,/:)1!
QC4/4M/4!
Q42828!
HA4M8/0,!
Q4./.!
O,A4!
@4/4:.4/!
h,/:)1!
Q4424.!1):!
QF42.-)/^)+)!
X+49C!6)4/2!!
X+49C!6)4/2!
[.0,M4!
[.2814!
U:,/04897)!
[464/.M4!
@7.*,C4!
[4+868/08+4!
[41.42))!
G,^,!
[428C4/AF)+)!
Q245.1.!
[4+868/08+4!
(4PF4A!
Q2,+./.!
[468M68+.!
[428C4/AF)+)!
U^4/,!/:)58!
@4/4:.4/!
h,/:)1!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
O,A4!
[464/.M4!
Q4./.!
!!
!!
!!
32
33
[,M643.!
G8/0)M64!
QC)1):8!
[.2424!
YA,+)!à!
U^4/,!/:)58!
h4/^4!
HA4M8/0,!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!
A4-1>.8*,
B%$6,
?>.821@-,
(%(6,
CDE2;F,,5%"6,
3*4-,5!%&6,
=>.+-,#!%(6,
9-.-+/-.,
:*.+2;,##%<6,
7/8*1-,$#%#6,
Figure 3: Response of farmers (%) from six regions on most preferred bean varieties.
33
34
Table 2.Diversity of bean varieties and landraces grown by farmers in different parts of the study areas.
U4M)!
K,1M!,5!
!
1)+)42)
\1,F37!746.3
D8/:4!;S)22.94W!
[,M643.?!!
[.0,M4!;O,F,1,W!
U^4/,!\,1,+.!,1!p)6,!
p)6,?!
@4/4:.4/!h,/:)1!
;Y24+40,W!XF4/4!
O74M64!
HA4M8/08!;G,2)!
[,C,?W!
[4+868/08+4!!
O,A4!;[46+4/C)3.?!
Q4424.!G):!
;Q)C8/:8?!
QC4/4M/4!
GL;HA4M8/
0,!?!
HG!
U^4/,!U:)58!
[41.42))!;-./3,?!
h4/^4!
U:,/04897)!
G8/0)M64!
Q4./.!
X+49C!6)4/2!
[428C4/AF)+)!
O4+8/:.!
[468M68+.!
@7.*,C4!!
e
[.2424 !
YA,+)!à!!
[,M643.!
Q245.1.!
[464/.M4!
QF42.-)/^)+)!!
Q42828!
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O)):!2.B)!
O)):!9,+,1!
O)):!9,43!
-433)1/!
IA-)!V!
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D81-+)!
O-)9C+):!
IA-)!V!
Q):.8M!
p)++,F!
O,+.:!
GL!
IA-)!V!
H410)!
Q41,,/!
O,+.:!
GL!
;HA4M8/0,?!
HG!
HG!
HG!
IA-)!V!
H410)!
G):!91)4M!2-,33):!!
IA-)!V!
IA-)!VL!
IA-)!VL!
Q):.8M!
Q):.8M!
OM4++!
Q41,,/!
D81-+)!
G):!
G7,M6,.:!
O-,33):!
O,+.:!
O-)9C+):!
O,+.:!
HG!
IA-)!VL!
Q):.8M!!
H.073!X1,F/!
HG!
HG!
GL!
HG!
HG!
HG!
HG!
HG!
HG!
HG!
HG!
HG!
GL!
HG!
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HG!
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HG!
HG!
IA-)!V!
IA-)!VL!
IA-)!V!
IA-)!VL!
IA-)!VL!
IA-)!VL!
IA-)!VL!
IA-)!VVV!
IA-)!V!
IA-)!V!
IA-)!VL!
IA-)!VVV!
IA-)!V!
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IA-)!VVV!
H410)!
OM4++!
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H410)!
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Q):.8M!
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H410)!
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!
p)++,F!
X1,F/!01)A!2-,33):!
[74C.!
X1,F/!
D81-+)!
@1)4M!
X+49C!
X+49CNh7.3)!231.--):!
[74C.!
G):!
h7.3)!
L.,+)3!
D4+)!p)++,F!!
D4+)!G):!
D81-+)!
Q41,,/!
@1)4M!1):!231.-)2!
(41C!01))/!
G):!
@.198+41!
M,33+./0!
O,+.:!
O31.-):!
O,+.:!
O,+.:!
O-)9C+):!
O31.-):!
O,+.:!
O31.-):!
O,+.:!
O,+.:!
O,+.:!
O,+.:!
O,+.:!
O,+.:!
O,+.:!
O,+.:!
O-)9C+):!
O,+.:!
O,+.:!
34
35
[4C.!
Q2,+./.!
G,^,!
HG!
HG!
GL!;OY<?!
IA-)!VVV!
IA-)!VVV!
!
H410)!
OM4++!
!
[74C.!
O-)9C+):!!
!
O,+.:!
O,+.:!
O,+.:!
LR = Landrace; RV = Released variety. 1CIAT plant growth habit classification. Type I = determinant bush; type III = nonclimbing
indeterminate vine; type IV = indeterminate climbing vine.
35
36
!
!
Number of bean varieties grown
The majority of farmers were growing more than one variety. There was a significance relationship (X2 =
41.490, df = 15, p = 0.0001) between the number of varieties grown and the region where an individual
farmer lived. In regions where there is more diversity like in Iringa, Mbeya and Morogoro, farmers would
grow up to four varieties. On the other hand in regions where the diversity is low, farmers were growing a
maximum of three varieties (Figure 4).
1(2%,(,#3%'"/&($/"%
B!%!
'!%!
"!%!
&!%!
5!%!
*.2
$!%!
DG*
#!%!
DE;22
!%!
)*>;
7"6-($/%
!
K.081)!&'!G)2-,/2)!,5!541M)12!;d?!./!6)4/!01,F./0!1)0.,/2!,/!/8M6)1!,5!*41.)3.)2!01,F/=!
Attributes for selecting a bean variety to grow

