Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Vol. 4
Vol. 4
Gustavo Montenegro
AGENCIA NACIONAL DE HIDROCARBUROS
COLOMBIA
UNIVERSITY EAFIT
Departament of Geology
Chairman
Geovany Bedoya Sanmiguel, MSc.
Project Manager
www.eafit.edu.co
Carrera 49 No. 7 sur 50, Avenida Las Vegas
Tel: (57-4) 2619330
Medelln - Colombia
Printed by Impresos El Da
Medelln - Colombia
December 2011
Technical Sub-director
Chief Geologist
TITTLE - BASIN
AUTHOR
Cediel, F., H. Leal-Meja,5-6R.P. Shaw, 6J.C. Melgarejo,
7
P.A. Restrepo-Pace
PAGES
FIGURES
158
68
51
40
51
92
Montenegro, G.
66
70
49
86
Mesa, A.M.
70
86
Sarmiento, L.F.
83
87
Aguilera, R.
142
85
Sarmiento, L.F.
76
136
91
150
Sarmiento, L.F.
67
85
Aguilera, R.
80
87
32
46
45
104
96
76
4-6
Cagun - Putumayo, CP
Catatumbo, CAT
Cesar - Ranchera, CR
Eastern Cordillera, EC
10
Lower Magdalena, LM
11
Middle Magdalena, MM
12
13
Tumaco, TU
14
Upper Magdalena, UM
15
Vaups - Amazonas, VA
13
16
1
1
9
3
3
10
11
10
12
10
11
1
14
8 ECOPETROL, Bogot
10 Consultant, Bogot
11 RaGeologia E.U.
University of Barcelona
14 Gems Ltda.
Pag.
13
CONTENTS
17
18
18
1 LOCALIZATION
2
EXPLORATION HISTORY AND PREVIOUS STUDIES
2.1 Putumayo Basin
2.2 The Caguan Basin
21
28
28
39
40
47
47
3
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
55
56
56
56
56
56
57
57
57
57
4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
65
66
66
66
80
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
EXPLORATION POTENTIAL
The Putumayo Basin
Caballos Formation Sandstones
Villeta Formation sandstones
The Caguan basin
83
84
84
84
84
85
95
95
95
95
95
96
96
97
6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
6.2.6
PETROLEUM SYSTEMS
Cagun Sub-basin Petroleum System
Elements and Processes
Event Chart
Source Rock Properties
Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Definition
Putumayo Sub-basin Petroleum System
Elements and Processes
Event Chart
Source Rock Properties
Crude Oil Properties
Petroleum Systems Modeling
Petroleum System Definition
REFERENCES
ANNEXES
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Putumayo Maran and Oriente Geological Province. Putumayo and Caguan Basins constitute the northern boundary of this province.
Modified from Higley 2000.
Stratigraphic columns of Caguas and Putumayo Basins. Taken from ANH 2005.
Type Logs for Wells of Caguas and Putumayo Basins. Taken from ICP 1998 and Colombian Seismic Atlas, 1998.
Interpretation Map at top of Paleozoic, from Bouguer Anomalies Maps. Taken from ANH 2009.
Comparative Chrono-stratigraphic Chart for Oriente, Putumayo, Caguan and Llanos Basin. Modified from ICP 1998 and ANH 2009.
Distribution of Paleocene Units in Caguan Basin. Taken from ICP 1998.
Basement Structural Configuration. The seismic image shows the blocks in Horst and grabens configurations,
which are common in the evolution of both, Putumayo and Caguan Basin.
Bouguer anomalies maps in the Putumayo and Caguan Basins. Taken from ANH 2009.
Structural Maps of Southern Area of Caguan and Putumayo Basins, from Bouguer anomalies Interpretation.
Depocenters are highlighted in blue and in red colors are highlighted the anticline structures. Taken from ANH 2009
Jura - Triassic Units in the Oriente Basin. The Santiago Formation location is highlights in blue in Oriente Basin.
