MSC Ze

Actran for Acoustic Radiation Analysis
VPE Workshop: Acoustic Simulation
Ze Zhou
Free Field Technologies, MSC Software Company
FFT & MSC Software Confidential
Contents
Overview of Actran Acoustic Applications
Acoustic radiation & vibro-acoustic coupling

One way numerical coupling
Two way strong numerical coupling
Acoustic radiation into air

Simulation process
Techniques: Finite Element, Infinite Elements, (Adaptive) Perfectly Matched
Layers, Ffowcs Williams Hawkings, Discontinuous Galerkin Method
Examples: powertrain, gearbox, intake manifold, tire
Acoustic radiation into water

Added mass effect of heavy fluid
Example: ship engine room vibration & radiation
Overview of Actran Acoustic Applications
Sound from vibration
Duct acoustics
Interior acoustics
Structure insulation
Aero acoustics
Acoustic fatigue
3
Material absorption
Aircraft engine acoustics
Acoustic Radiation Problems

Car Air Intake Vibration
Acoustic radiation
Acoustic radiation into air:
Ship hull vibration from engine room
Acoustic radiation into water:
Acoustic radiation into sea water
One-Way or Two-Way Coupling

Structure
Noise
induces
vibration
Two-way coupling
One-way
coupling
(feedback)
(no
feedback)
Vibration
induces
noise
Air
Sub-marine under water
Engine radiating
Acoustic Radiation into Air

Two-step Weakly Coupled Vibro-Acoustic Approach
One Way Coupled Problem: Modeling Process

2. Acoustic computations
1. Structural FEA Analysis

Mesh &
results
files
3. Post Processing and Analysis = Actran VI

Maps
Waterfall
FRF
Modeling Process - Inputs
Structure mesh
Structure vibration results

On the structure surface
Format
Nastran, Ansys, Abaqus
Displacement, Velocity or Acceleration
physical coordinates or modal coordinates (modes shapes + participation factors)
Actran
Acoustic Radiation
Structure mesh
& vibration results
Acoustic mesh
Modeling Process - Acoustic Mesh
Acoustic mesh is comprised of three parts

Interior surface: surface wrap mesh of the whole structure, for mapping the
structure vibration
Exterior convex surface: a convex shape surrounding the interior
Volume elements between the two surfaces
Interior surface
Exterior Surface
Volume elements
Infinite Elements (IFE)
Infinite elements:
cover an unbounded domain
have appropriate high order shape
functions in the radial direction
Infinite elements:
ensure there are no wave reflections
at the FE/IE interface
Provide accurate acoustic results beyond the FE
domain
Provide radiated power across the IFE surface
10
P
S
Perfectly Matched Layers (PML)
Alternative / complement to infinite elements

for the radiation in free field
Extra-layer of finite elements used to

progressively damp the acoustic wave
non-reflecting boundary condition
PML Leads to symmetric contribution of FEM

matrix
Far field acoustic pressure by FWH (Ffowcs

Williams Hawkings) computation
11
Adaptive Perfectly Matched Layer (APML)
Automatic creation of the mesh supporting the perfectly matched

layers
Adaptive thickness and element sizes for each frequency band
Benefits:
Reduced meshing effort for modeling sound radiation problems
Optimized computation time for the each desired frequency
Original acoustic domain

surrounding a gear box
Computation of PML
thickness & elements sizes
based on frequencies
12
Automatic creation of
PML volume mesh
Acoustic computation
Adaptive Perfectly Matched Layer (APML) contd
APML mesh creation on a gear box sound radiation problem
APML for 1025Hz ~ 1700Hz
APML for 260Hz ~ 510Hz
13
Discontinuous Galerkin Method (DGM)
Actran implements a iterative time domain DGM solver, solving

Linearized Euler Equation (LEE)
Element interpolation order is automatically defined by the software

based on element size, frequency and flow (when applicable)
Time step is automatically computed on each element, depending on

element size, element order, and flow (when applicable)
FWH surface
Buffer zone
node of the linear DGM TRI