I7)!4331.683)2!82):!6A!541M)12!./!2)+)93./0!4!6)4/!*41.)3A!3,!01,F!./9+8:)!./3)/:):!M41C)3W!-1,:893.*.3AW!
9,,C./0! P84+.3A! 4/:! 1)2.234/9)! 3,! 6.,3.9! 4/:! 46.,3.9! 231)22=! I7)1)! .2! 4! 1)+43.,/27.-! 6)3F))/! 37)! 1)0.,/!
F7)1)! 37)! 541M)12! +.*)! 4/:! -1)5)1)/9)! 5,1! 2897! 4331.683)2=! V/! 4++! 1)0.,/2W! 37)! ,5! M4^,1.3A! 541M)12!
-1)5)11):!*41.)3.)2!F.37!7.07!M41C)3!:)M4/:!)J9)-3!./!V1./04!4/:![.+.M4/^41,!F7)1)!M4^,1.3A!541M)12!
36
37
!
!
-1)5)11):!
*41.)3.)2!
F.37!
7.07!
-1,:893.*.3A!
;K.081)!
T4?=!
1(2%,(,#3%'"&($/"%
#$!%!
#!!%!
(!%!
H*I2;-.02,D*,@/*D/0
-.+,-@/*D/0,FD;2FF
=;*+>0D/J/D4
'!%!
&!%!
9**K/.8,L>-I/D4
$!%!
M-;K2D,N;/02O+21-.+
!%!
'"6-($/%
U/<>&+$ Z'P!G)2-,/2)! ,5! 541M)12! ;d?! 51,M! 6)4/! 01,F./0! 1)0.,/2! ,/! -1)5)11):! 4331.683)2! 5,1! 2)+)93./0! 4!
*41.)3A!3,!01,F=!!
Attributes associated with cooking quality

Among the cooking attributes most farmers (43.3%) preferred varieties that were delicious
1,(,#3%'"/&($/"%
(43.3%), easy to cook (30.7%) and with good quality of edible leaves (21.7%) figure 6.
"!
&!
5!
$!
#!
!
+2I/0/*>F
2-F4,0**K/.8 8**+,)*;,>F2,-F 2+/@I2,I2-J2F

);2FE,@2-.F
4'"2"''")%+((8-$6%#,,'-9*,"/%
Figure 6: response of farmers (%) on preferred cooking qualities of a bean variety.

Drought and heat tolerance varieties were more preferred as far as tolerance to biotic and abiotic
was concerned followed by varieties that are resistant to diseases, field insects, tolerant to low
soil fertility and resistant to bruchids.
37
38
1,(,#3%'"&($/"%
!
!
&"
&!
5"
5!
$"
$!
#"
#!
"
!
)/2I+,/.F20D
N2FDF
;2F/FD-.02
+/F2-F2
;2F/FD-.02
@;>0E/+
;2F/FD-.02
+;*>8ED,-.+ D*I2;-.02,D*
E2-D
I*G,F*/I
D*I2;-.02
)2;D/I/D4
PG-D2;,FD;2FFQ
4'"2"''")%9-(,-+%#$)%#9-(,-+%#,,'-9*,"/%
Figure 7: response of farmers (%) on preferred biotic and abiotic attributes of a variety.
Preferred attributes associated with productivity and grain characteristics
Majority of farmers in the study area preferred varieties which are high yielding and mature
early. Other attributes in this category were seed size and seed coat colour.
'!
1,(,#3%'"/&($/"%
"!
&!
5!
$!
#!
!
4/2I+OF22+,F2D
F22+,0*-D,0*I*;
I-;82,F22+,F/R2
2-;I4,1-D>;/D4
D/12
4'"2"''")%6'(5,.%#,,'-9*,"/%
Figure 8: response of farmers (%) on preferred growth attributes of a variety.

)
)
)
5-(,*((-%6))
38
39
!
!
9&,4>-1/,($'(4$'&+')$*,&$6+'()$
I7)!1)28+3!51,M!37.2!281*)A!:)M,/23143):!3743!6)4/!-1,:893.,/!./!I4/B4/.4!14/0)2!51,M!2862.23)/3!2M4++!
541M2!5,1!7,M)!9,/28M-3.,/!,/+AW!2M4++!294+)!541M)12!-1,:89./0!5,1!6,37!7,M)!9,/28M-3.,/!4/:!5,1!4!
M41C)3!24+)!4/:!M):.8M!294+)!541M)12!01,F./0!6)4/2!5,1!9,MM)19.4+!-81-,2)!42!4!9427!91,-=!g,F)*)1W!
./! 4*)140)! 37)! 41)42! ./! 6)4/! -1,:893.,/! 41)! P8.3)! +,F! 9,8-+):! F.37! 37)! +,F! A.)+:2! 4331.683):! 6A! +,F!
A.)+:./0! *41.)3.)2! 4/:! ./9.:)/9)2! ,5! 6.,3.9! 4/:! 46.,3.9! 231)22)2! 549./0! 9,MM,/! 6)4/! -1,:893.,/! ./! 37)!
9,8/31A=!I7)!+,F!-1,:893.*.3A!M4A!4+2,!6)!:8)!3,!37)!541M./0!2A23)M2!42!M,23!,5!2M4++!294+)!541M)12!82)!
./3)191,--./0!2A23)M2!F.37!M4.B)!F7)1)!6)4/2!41)!01,F/=!I782!37)!6)4/!*41.)3.)2!9,MM,/+A!-1)5)11):!
./!37)!-1,:893.,/!41)!/,3!F)++!4:4-3):!3,!M4.B)E6)4/!./3)191,--./0!2A23)M2=!
?/5+&)/1=$,*$6+'($5'&/+1/+)$'(4$.'(4&'-+)$$
I7.2!238:A!.:)/3.5.):!%#!*41.)3.)2!4/:!+4/:149)2!,5!6)4/2!./!37)!281*)A):!1)0.,/2W!,5!37)2)W!5.*)!1)+)42):!
6)4/!*41.)3.)2!4/:!3F,!.M-1,*):!*41.)3.)2!F)1)!1)-,13):!6A!g.++,9C2!)3!4+!;$RRj?=!O.M.+41+AW!5,81!1)+)42)!
*41.)3.)2!4/:!)+)*)/!+4/:149)2!F)1)!1)-,13):!6A!K.*4F,!4/:!Q2,++4!;$R##?=!<99,1:./0!3,!g.++,9C2!)3!4+=!
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Attributes used for selecting a bean variety to grow were location specific. Attributes used by
farmers include cooking quality, seed size, seed color, market demand and maturity time.
However, market demand of a given bean variety was the major determining factors for selection
of bean varieties by farmers. For instance a landraces Soya and Kigoma had very low scores on
productivity, disease resistance but these varieties are highly demanded in the market by
consumers because of their superior cooking quality and taste as revealed during the focus group
discussion using matrix ranking. The evidence of its preference is also clearly demonstrated by
its dominance in all the bean selling markets in Tanzania.
Acknowledgement:
We extend our sincere thanks to McKnight Foundation for funding this research work. Many
thanks also to village communities and village leaders for their active participation during the
implementation of this baseline survey of the project works.
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References
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Results
Methods, duration and objectives of storing beans
Commonly used methods for bean storage by farmers reported during focus group discussion
included hessian bags, sisal bags and plastic containers, metal drums. Table 1 presents duration
of bean storage by farmers by region. The duration of bean storage by most farmers ranged from
6 to 9 months after harvest (Figure 1). Only a small proportion of sampled farmers in bean
producing regions stores beans for more than 12 months. With the exception of Mbeya region
(Mbozi district), where a high proportion of farmers store beans for more than 12 months (Figure
1).
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Figure 1: Duration of bean storage in different regions