This formation has not been identified in the Putumayo Basin. Taken from Baby et al, 2004.
Jura - Triassic Seismic Configuration in Caguan Basin. The 7U-70 line, is located at the Basin foothills and show the reflector minted against
what is considered as basement. Taken from ICP 1998.
Seismic Configuration of Jura - Triassic Packages in Caguan Basin. In this image could be identify the difference between
the Paleozoic sediments and the wedges of Jurassic Triassic sediment.
Triassic - Jurassic Mega - sequences in the Putumayo Basin. Taken from ECP-GEOTEC-ROBERTSON 1998.
Triassic - Jurassic Mega - sequences in the Foothills of Caguan Basin. Taken from ECP-GEOTEC-ROBERTSON 1998.
Details of the arrangement of the sequences of the Jurassic Triassic. Line Y - 1 - 73, in the western margin of the basin. Taken from ICP 1998.
Angular Unconformities of the Pre Cretaceous Sediment. The upper seismic image corresponds to the composite line PSJ - 96-1810,
87 8, 01, 87 - 8 - EXT.E. The lower image correspond to the seismic of Yuralpa field in Oriente Basin.
These unconformities show tectonism at the end of this sequence. Taken from Colombian Atlas seismic, Geotec, 1998 and Baby et al 2004.
Distribution of Cretaceous Sequences in Southern Colombia and Northern Ecuador. Taken from Mora, Mantilla and De Freitas 2009.
Schematic diagram of the Tectonic Features for Back Arck configuration, developed during Cretaceous in Putumayo and Caguan basin.
Taken from Repsol YPF, 2005.
Stratigraphic Cycles Comparison identified in the Oriente, Putumayo and Lower Magdalena Valley Basin.
Modified from Mora, Mantilla and De Freitas 2009.
Schematic Diagram for the Structural Configuration in the Putumayo Basin. Modified from Rossero et.al. 2006.
Model for the Cenozoic deposition process associated with tectonic events and sediment load. Taken from Londoo and Lorenzo 2010.
Distribution of Cretaceous sequences in the Caguan Basin. Taken from ICP 1998.
Scheme of Tectonic - Stratigraphic Evolution of Caguan Basin. Taken from ICP 1998.
Surface Geology Map in the Caguan Basin. In the upper left corner shows the location of this mapping, south of the city of Florence in Caquet.
The orange bands represent the distribution of Neme formation, (Upper Cretaceous), arranged on the Garzon Complex rocks (purple color).
Modified from ANH, 2009.
Structural Map in Time at Top of Mirador Formation in Caguan Basin.
The distributions of the sediments are influenced by the position of Florence Paleo-high.
Porosity distribution Taken From Core Data in ACAE 10 and ACAE 11 - 11, wells in Caballos Formation.
The figure shows the histogram and statistics of porosity intervals in cores from wells in the Field ACAE. Data taken from Ruiz,
H (1994) and displayed in the Interactive Petrophysics software.
Permeability Distribution Taken From Cores in ACAE - 10 and ACAE 11 wells, Caballos Formation.
The figure shows the histogram and statistics of permeability in the intervals cores from wells in the Field ACAE. Data taken from Ruiz,
H (1994) and displayed in the Interactive Petrophysics software.
Density - Neutron Graphics, ACAE Field, Caballos Formation.
The figure shows that the main sandstones of the Caballos formation (less than 60 UAPI GR) have a total porosity between 12 and 20%.
Data taken from Ruiz, H (1994) and displayed in the Interactive Petrophysics software.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
Figure 38.
Figure 39.
Figure 40.
Figure 41.
Figure 42.
Figure 43.
Figure 44.
Figure 45.
Figure 46.
Figure 47.
Figure 48.
Figure 49.
Figure 50.
Figure 51.
Figure 52.
Figure 53.
Figure 54.
Figure 55.
Figure 56.
Figure 57.
Figure 58.
Figure 59.