DGM anchors
Equivalent 1st order mesh
14
Physical domain
Discontinuous Galerkin Method (DGM) contd
Some advantage of DGM: 1) Handle very large problems

into high frequencies, 2) Highly scalable, 3) Low RAM
requirement
Actran DGM was initially developed for a specific

application: aircraft engine acoustics. With typical
computation involves:
100 ~ 200 m3 of air, with shear flow layer

Large number of CPUs for parallel computation
2 ~ 4 GB of RAM per CPU
Recently (Actran 14), Actran DGM is extended to perform

acoustic radiation from vibrating structure as well
Reading structure surface vibration as excitation

Scattering problem can also be solved (acoustic scattering by a
car or truck)
15
Acoustic Radiation Case Studies
16
Case Study 1: Truck Powertrain
A complete truck powertrain with length around 2.5 meters

The structure vibration is computed using structure FEA software
The vibration results are used as the excitation of the acoustic radiation problem
solved by Actran
1m20
17
Map the structure results on the acoustic surface
Mapping based on Integration method
The geometries might be (slightly) different

The mesh sizes can be different (no loss of information from FEA)
Actran
inner surface
FEA
outer surface
18
Propagation
Near field: 4 Finite Elements per wavelength ( with special integration rule )
Far field: the Infinite Elements (free field condition + far field results)
Note: the infinite elements are surface elements on the boundary
Tetra volume meshing
19
Virtual microphones can be located

anywhere in the finite and/or infinite
element domain
Multiple control surfaces to compute the

radiated power
Maps for different frequencies
Output specifications
on the acoustic mesh or/and

on a mesh dedicated to the post-processing
(named field mesh in Actran)
plot acoustic pressure, acoustic intensity, etc.
field points
(microphones)
20
field mesh
Various maps can be produced
21

Experimental Validation
For the complete set of frequency, regimes and microphones, a

maximum of 2dB difference has been detected (marks: 5dB)
Sound with
increasing RPM
22

Selective Power Evaluation
Multiple surfaces can be created in order to measure the power

radiated by each part of the power train.
23
Results types: Waterfall Diagrams
Waterfall are diagrams where the

response is plot versus both
frequencies and the engine orders
(RPM)
Such diagram can be obtained after

a single Actran computation thanks
to the multi-load case capability
Some phenomena can be identified

as system dependant (vertical lines
on the waterfall), e.g. structure
modes,
Some phenomena can be identified

as excitation dependant (diagonal
lines on the waterfall)
24
Results types: Panel Contribution & Element

Contribution
Panel contribution
Surface 1
Surface 4 Surface 3 Surface 2
25
Element contribution
Case Study 2: Floor Effect on Gearbox Sound Radiation
Floor effect on the pressure directivity
With Floor
Without Floor
Real part of the

pressure
Rigid surfaces
Infinite element
surfaces
Amplitude of the
pressure
27
Case Study 3: Tire sound radiaiton
Smooth HQ6784 Tire of dimensions :

radius 0.314 m
width including sidewalls = 0.355 m
Tire deformation produced by Chalmers University :

loaded Tire (3000 N)
rolling on a rigid or absorbing ground at a speed of 80 km/h
256 frequencies (from 0 to 2800 Hz with a step of 11 Hz)
7.5 m
1.2 m
28
Sound Pressure Level

(SPL) at the standard
pass-by noise test
position
Effect of Absorbing Ground
The road is either considered as rigid (perfectly reflecting) or absorbing.

In the latter case the absorption is given, in third-octave band :
Road absorption defined by :

admittance on surface of mesh ground
infinite admittance in infinite ground
29
Effect of Absorbing Ground Cont
Pass-by noise test position : rigid and absorbing road
30
Case Study 4: Adding Cover to Gearbox
A 2-layers cover is placed near to the

gearbox
A thin plastic layer of 4 mm thickness
modeled by 2D shell
A foam layer of 10mm thickness modeled by
volume porous elements
31
Name:
Plastic
Density
900kg/m
Poisson
ratio
0.4
Young
modulus
3.33 e+08 Pa
Damping
49%
Thickness
4 mm
Name:
Rockwool
Density:
1776kg/m
Biot factor:
Tortuosity:
1.1
Porosity:
0.95
Poisson ratio:
0.3
Young modulus :
3.33 e+08 Pa
Damping :
10%
The acoustic mesh is shown below:

Cover: Porous material (10mm) + plastic layer
(4mm)
Infinite elements interface
Gearbox
(skin only)
Acoustic Finite
Elements
32

Effect of the cover on the directivity
Directivity plot shows the influence region of the cover (1110 Hz)
33
Case Study 5: Manifold
Mazda has developed a new engine in order to reduce

the fuel consumption as well as the weight
To achieve this, Mazda decided to use a thin resin intake

manifold
Consequence: many structure modes occur because of

the low rigidity of the intake manifold and therefore some
significant noise problems appear
Mazda had to consider many structural modifications in

order to fix this problem
34
Mic1
Mic2
Test
dB(A) scale = 5dB
CAE
35
Design improvement was done according to simulation results, which

helped to reduce weight & noise
5dB
1/3Oct. Band Hz
36
2500
2000
1600
1250
1000
800
MODIFY
630
315
Element Contribution to sound radiation
BASE
500
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
400
S.P.L. dBA
Point1 SPL 2000rpm
Acoustic Radiation into Water

Strongly Coupled Vibro-Acoustic Modeling
37
Sound Radiation from Ship Engine Room
Calculating radiated acoustic power from engine room
Nastran structure model:
Focus on engine room
Actran strongly coupled vibro-acoustic model

Actran structure FE model obtained
using Nastran to Actran translator
Pressure release condition at
water/air interface: p=0
Infinite
elements
Symmetric surface
38
Water FE
Results - Added Mass Effect of Water
The influence of surrounding air

is negligible compared to the
added inertia of the water
At higher frequencies, we clearly

see:
the frequency shift
the decrease of vibration amplitude
39
Results Structure coupling with Multiple Fluids

Both fluids and shell share the same node coupling handled by Actran
Duplication of pressure DOF for two fluids
Based on component identification
Pressure discontinuity is insured over the shell
40
Going Further
For other types of acoustic problems
41
The Actran software suite
42
Thank You !
Ze Zhou
Free Field Technologies, MSC Software Company
ze.zhou@fft.be
43

MSC Ze

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Actran for Acoustic Radiation Analysis

VPE Workshop: Acoustic Simulation

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

Overview of Actran Acoustic Applications

Acoustic radiation & vibro-acoustic coupling

Acoustic radiation into air

Acoustic radiation into water

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

Overview of Actran Acoustic Applications

Sound from vibration

Aircraft engine acoustics

Acoustic Radiation Problems

Acoustic radiation into air:

Ship hull vibration from engine room

Acoustic radiation into water:

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

Acoustic radiation into sea water

One-Way or Two-Way Coupling

Sub-marine under water

Acoustic Radiation into Air

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

One Way Coupled Problem: Modeling Process

1. Structural FEA Analysis

3. Post Processing and Analysis = Actran VI

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

Modeling Process - Inputs

Structure vibration results

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

Modeling Process - Acoustic Mesh

Acoustic mesh is comprised of three parts

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

Infinite Elements (IFE)

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

Perfectly Matched Layers (PML)

Alternative / complement to infinite elements

Extra-layer of finite elements used to

PML Leads to symmetric contribution of FEM

Far field acoustic pressure by FWH (Ffowcs

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

Adaptive Perfectly Matched Layer (APML)

Automatic creation of the mesh supporting the perfectly matched

Adaptive thickness and element sizes for each frequency band

Original acoustic domain

Adaptive Perfectly Matched Layer (APML) contd

APML mesh creation on a gear box sound radiation problem

APML for 1025Hz ~ 1700Hz

APML for 260Hz ~ 510Hz

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

Discontinuous Galerkin Method (DGM)

Actran implements a iterative time domain DGM solver, solving

Element interpolation order is automatically defined by the software

Time step is automatically computed on each element, depending on

node of the linear DGM TRI

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

Discontinuous Galerkin Method (DGM) contd

Some advantage of DGM: 1) Handle very large problems

Actran DGM was initially developed for a specific

100 ~ 200 m3 of air, with shear flow layer

Recently (Actran 14), Actran DGM is extended to perform

Reading structure surface vibration as excitation

FFT & MSC Software Confidential

Acoustic Radiation Case Studies

FFT & MSC Software Confidential