The objectives for storing beans reported by farmers are shown in Table 1. Farmers from
different regions store beans for different objectives (X2 = 80.79, df = 30, p < 0.0001). Most of
farmers in Arusha, Iringa, Kilimanjaro and Manyara store their beans for seed and food while
farmers in Mbeya, and Morogoro store their beans mainly for seeds (Figure 2). Though low, all
farmers across the bean growing regions could store their beans for market purpose.
Furthermore, storage duration is related to objective of storage (X2 = 39.053a, df = 24, p<0.01).
A high proportion of farmers store beans for longer duration to be used as seeds and food (Table
1).
45
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Figure 2: Proportion of farmers growing beans for different objectives in the surveyed regions
Table 1: Duration of bean storage for various objectives among farmers
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Both bruchid species (A. obtectus and Z. subfasciatus) were sampled at different times from all
surveyed regions. Farmers reported varying levels damage inflicted by bruchids on beans (Figure
4). In Arusha region, bruchid damage was reported ranged from 1 to 20% while in Iringa losses
ranging from 20% to 60%, and a few cases losses of up to 100 % were reported. In Kilimanjaro
region the level of bruchid damage ranged from 25 50% while in Manyara, the level of damage
ranged from 20% to 100% (Figure 4). Sampled farmers in Mbeya reported damage levels
46
47
!
!
ranging from 1- 60% and in a few cases losses of up to 100% were reported. In Morogoro region
levels of bruchid damage reported by farmers ranged from 20% to 60%, in a few cases famers
reported losses of up to 100% (Figure 4).
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Figure 3: Proportion of famers reporting infestation of beans by bruchids
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Figure 4: Proportion of farmers reporting damage levels of beans by bruchids

Bruchid damage among FPVs
A larger proportion of sample farmers (27.8%) reported Soya to be the most damaged variety.
Additionally, 25.6% of sampled farmers reported Kigoma as the highly damaged variety. Low
proportion of farmers reported Punda, Canadian Wonder and Rungemba as highly damaged
varieties by bruchids (Figure 5).
47
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Fig. 5: Proportion of farmers reporting the most damaged FPV
Bruchid management strategies used by farmers

Farmers reported various techniques of managing beans that fall under chemical, physical and
natural methods. Synthetic chemicals are the widely used means of managing bruchids
dominated by grain protectants; Actellic super dust (pirimiphos-methyl) and Shumba super dust
(deltamethrin). Physical techniques included hermetic storage and sun drying. Natural bruchid
management techniques included the use of sand, ashes from various plant residues, and dried
manures from domestic animals, shredded crop residues from finger millet, paddy and beans.
The use of pesticidal plants was reported in Manyara, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Mbeya (Figure
6).
48
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Figure 7: Proportion of farmers using different bruchid management methods

The commonly used pesticidal plants as reported by farmers are: Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell
Neorautanenia mitis (A.rich)Verdc, Chenopodium ambrosioides (L), and Azadiracta indica (L)
Adelb.
Table 2: A list of pesticidal plants used by sampled farmers for managing bean bruchids
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Methods, duration and reasons for bean storage