Figure 60.
Figure 61.
Figure 62.
Figure 63.
Figure 64.
Figure 65.
Figura 66.
Figure 67.
Figure 68.
Figure 69.
Figure 70.
Lithology Graphic, Villeta Formation. The figure shows the distribution of major lithologies that make up the Formation as well as the total
porosity of the various sand intervals identified as reservoir rock in the basin. Data provided by ANH and displayed in Interactive Petrophysics software.
Porosity Resistivity - Porosity Neutron Graphics in Villeta Formation. The figure shows the prevalence of fracture porosity
(porosity resistivity greater than neutron porosity) at intervals of calcareous affinity (log density increased to 2.6 RhoB gm / cc).
Well data provided by the ANH and displayed in Interactive Petrophysics software.
Reserves by fields in Putumayo and Caguan Basin. The table lists the reserves reported in each field until 2002.
Events Chart for Putumayo Basin. The red line represents the history of burial.
Net Sand Distribution Map for Caballos Formation.
Resistivity Distribution Map for Caballos Formation.
Porosity Distribution Map for Caballos Formation.
Net Sand Distribution Map for T Sandstones in Putumayo Basin.
Resistivity Distribution Map in T Sandstone Unit, Villeta Formation.
Porosity Distribution Map in T Sandstone Unit, Villeta Formation.
Net Sand Distribution Map for U Sandstone in Putumayo Basin.
Resistivity Distribution Map in U Sandstone Unit, Villeta Formation.
Porosity Distribution Map in U Sandstone Unit, Villeta Formation.
Modern Environment Analogous for interpreted environments in T and U Units for Villeta Formation.
Line Y - 9N, Caguan Basin. The Paleozoic sediments are deformed during the Eocene, as a result of Garzn Massif orogenic pulse.
Event Chart for the Hypothetical Petroleum Systems in Caguan Basin.
Location of seeps and geochemical data of the Cagun Sub-basin
Event chart of the hypothetical petroleum systems at the Sub-basin.
Modified Van Krevelen Chart. Values indicate type III and IV kerogen.
The Maximum Temperature (Tmax) vs. Hydrogen Index (HI) chart, illustrates that most samples range between immature to the start of the generation window.
TOC vs. Generation Potential (S1 + S2) chart. Some values indicate good potential for hydrocarbon generation.
Summary chart of source rock properties. The Macarena group contains intervals favorable as source rock.
Location profile of the pseudo-well on the Y-1973-08 seismic line.
The maximum burial curve occurred during the Pleistocene.
% Ro profile over time. The assessed sequence was not mature enough to reach the oil generation window.
No expulsion processes are present within the area.
Petroleum system map, showing the depocenter at the top of the basement (on top of which the generation kitchen would be located,
on the northernmost part of the Sub-basin), reported seeps and the hypothetical influence area of the system.
Location of wells, fields, seeps and geochemical data of the Putumayo Sub-basin.
Event chart of the hypothetical petroleum systems of the Putumayo Sub-basin. The red line indicates the burial curve.
Modified Van Krevelen chart. The organic matter quality is very good to excellent, prone to generate liquid hydrocarbons.
Tmax vs Hydrogen Index (HI)chart. Much of the tested sequence has reached levels of maturity within the oil generation window.
TOC vs generator Potential (S1 + S2) chart, the Cretaceous sequence shows very good to excellent values.
Summary chart of source rock properties. The Villeta Formation features the best characteristics as source rock.
API gravity Vs % sulfur chart, crude oils are mostly normal.
Ternary SARA fraction chart. Lighter fractions predominate on most crude oils,.
Pristane/Phytane Vs Gammacerano Index chart, grouping the 4 identified crude oil families at the Sub-basin.
Saturated C13 Vs Aromatic C13.
Pseudo-well profile location located on seismic line PWD-1990-1245.
Maximum burial curve occurred during the late Miocene.
% Ro over time profile. The evaluated sequence reached the oil and dry gas generation window.