A variety of techniques for storing beans were reported by farmers across regions, including,
hessian bags, sisal bags and plastic containers, air tight metal drums (hermetic storage). These
techniques have been also been reported by Jones et al. (1999). Hessian bags are the most import
vessels for keeping and transportation of dry beans since they are cheap and readily available and
are not bulky. Majority of famers store beans for different objectives. Beans intended to be used
as seeds, food and commercial purposes are stored for longer duration. Majority of farmers store
their beans for an average period of 6 to 9 months in all regions, to coincide with the next
planting season. . A good proportion of farmers in the study regions (>30%) stores beans for less
than 6 months probably due to lack of proper storage structures, low quantities produced,
demand for immediate market, and fear of damage by bruchids.. Similar behavior was observed
among small scale farmers in other bean growing regions in the world (Jones et al., 1999). In
areas with bimodal rainfall 6 months was the maximum period for bean storage. However, due to
other reasons such as maintaining seed availability for the next main rain season, household food
security and added commercial value dictate longer storage period of more than 12 months.
Similarly, where short rains are not reliable, bean seeds are stored for longer durations to ensure
availability of enough seeds for next season and food for households members. Beans are grown
during the short rains, are mostly used as vegetables because mature seeds are normally affected
by foliar diseases. Also farmers in the study regions believe that beans stored for longer times
perform better when used as seeds however, this is contrary to seed biology, because seed
viability declines and hardening of seed coat with longer storage time depending on storage
environments (Reye-Moreno, et. al., 2009).
Low proportion of farmers store beans only for markets. However, farmers have multiple storage
objectives and some store beans for dual purposes of market and food or market and seed.
?/)1&/6>1/,($'(4$4'2'<+$6=$6&>-D/4)$'2,(<$6+'($5'&/+1/+)$'(4$.'(4&'-+)$
51
52
!
!
The present study has demonstrated that both bruchid species co-occur the all the surveyed
regions. . Previous studies by Misangu (1997) and Ampofo and Slumpa (1991) indicated that A.
obtectus is dominant in the cooler highlands while the Z. subfasciatus is common in warm low
lands. A major reason for occurrence of both bruchid species in all regions could be trade and
bean seed exchange among farmers. Furthermore, current climate change scenarios are likely to
have contributed to wide distribution of the A. obtectus bruchid species, which was known to
prefer cooler climates.
Results have demonstrated that most of the beans stored by farmers are infested by bruchids and
the levels of infestation depend on duration of storage. Large proportion of farmers in the
sampled bean producing regions reported bruchid damage levels of between 1-20%. Such levels
are relatively low, although in a few cases damage levels as high as 100% have been reported.
The variations in levels of bruchid damage may be attributed to spatial and temporal abundance
of bruchid species, time of harvesting, storage methods, and store hygiene and management
technique employed by farmers. The variation in levels of damage reported by farmers can also
be associated with types and varieties of beans commonly grown and stored. Farmers in this
study have reported variations on susceptibility of bean varieties to bruchids. In this respect, the
susceptible varieties can be stored for a shorter duration (1 -3 months) to avoid further
deterioration from bruchid attacks while a relatively resistant variety will be kept for 6 to more
than 12months (Cardona et al., 1992; Cardona and Kornegay, 1999; Firdissa et al., 2000; Emana
et al. 2003; Schmale, et al., 2003). In regions like Manyara, Kilimanjaro and Mbeya, varieties
such as Canadian wonder, Lyamungu (rose koko), Kariasee and Maasai red have been reported
to be less damaged by bruchids and are stored for much longer durations.
The fact that the varieties preferred by farmers and consumers were also the most susceptible to
bruchid damage indicates the need for intervention in order to reduce post-harvest losses caused
by bruchids in dry beans during storage. Bruchids prefer a given variety based on seed size, seed
coat color and nutritional quality for the survival and development of larval instar (Ndlovu &
Giga, 1988; Mazzoneto and Vendramin, 2002; Souza et al., 2011). However, mechanisms such
as hard seed coat and small seed size in beans may compromise qualities for bean preference
such as cookability, market, and palatability.
Management of bean bruchids:
52
53
!
!
Synthetic chemicals are dominantly used by farmers to control bruchids while in a few cases
natural products such as ashes, crop residues from cereals and legumes were reported. During
focus group discussion it was realized that farmers with large quantities of beans use insecticides
to control bean bruchids whereas small scale farmers resort to insecticides only when beans are
to be stored for seeds to be used for the next planting season. Reasons mentioned by farmers
include readily availability of insecticides, they are easy and less laborious to use and have a
longer residue effects to check re-infestation. While use of botanical pesticides, physical and
natural control strategies are commonly used for beans stored for household consumption
because they are cheap and locally available. Botanicals were reported as effective but they are
laborious to use due to unavailability of readily prepared formulations. The efficacy of most
pesticidal plants mentioned by farmers is not known. Thus there is a need to evaluate the efficacy
of pesticidal plants against bruchids, effective doses and modes of preparation of pesticidal
plants used to manage bruchids. For integrated management of bruchids a combination of
botanical insecticides, natural, physical methods and host resistance is required.
$
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$
Broughton W.J, G. Hernandez, M. Blair, S. Beebe, P. Gepts and J. Vanderleyden (2003). Beans
(Phaseolus spp.) model food legumes. Plant and Soil 252: 55128.
CIAT (2008a). Highlights CIAT in Africa Impact of Improved Bean Production Technologies
in Nothern Tanzania. Vol 42. 2pp
CIAT (2008b). Highlights CIAT in Africa The Impact of New Bean Technologies on Rural
Livelihoof in Seven African Countries Vol. 44. 2pp
Jones A.L., D. Mejia and B. Lewis (1999). Phaseolus BEANS Post-harvest Operations. CIAT,
24pp
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Kiula, B.A. and A.K. Karel. (1985). Effectiveness of vegetable oils in protecting beans against
bean weevil (Zabrotes subfasciatus [Boh]). Bean Improvement Cooperative Annual
Report No. 28, p.3-5.
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58
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59
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,5! 61897.:2! 74*)! 3,! 6)! 1)M,*):! 51,M! 37)! +.23! ,5! -+4/32! 3,! 6)! 1)9,MM)/:):! 5,1! 82)! 42! 6,34/.94+2! ./!
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6,34/.94+2! 642):! ,/! 37)! +)*)+2! ,5! 9,/31,+! ,5! 61897.:! :4M40)=! K41M)12! ./! 37.2! 1)2-)93! 94/! 82)! +,94++A!
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5493,1!3,! ./*)23.043)! ./! ,1:)1! 3,! 8/:)1234/:! 37)! :)9+./)! ,1! :8146.+.3A!,5! 4/3.6.,2.2! -,2):! 6A! 37)! 918:)!
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,5!23,140)=!
!
Mean Number of Damaged seeds
Figures
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Botanicals
G a M M D M la ol
iM ak ili a ic jui a tr
ju d ilip ng e r M dup on
M upa Mp iv a A ct
Li C
L
T
Villages
w
Iv
ga
an
G a M M D M la ol
ju d ilip ng e r M du p o n
M upa Mp iva A ct
Li C
L
T
s
Ki
ga
an
G a M M D M la ol
ju d ilip ng er M du p o n
M up a Mp iva Act
Li C
L
T
tu
ba
m
tu
M
Figure 1. Variation in number of damaged seeds as observed in different villages on pesticide plant
extracts in beans stored in different
60
61
Mean Number of Damaged Seeds
!
!
Botanicals
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
G a M M D M la ol
G a M M D M la ol
G a M M D M la ol
G a M M D M la o l
M a k il i a i c ui a tr
M a k il i a ic ui a tr
M ak i li a i c u i a t r
M a k il i a ic ui a tr
j ui d l ip ng er j u p on
ju i d li p ng e r j up o n
ju i d l ip n g er j up o n
j ui d l ip ng er j u p on
M up a p i i v a c t mLi d C
M u pa pi iv a c t mL id C
M up a p i i v a ct mL id C
M u pa pi iv a c t mLi d C
T M L A
T ML A
T M L A
T ML A
s
ed
se
le
ho
s
ed
se
le
ho
s
ed
se
5
3-
ho
le
r
ve
s
le
ho
:#;#6")%<"")/%=1>%
Figure 2: Levels of infestation based on number of perforated holes per seed as observed in
different botanical plant extracts from beans stored in separate households in villages for
6 months
?-33#6"/%
:#;#6")%<"")/%=1>%
Figure 3: Levels of bruchid damage on bean seeds as cummulatively observed in different bean
producing villages of the study area. These levels of bean seed damage by bruchids
were recorded over a period exceeding one year.
5,M*.DEF
',M*.DEF
<,M*.DEF
#$,M*.DEF
CJ2;,#$,M*.DEF
?-33#6"/%
61
62
!
!
:#;#6")%<"")/=1>%
Figure 4: Change in population and levels of bruchid damage on bean seeds as observed in
different bean producing villages of the study area. Levels of bean seed damage by
bruchids was sequencially recoreded each three months over a period exceeding one
year.
5,M*.DEF
',M*.DEF
<,M*.DEF
#$,M*.DEF
!(,#$-+#3/%
CJ2;,#$
M*.DEF
:#;#6")%<"")/=1>%
Figure 5: Variation in effectiveness of botanical pesticides as monitored during the specified

bean storage period in a year.
9*.D;*I
MT>/,M-8*12
H>N-,U-KMN/I/N/I/,M/R/R/
A/J-.8-,M/R/R/
?-33#6"/%
V0D2;/0,U>FD
Figure 6: Performance of botanical plant preparations in different vilages as monitored during the
period of more than one year (15 months)
References
Allen, D. J., Dessert, M., Trutmann, P. and Voss, J. (1989). Common Bean in Africa and Their
Constraints, pg-13 in H.F
Kimani, P.M., Buruchara, R.A., Ampofo, K., Pyndji, M., Chirwa, R. And Kirkby, R. (2005).
Breeding bean for smallholder farmers in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa:
Constraints, Achievements and Potential. CIAT, Cali, Colombia.
Mihale , M. J., Deng , A. L. , Selemani , H. O. Mugisha-Kamatenesi, M., Kidukuli , A. W. and
Ogendo, J. O. (2009). Use of indigenous knowledge in the management of field and
storage pests around Lake Victoria basin in Tanzania. African Journal of Environmental
Science and Technology. 3 (9): 251-259.
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Munyuli, T.M.B. (2003). Effet de diffrentes poudres vgtales sur linfestation des semences de
lgumineuses et de crales au cours de la conservation au Kivu, Rpublique
Dmocratique du Congo. Cahiers Agricultures France, 12, 1, 23-31.
Munyuli, T.M.B., Kyamanywa, S. and Luther, G.C. (2008). Capability of Forficula auricularia
L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) to prey on Aphis craccivora K. (Homoptera: Aphididae) in
eastern and central Africa. Agronomie Africaine, 20, 1, 57-66
Munyuli, T.M.B. (2009). On-Farm Storages Participatory Evaluation and Validation of the
Capability of Native Botanicals for Control of Bean Bruchids (Acanthoscelides Obtectus
L., Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in South-Kivu Province, Eastern of Democratic Republic of
Congo, TROPICULTURA, 27, 3, 174-183.
Myers, J. R, Davis J, Kean, D, Nchimbi-Msolla and Misangu, R. (2001). Backcross Breeding to
Introduce Arcelin Alleles into Improved African Bean Cultivars, Bean/Cowpea CRSPEast Africa, Proceedings: Bean Seed Workshop, Arusha, January. 12-14.
Oliveira, A. S., Pereira, R. A., Lima, L.M Ana H. A. Morais, A.H.A., Melo, F.R., Franco, O.L.,
Bloch, C.J., Grossi-de-Sa, M.F. and Sales, P.P. (2002). Activity toward Bruchid Pest of a
Kunitz-Type Inhibitor from Seeds of the Algaroba Tree (Prosopis juliflora D.C.),
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 72:122132.
Rajapakse, R.H.S. (2006). The potential of plants and plant products in stored insect pest
management, The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2: (1): 11-21.
Robinson, J. (2005). Pests and integrated pest management in western Equatoria, southern
Sudan, International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 25: 224235.
Papachristos, D.P. and Stamopoulos, D.C. (2003). Selection of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)
for resistance to lavender essential oil vapour. Journal of Stored Products Research 39:
433441.
Tapondjou, A.L., Adler, C., Bouda H. and Reichmuth, C. (2002). Ability of products derived
from the leaves of Clausena anisota to protect stored legumes from attack by
Collobruchus maculates and C. Chinense (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). In: Cornel Adler,
Shlomo Navarro, Matthias, Scholler and Lise Stenard-Hansen (editors), integrated
protection of stored products. IOBC Bulletin, 25, 3, 153-164.
!
2.
Project activities related to capacity building.
The Project has produced 2 MSc degrees. Unfortunately as we are preparing this report, our PhD
Greduate student, MS. SUMA MWAITULO died on the 13th October 2013. She was towards
the completion of her studies with the last experiments to be carried out at Oregon State
University. God rest her soul, it is such sad moment for the Saf- CoP family for such a sudden
loss. Her research reports will be communicated following the recovery of the left documents
from her personal files. One publication was to be reported in this reporting period as she was
going to present in a African Crop Science Conference held this October 14 18th 2013.
Unfortunately on her way to this conference she had a road car accident that took her life and all
her three Children on the spot.
C. Appendix C Theory of Change (ToC) review your ToC and ensure it is consistent
with your work plan
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!
Increase productivity of bean (yield /unit area at least 5% from current production) will be attained as
a result of reduced foliar diseases in major bean producing areas. The amount of saved seeds is
expected to increase due to reduced bruchid infestations and this will lead to increase in area under
bean production.
Stability of bean supply and improved food and nutritional security as a result of reduced bruchid
infestations. Farmers, , middle men, retailers will be able to keep beans for longer time in order to
maintain a good supply of beans in the markets depending on the forces of demand and supply of the
product. Nutrition and food security will be guaranteed by the constant availability of beans in the
value chain for food. . The innovation will have a general impact in improving food security,
productivity and ensure improved household income by sale of dry beans both in the local market and
for export. It is expected that seeds will be kept longer with no or minimum risk to bruchid
destruction. The technology will assure farmers of the seed safety and guarantee for good market
price and be able to keep good seeds for the next planting season.
Overall improved livelihood will be realized in the bean growers community, middle men and
retailers involved in bean production and selling will be assured f a constant income. Increased
income by sale of beans will eventually improve their livelihoods.
Reduced post harvest losses to below 40% and increased income since low infestation and damage by
bruchids will be realized as a result of the use of resistant varieties and an integration of botanical and
physical methods of bruchid management. As from the previous research findings it is indicated that
the reduction in losses.
The project is expected to deliver specific changes (outcomes) in agricultural or food systems and
agricultural research and development institutions via technologies that will be developed such as
new varieties resistant to bruchids, packages for botanical pesticides and human capacity building in
terms of degrees and non degree training as well as infrastructure development in term of
laboratories.
Since the project is regional, it is expected to deliver a broader effect to other collaborating countries
and their neighbors, also research communities in bean improvement will benefit in using or applying
the technology for breeding or designing strategies for bruchid management. Further broader effects
will come through publications and other modes of disseminations, workshops, media
communications conferences.
D. Appendix D Monitoring and Evaluation Plan update with results that are emerging
from your current plan, progress against indicators, and activities related to measuring
each evaluation question and indicator. Some evaluation questions may be more
ambitious and addressed in Appendix A more thoroughly.
Objective 1: Developing resistant varieties for both bruchids (A.obtectus and Z.subfasciatus.)
Evaluation plans for this objective is elaborated in current breeding progress made with the
development of breeding lines that are resistant to bruchids. These lines are being evaluated in part on
the station trials and in a participatory on farm evaluations for their agronomic performance. In
addition, correct data management and documentation of laboratory and field works are presented in
reports these are elements that will be monitored to ensure proper implementation of the narrated
project activities in this objective.
Objective 2: Evaluating novel sources and understand mechanisms of resistance to bruchids (both
A.obtectus. and Z.subfasciatus.)
Evaluation plans for this is directed towards monitoring the use of these novel sources of resistance in
breeding program, evidence of transfer of the mechanism for resistance, and clear understanding of
the mechanism of resistance. Part is presented in the results of the research from MSc and PhD
64
65
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!
students. Project activities has demonstrated the clear transfer of APA and arcelin 2 seed storage
proteins conferring resistance to bean bruchids.
Objective 3: Integrated bruchid management strategies combining genetic resistance, botanicals and
physical (solarization) methods
Monitoring and evaluation plans: Project reports presented in the previous year of the project has
identified three botanical plant extracts that provide protection to both bruchid species further
evaluations and monitoring of the progress in this objective will involve the utilization of the
botanical plants by the target communities for storage of beans towards integrated bruchid
management. Reports presented in the previous year and brochure for utilization of botanical plant
extracts is part of the evaluation plans for this objective.
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Matrix for Project monitoring and evaluation plans