Subsidence and expulsion curves history chart. The expulsion process for the Villeta and Caballos formations was reached during the Miocene.
Map of petroleum systems, showing the depocenter at the top of the basement, as well as reported seeps and the hypothetical area of influence of the system.
TABLE LIST
Table 1. summarizes the main crude oil characteristics.
ANNEXES
Annex 1: oil and gas fields
Annex 2: Oil and gas production
1. LOCALIZATION
1 - LOCALIZATION
14
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 1. Putumayo Maran and Oriente Geological Province.. Putumayo and Caguan Basins constitute the northern boundary of this province. Modified from Higley 2000.
15
2. EXPLORATION HISTORY
AND PREVIOUS STUDIES
municipality and described all the geological units present in this area.
First exploration activities were carried out by the Anglo Saxon Petroleum
company (V. Oppenheim) in 1937. Later the Texas Petroleum Company, from
1941 and 1949, performed another exploration campaign which resulted in
the drilling of 4 wells with results considered as poor. Only in 1963 Texaco was
successful in drilling well Orito-1 in an anticline and discovering the oil field
which bears its name, with an initial production of 1411 BPPD of API 37 oil.
Grosse (1935) and Royo & Gomez (1942) studied the Precambrian outcrops
of the area. Alvarez (1981), Alvarez and Linares (1985) and Priem et al. (1989)
carried out radiometric dating which enabled the knowledge of tectonic-thermal
events as Parguaza, Nickeriano and Carniano, between 1600 and 945 My.
18
Radelli (1962) studied the petrography of the rocks of the GuadalupeFlorencia area and Kroonenberg (1980 and 1982a) described calcosilicate
rocks and granulites from the Algeciras-Acevedo area.
Wiel (1990) and Dietrix and Gomez (1991) improved the cartography
of the northwestern part of the basin.
Rodriguez (1995) described microtextures present in the Garzon
Massif rocks and the El Retiro anatexic granite.
Tegelaar et al. (1995) carried out a geological and geochemical
reconnaissance of the Garzon Massif.
Velandia and Rodriguez studied the surroundings of the Garzon
The Caguan Basin exploration started in the 1940 decade when the Shell
Petroleum Company of Colombia, attracted by the presence of oil seepages, started
an ambitious field campaign along the cordillera Oriental piedmont and the Macarena
sierra. Results were presented as internal reports. Most of the results of the activities
are still unknown and only some maps are now in Ecopetrol Document Center in
Bogota. Several companies were involved in the exploration activity, as Shell, Texaco,
Petrocol (later Petroleos Colombo-Brasileros) and Occidental, among others.
During the first exploration activities, information was obtained by
surface geology, gravimetry, magnetometry and some 2D seismic lines. As a
result of this exploration, about 30 wells were drilled, mainly during the 1970
decade. From these wells Payara-1, Piraa-1, Uribe-1 and Losada-1 showed
hydrocarbon samples which were not considered commercial at that time.
A large part of this basin has been declared as a natural reservation by
the national government, as for instance the natural park of the Macarena
sierra and the natural park of the Chiribiquete ridge. For this reason it has
not been possible to obtain information from this part of the basin.
Until now about 59 wells have been drilled (ANH, 2011), and 500
MBbs have been reported as recoverable in structures which reach depths
Paba F, Van der Hamen T (1959). Servicio Geolgico Nacional, Mapa geolgico,
estratigrafa, datacin, geologa econmica en el sector sur de la Macarena.
TEXACO., (1974). Levantamiento geolgico de superficie y columnas
estratigrficas de los ros Cagun, Duda y Piedemonte de Florencia.
Bridger, C., (1982). Geologa de superficie, columnas estratigrficas,
con nfasis en el Paleozoico inferior hacia el sector de la cuchilla El Tablazo
(ro Duda). U. Nacional de Colombia.