1.
Objective #1: Developing
resistant varieties for both bruchids
(A.o. and Z.s.)
Guiding research question (s) Can

beans varieties be developed with
resistance to both species? What are the
strategies for achieving resistance to
both bruchid species?
Guiding Evaluation question(s)?: What is the level of

resistance from the developed varieties? Can you have
resistance for both in one variety?
Planned activity
Degree of completion/ context
Comments/ learning/ adaption/ methodology
Responsible and
time line and
place
1.1 Conduct hybridization and

backcrossing to obtain Phaseolin null
(Phs-) lines with ARL and Arc2
proteins
Parent sources for Phs-/ARL/Arc2

have been developed, and APA lines
(BC3F4) from farmers preferred
varieties (Kablanketi and Soya Njano Kigoma) are available for hybridization
from the previous project (09-273).
Use atleast 5 lines with lowest TAE
and SI
Mobilize planting ph-/Arc2 lines for

crossing with APA FPV in the green
house -
The existing APA lines with FPV background will be

used as female parents in crossing with Phs-/ARL/Arc2.
Simultaneous backcrossing and selfing will be required
in order to retain the phaseolin null alleles as well as
ARL and Arc genes. Select for seed size and other seed
qualities.
MSc. student and

researchers to
coordinate and
oversee the
breeding protocols
Sept 2013 - June
2015./ Research
Assistants
1.2 MAS/Proteins profiles for

selection of candidate progenies with
the genes for resistance
DNA Markers for ARL and Arc2 are

available with optimized protocols for
selection in place, Protein profiling can
be done using SDS gels which is a
routine procedure in our lab.
Validate parents for candidate genes

and SSP before crossing. Confirm
introgression of PH- and ARC2
ARL and Arc2 will be monitored using DNA markers

following a validation of individuals with phaseolin null
(Phs-) among the progenies. Phs- progenies will be
identified using 1D SDS protein gels in each generation
of backcrossing or selfing.
Research assistants
and Researcher
experiment to take
at least 6 months in
June 2015.
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1.3 Investigate the effect of
phaseolin null on: germination, seed
weight, yield, and culinary
characteristics
This will depend on availability of

enough seeds from isogenic lines. The
hypothesis is there is no difference
between Phs- and Phs+ in seed yield,
germination and culinary
characteristics.
1.4 Develop multilines of arcelin-2

and ARL tepary with phaseolin null
This will depend on the above activity

following the development of isolines
containing Arc2 and ARL separately.
NOT AT THIS MOMENT
Both laboratory germination trials and field trials will be

conducted. The replicated field trials will generate data
for germination, yield, and seed characteristics and for
culinary data. Similar experiments will be carried out in
Malawi.
Field and research

assistants and
researchers at SUA
and DARS Malawi
in July 2015.
Seed increase is imperative before this experiment is set.

Designate a proportion (g) of seeds from each genotype
for mixing and screening for bruchid resistance trials 1:1,
parents (susceptibles and resistants, 1:2 or 2:1 ratios;
alternatively - proportions for blending 1 susceptible: 1
resistant for each of the genotypes or 1:1:1 = susceptible:
resistant Arc2:resistant APA. Testing of each of these
proportions: Will use 60 seeds per jar for each treatment
and each bruchid species (10 pairs of insects per jar). The
experiment will be repeated three times in an interval of
1-2 weeks from one set to another. Colony increase is
important.
Research assistants
and Researcher
experiment to take
at least 6 months in
June 2015.
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1.5 Evaluation of developed PhsARL/Arc lines for resistance to both
bruchid species (Laboratory trials)
The protocol for bruchid evaluation is

available.
A no choice bruchid feeding trial will be conducted three replications for each sample. Sample seeds from
BC3F2:3 plants selected from individuals with Phs-/ARL
and Arc2. Non perforated seeds will also be used for
further seed increase especially for the lines that proves
good level of resistance. record on total number of adult
emergence, days for first adult emergence, 50% DAE,
and SI. Number of damaged seeds and non damaged
seeds by perforations severity (number of holes 3-5 and
above 5). determine the average number of holes per
sample.
SUA researchers
and research
assistants.
1.6 Validation of resistance to both

bruchids in farmers storage
conditions
Farmers groups and households

available and are aware of the protocol
for bruchid trials from the previous
botanical experiments. We need to
increase seed to accommodate the
experiments.
Timing and choice of locations for proper availability

and distribution of the two bruchid species is required.
The two bruchid species should occur in each of the
locations. Each location will be used for validation of a
single and dominant bruchid species i.e. one species per
location to be evaluated.
Farmers and
researchers at
Kisanga and
Mtumbatu. July
2015.
Objective #2: Evaluate novel

sources of resistance and understand
mechanisms of resistance to bruchids
(both A.o. and Z.s.)
Guiding research question (s) How

do these new sources of resistances
compare to existing ones? Are they
effective for both bruchids species?,
What are the mechanisms for
resistance? Can they be transferred into
other FPVs?
Guiding Evaluation question(s)?: What levels of

resistance do they provide for both bruchid species. What
is the stability of resistance in these genotypes. Can they
be transferred into FPVs.
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Planned activity
2.1 Transfer of resistance from

Kalubungula and Rungemba and
conduct genetic analysis
The novel resistances observed in local

landraces Kalubungula and Rungemba
have not been characterized. F1s will
be readily available from the Project
09-273 for generation advance and
genetic analysis. These landraces are
available for further crossing with
FPVs.
F1s for KABxKAL, KABxRUNG,

SONJAxKAL and SONJAxRUNG for
the purpose of PhD continue with F2 to
be advance to F3 also Malawin
materials requires similar strategy - for
characterization purpose KAbxKAL
and KABxRUNG and KABxML8 use
their F2:3 lines for genomic study.
Mean while Research assistants to
make back crosses for these respective
crosses HOW MANY SAMPLE IS
NEEDED FOR GBS genotyping
work? check with JIM
Responsible and
time line and
place
Carry out protein profiling to compare the parents,

susceptible lines and the progenies - look for arcelin-like
proteins. In F2:3 families, conduct studies for
phenotyping and segregation of the resistant lines. If SSP
appears responsible for resistance, then amino acid
sequencing need to be done. If no arcelin-like seed
proteins are observed, and especially if resistance
appears quantitative, Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS)
can be used to create a linkage map to locate the trait.
Alternatively SSRs and indels can be used in a bulked
segregant approach to find possible linked markers.
DNA Isolation will be done at SUA and samples will be
sent to an advanced lab at OSU for GBS. Transfer
resistance into FPV yellow seeded variety (soya Njano).
Depending on the results of genetic analyses, make 3
backcrosses to Soya Njano, or use backcross inbred if the
resistance is quantitatively inherited. Screen BC3F3 for
bruchid resistance.
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2.2 Germplasm exchange and
collaboration with UPR
Bruchid resistant bean varieties from