Lamilla y Moreno (1986). Estratigrafa y sedimentologa del Cretceo
superior, columnas estratigrficas, mapa geolgico en el sector Cuchilla El
Tablazo (NW Serrana de la Macarena).
Olaya, I., Reyes, A.; Chajid E., (1999). Anlisis de la Cuenca YariCagun. Ecopetrol- Instituto Colombiano del Petrleo Colombia, Ingepet.
From the information collected during the exploration history of the basin
using field campaigns, seismic studies and remote sensing, the authors
carry out an estimation of oil bearing systems of the basin.
19
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
down to 6000 feet. Latest reported success in the basin is Capella-1 well
drilling, carried out by the Emerald company in 2008 which produced
10.5API oil, with reserves estimated initially in 2259 MBbs (Canacol-ANH).
3. REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL
BACKGROUND
22
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
23
24
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 3. Type Logs for Wells of Caguas and Putumayo Basins. Taken from ICP 1998 and Colombian Seismic Atlas, 1998.
Figure 4. Interpretation Map at top of Paleozoic, from Bouguer Anomalies Maps. Taken from ANH 2009.
25
26
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 5. Comparative Chrono-stratigraphic Chart for Oriente, Putumayo, Caguan and Llanos Basin. Modified from ICP 1998 and ANH 2009.
Figure 6. Distribution of Paleocene Units in Caguan Basin. Taken from ICP 1998.
27
28
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
The intrusive activity signaled in the Caguan Basin for this age has its
equivalent in the Putumayo Basin (Mocoa monzogranite) and in the upper
Magdalena (Payande stocks) and is part of a magmatic arc which stretches
from northern Peru to northern Colombia (Romeuf et al., 1995), which is
associated to the tectonic activity from Middle Jurassic, with the presence
of batholiths dated 1712.1 My.
In Caguan, thick packages of the same unit are present (Fig. 15) in direct
contact with Tertiary units, demonstrating differential subsidence levels with
respect to the Putumayo basin, where later thick Cretaceous sequence areas
are much better preserved (Goetec, 1972; Lamilla, 1985; ICP, 1998).
Seismic information from the Putumayo and Oriente basins shows
angular uncorformities at the top of this cycle (Fig. 16), a fact that is
interpreted as a change in the dynamic trend, shifting from rifting period to
the first pulses of Andean subduction (Jaramillo & Escobar, 1980; Bayona
et al., 1994) As a result of these changes, a large part of the sequences may
have been exposed and eroded before the deposition of the Cretaceous
sequence.
A description of the Cretaceous and lated Cenozoic sequences is
given in a separated way for the Putumayo and Caguan basins, due to the
previously mentioned differences.
29
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
30
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 7. Basement Structural Configuration. The seismic image shows the blocks in Horst and grabens configurations, which are common in the evolution of both,
Putumayo and Caguan Basin.
Figure 8. Bouguer
anomalies maps in
the Putumayo and
Caguan Basins.
Taken from ANH 2009.
31
32
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 9. Structural Maps of Southern Area of Caguan and Putumayo Basins, from Bouguer anomalies Interpretation.
Depocenters are highlighted in blue and in red colors are highlighted the anticline structures. Taken from ANH 2009.
33
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 10. Jura - Triassic Units in the Oriente Basin. The Santiago Formation location is highlights in blue in Oriente Basin. This formation has not been
identified in the Putumayo Basin. Taken from Baby et al, 2004.
34
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 11. Jura - Triassic Seismic Configuration in Caguan Basin. The 7U-70 line, is located at the Basin foothills and show the reflector minted against what is
considered as basement. Taken from ICP 1998.
35
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 12. Seismic Configuration of Jura - Triassic Packages in Caguan Basin. In this image could be identify the difference between the Paleozoic sediments and the
wedges of Jurassic Triassic sediment.
36
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 13. Triassic - Jurassic Mega - sequences in the Putumayo Basin. Taken from
ECP-GEOTEC-ROBERTSON 1998.