University of Puerto Rico (UPR) are
available in a Rojo background
containing Phs- and arcelins. Rojo is a
SUA release that has been incorporated
with the genes for resistance at OSU in
the past.
seed increase of these two lines from

UPR and use them for crossing with
APA lines available at SUA. Seeds will
be sent for on farm ealuation in
southern and northern highlands. Will
be also shared to Malawi for evaluation
TO BE DONE IN FEB 2013
Characterize, increase seed and evaluate for adaptation,

productivity and resistance to bruchids. Data to be
collected: maturity, growth habit, seed size, reaction to
diseases, and yield. Data on bruchid evaluation will be
recorded. Evaluation will be conducted at SUA, southern
and northern highland agroecologies. in addition these
germplasm will be sent to Malawi for similar
characterization and adaptation studies.
Farmers and
researchers at SUA
and Malawi
(DARS), Field
assistants and
research assistants.
October 2013 - July
2014.
2.3 Study the bruchid resistance

mechanism in two Malawi bean
varieties (KK25/Mal/19/S-F and
KK25/Nagaga/184/S-L (ML9)
Lines have been evaluated and

resistance validated in them; they are
released varieties in Malawi. They are
tolerant to major bean diseases in
Malawi. They are red kidney and red
speckled respectively.
Similar procedure will be deployed as

in Kalubungula and Rungemba
Seed increase at SUA and evaluation for bruchids

bioassays and seed proteins variability. Conduct multiple
location evaluation trials in North and southern
highlands. Select for adaptability and yield performance.
Similar approach to genetic analysis of resistance as 2.1.
SUA and Malawi

researchers and
field assistants.
Objective #3: Integrated Bruchid

management strategies combining
resistance and other non chemical
methods
Guiding research question (s) What is

the effectiveness of combining
botanicals and bruchid resistant bean
varieties for reducing losses due to
bruchids? What is the effectiveness of
integrating other physical techniques
and bruchid resistant bean varieties for
reducing losses due to bruchids?
Guiding Evaluation question(s)?: What is the reduction

in bean damage due to botanicals and bruchid resistance?
Or what is the reduction in bean damage by bruchids in
the presence of resistance and physical techniques. Are
farmers able to store bean in homesteads for longer using
IPM strategies including resistant varieties and
botanicals? Do farmers experiemce lower costs using
IPM system than using synthetic insecticides?
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Planned activity
3.1 Conduct trials using bruchid

resistant bean varieties and three
selected botanicals in lab and
farmers' households.
Three proven effective botanical plant

species (Z. africana C. ambrosoides
and N. mitis) have been selected from
the previous experiments. Bruchid
resistant bean lines have been
developed and identified from previous
project phase both from Malawi and
Tanzania. These will be used in the
experiments. There is a need for seed
increase in all the APA containing
lines.
October 2013 Set lab bioassays for

resistant Plus Botanicals - we need new
plant materials for botanicals (from
farms) this is to be done immediately
after receiving funds. Labeling of seed
samples for each farmer to allow
randomization of the treatments - avoid
border effects being in the same
treatment or variety.Experimental
design will be RBD but better to record
any differences between farms to be
able to link with the performance, goat
dmage, type of soils if any water
logging, the sources of variations will
be regions, villages and farms
(depending on ks that may interact with
the varieties.then we need farms by
variety interaction will be required.
think about counting number of
damaged seeds and total number of
emergrd insects Select samples that
represent the most variations in term of
seed size and levels of emerged
bruchids.
Responsible and
time line and
place
A no choice bruchid feeding trial will be established in

the laboratory to include three types of botanicals and
bruchid resistant bean lines. Ten pair of adult bruchids
will be introduced into sample of 50 seeds per vial. The
experiment will be monitored for 70 days and data will
be recorded for number of new emerging bruchids, days
for first emergence, days for 50% Adult emergence, SI
and severity of bean damage for each sample. In the
field, free choice experiments will be set using 1 kg
bean seed samples, seeds will be distributed to 5
households in two villages where bruchid infestation is
prevalent - Kisanga and Mtumbatu. The experiment will
be monitored for every 2 months over a total period of
six months. Treatments in lab: 3 botanicals x 3 bean
genotypes (Kablanketi ARL, Soya njano ARL, Soya
njano): botanical+ resistant var; botanical +susceptibles
and one non treated sample: Data to be collected include:
number of damaged beans seeds, number of seeds with 1
hole, 2-5 holes and seeds with more than 5 holes. species
of emerging adult bruchids will be identified. Seed
weight at the end of the trial.
SUA and Malawi

researchers, field
assistants and
farmers
participation.
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3.2 Scaling up use of botanicals for
bruchid management
The effectiveness for these botanicals

has been validated using susceptible
bean varieties in laboratory and
households over locations. The sources
for plant extracts are available in some
villages. It is not known on how this
effectiveness will eventually increase
protection of bean seeds from bruchid
infestation. This will depend on the
availability of botanical plant extracts.
Distribute seeds from C. ambrosoides to farmers groups.

Harmonize simple preparation procedures for each of the
botanical extracts in conjunction with farmers groups.
Develop brochures on methods of application rates of
application. Participate in exhibitions to promote the use
of botanicals for control of storage pests in beans. If
demand becomes reasonable, organize farmers to process
and sale individual botanicals for use against storage
pests. Organizing demonstrations using the farmers
groups to invite other non project members to participate
in the event. Samples with evidence of effective control
and those with high damage will be used in the
demonstration events. Document in a booklet for various
strategies for integrated bruchid management options in
legumes.
Objective #4: Combining Bruchid

resistance with multiple disease
resistance resistance (ALS, CBB,
BCMV)
Guiding research question (s) Can

they combine with bruchid resistance
simultaneously? Can multiple disease
resistance and bruchid resistance be
developed with suitable seed quality?
Guiding Evaluation question(s)?: What levels of

resistance do they provide for both bruchid species and
foliar diseases? What is the stability of resistance in
these genotypes?
Researchers and
farmers to start in
October 2013.
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Planned activity
Responsible and
time line and
place
4.1 Hybridization and development

of breeding lines with combined
bruchid and multiple disease
resistance
The ALS, CBB, and BCMV are in

Kablanketi background as well as the
ARL bruchid resistant materials. These
materials will be used for initiating
hybridization, we need to confirm that
they are not segregating for the desired
loci. Determine the best number of F2
that can be used to select recombinants
for the target trait.
Develop F1 resulting from the cross between Bruchid

resistant APA lines and MDR lines (containing ALS,
CBB, and BCMV). Using DNA markers, identify F1s
with the desired genes, then advance to F2. generate at
least 300 plants from the total of F1 putatively containing
the resistance genes. Genotype the 300 F2 using MAS to
identify heterozygous and homozygous for the desired
genes (17% expected from the 300). The 17 percent of
the population will be planted as single plant to generate
F3 families. take 10-20 plants for each family be used for
selection of positive plants for the markers and
maintained by selfing to next generation up F6
generation maintaining plants with the presence of the
four traits (APA, ALS, CBB, and BCMV). Three
generations can be done in a year. Markers to be used
include: SAP6 and SU91 for CBB; ROC11 and SW13
for BCMV; SNO2 for ALS and ARL3 for APA. It will
be necessary to determine whether APA plants posses
loci for some of the foliar disease resistance before
embarking on hybridization.
Research assistants,
Researchers and
field assistants.
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Objective #5: Seed Production and
Delivery arrangements of bruchid
resistant lines to farmers
Guiding research question (s) How

do we achieve successful wide spread
adoption of the new variety? What will
be the physical distinctness criterion
for the new varieties compared to
FPVs?
Guiding Evaluation question(s)?: What will be the

adoption rate for the variety in the farming and market
community? Will farmers make a distinction between the
bruchid resistant varieties to the FPVs?
Planned activity
Responsible and
time line and
place
5.1 Conduct Preliminary seed

increase and trials for
characterization of varieties
There are lines and varieties for

bruchid resistance that need evaluation
for release and scale up to farmers for
production. Bruchid APA introgression
lines in a Kablanketi and Soya Njano
backcrosses are available, Malawi
varieties that are bruchid resistant are
also available for this work.
Seed increase: Seed production and refinement of lines

for uniformity will be done at SUA both in a rain fed and
irrigation conditions. Preliminary seed increase and
formal release process. Trials will be done at SUA, for
three seasons, also multiple location trials to generate
enough evidence of the performance of the varieties.
Researchers and
field assistants
beginning from
October 2013.
5.2 Certification and release process

of the varieties to farmers.
The National regulation and guidelines

for variety release are available and
TOSCI is responsible organization for
this activity.
The varieties will be submitted to TOSCI for national

performance trials and DUS tests for release process.
Breeder and
TOSCI, 2015.
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5.3 Set strategies for production of
enough seeds for each variety
Subject to seed certification.
Seed increase for delivery to seed systems (ASA, PASS,

QDS or commissioning other private seed companies or
NGOs). Production of enough breeders seeds to sent to
ASA and SUA can produce Basic seeds to give to QDS
groups (Seek permission from TOSCI). Formation or
using the Existing QDS groups in the North and South
and training them before delivery of Basic seeds for them
to multiply. the QDS will be our path for seed production
and delivery mechanism to farmers. Inspection in the
QDS, Schools and Prisons and NGOs to farmers fields
will be done by TOSCI inspectors.
Researchers,
Farmers, TOSCI,
NGOs, Schools
ASA, Prisons,
PASS will support
the QDS. Year
2015 to the end of
the project period.
5.4 Promotion of the bean varieties

to farmers and along the value chain
Available improved varieties and

released farmers aware of the trait in
the variety for bruchid resistance.
There are contact farmers groups
working with the project since 2010.
Conduct field days, demonstration plots, farmers day like

Nanenane. Produce seed kits (brochures) , television,
publish short success stories of the technology impact to
a farmer or groups of farmers. Extension agents to
distribute brochures on the variety characteristics.
Researchers,
Extension agents,
Farmers, media and
NGOs 2015 to
2016.
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E Appendix E Research Questions and Protocols

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81

09-273 Year 4 2013 Bruchid Management For Beans

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09-273 Year 4 2013 Bruchid Management For Beans

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Grant No.

REPORT DUE 09/30/2013

TEMPLATE: R EQUIRED FOR

ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT NARRATIVE AND APPENDICES

REPORT DUE 09/30/2013

Grant No. 09-273

REPORT DUE 09/30/2013

Grant No. 09-273

REPORT DUE 09/30/2013

Grant No. 09-273

This involved validation and selection of resistant lines to Z. subfasciatus among BC 2 F 3

REPORT DUE 09/30/2013

Grant No. 09-273

REPORT DUE 09/30/2013

Grant No. 09-273

REPORT DUE 09/30/2013

Grant No. 09-273

REPORT DUE 09/30/2013

Grant No. 09-273

REPORT DUE 09/30/2013

Grant No. 09-273

Appendices. Please note, unless specified, all appendices are required.

2. Review of relevant literature.

3. Research design and methods.

Figure 2. Long reproduction cycle due to delayed emergence of adult bruchids

Plate 1. Diplay of selections of near-isogenic lines to farmers preferred varieties containing

A2. Research Report - 2

Materials and Methods

Karatu trials 600 -1200mm of rainfalls

Chart of Mean( Yield (g/m2) for different bean varieties

Chart of Mean( YIELD (g/m2) )

Mean of YIELD (g/m2)

Mean of YIELD (g/m2)

Mean of YIELD (g/m2)

Chart of Mean Yield (g/m2) at Different Sites

Materials and Methods

Table 1: Bean production characteristics in the study area.

Attributes for selecting a bean variety to grow

Attributes associated with cooking quality

2-F4,0**K/.8 8**+,)*;,>F2,-F 2+/@I2,I2-J2F

Figure 6: response of farmers (%) on preferred cooking qualities of a bean variety.

Figure 8: response of farmers (%) on preferred growth attributes of a variety.

Materials and Methods

Figure 1: Duration of bean storage in different regions

Figure 3: Proportion of famers reporting infestation of beans by bruchids

Figure 4: Proportion of farmers reporting damage levels of beans by bruchids

Fig. 5: Proportion of farmers reporting the most damaged FPV

Bruchid management strategies used by farmers

Figure 7: Proportion of farmers using different bruchid management methods

G,,32! 4/:! \4.1,!

A/*+*$! @'$3))*$/$! p)++,F!7)4:2!

H)4*)2! 4/:! g4.!

Methods, duration and reasons for bean storage

Mean Number of Damaged seeds

Mean Number of Damaged Seeds

Figure 5: Variation in effectiveness of botanical pesticides as monitored during the specified

Project activities related to capacity building.

Matrix for Project monitoring and evaluation plans

Guiding research question (s) Can

Guiding Evaluation question(s)?: What is the level of

Degree of completion/ context

Comments/ learning/ adaption/ methodology

1.1 Conduct hybridization and

2-F4,0K/.8 8+,)*;,>F2,-F 2+/@I2,I2-J2F

A/+$! @'$3))*$/$! p)++,F!7)4:2!