Figure 14. Triassic - Jurassic Mega - sequences in the Foothills of Caguan Basin. Taken from ECP-GEOTEC-ROBERTSON 1998.
37
Figure 15. Details of the arrangement of the sequences of the Jurassic Triassic. Line Y - 1 - 73, in the western margin of the basin. Taken from ICP 1998.
38
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 16. Angular Unconformities of the Pre Cretaceous Sediment. The upper seismic image corresponds to the composite line PSJ - 961810, 87 8, 01, 87 - 8 - EXT.E. The lower image correspond to the seismic of Yuralpa field in Oriente Basin. These unconformities
show tectonism at the end of this sequence. Taken from Colombian Atlas seismic, Geotec, 1998 and Baby et al 2004.
The Putumayo basin contains Cretaceous rocks with ages which vary
from Aptian to Maastrichian, with the presence of Caballos and Villeta
Formations, where sudden sea level variations are predominant. The presence
of progradation in the sedimentary facies which shift rapidly from fluvial and
beach clastic to mixed platform facies correspond to forced regression events,
as expressed by Posamentier et al, (1992). These formations register the first
uplift pulses of the Central Cordillera west of the basin (Fig. 18).
39
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Paleocene sequence
Above these sands, in the central and eastern parts of the basin are
the N sands (Lower tene in the Oriente Basin) conforming a prograding
system with development of tidal channel facies.
Paleocene sequence
40
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Eocene sequence
Pliocene-Quaternary sequence
Pliocene-Quaternary.Sequence
After the Eastern Cordillera uplift, the Putumayo and Caguan Basins
received sediments derived from it known as Caiman-Guamves Formation
in Putumayo. These units are composed of alterning sands, clays and some
thin conglomerate levels which generally show a high red colored cuff
content (Geotec, 1972).
Alluvial continental deposits (alluvial fans) with outcrop thicknesses
up to 200m are signaled near the La Mona y Conejo Anticline (Total, 1995).
These deposits have been slightly uplifted and dissected, forming terraces.
41
42
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 18. Schematic diagram of the Tectonic Features for Back Arck configuration, developed
during Cretaceous in Putumayo and Caguan basin. Taken from Repsol YPF, 2005.
43
Figure 19. Stratigraphic Cycles Comparison identified in the Oriente, Putumayo and Lower Magdalena
Valley Basin. Modified from Mora, Mantilla and De Freitas 2009.
44
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 20. BSchematic Diagram for the Structural Configuration in the Putumayo Basin. Modified from Rossero et.al. 2006.
45
46
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 21. Model for the Cenozoic deposition process associated with tectonic events and
sediment load. Taken from Londoo and Lorenzo 2010.
Fig. 23 presents the evolution model for the Caguan basin, where it is
assumed that the Macarena sierra corresponds to a topographic high through
the history and that it is separating this basin from the Eastern Llanos Basin.
Structurally speaking, high angle faults occur and affect the basement
(Fig. 11 and 12) with displacements which reach milliseconds (ICP, 1998).
Among the Cretaceous sequence, the Caballos Formation is described
as a conglomeratic sequences intercalated with fine grained sand and muddy
levels, from coastal alluvial plain environments (ECOPETROL ICP, 1997).
This basal sequence is overlain by quartzitic sandstone levels, immature
from textural and compositional points of view, with claystone intercalation
and carbonatic levels developed in alluvial to coastal plain environments.
Upper sequences, which in the Putumayo Basin correspond to the
Villeta Formation, are here substituted by Macarena Formation (ICP, 1998),
which is divided in ti two members:
Lower Macarena: intercalation of yellow is quartzic, very fine to
fine grained sandstone levels with angular to subangular clasts, locally
conglomeratic; fissil dark grey to black claystone levels, occasional coal
levels; these members are interpreted as alluvial coastal plain deposits.
Upper Macarena: quartzic sandstones, yellowish with angular and
subangular clasts, with medium to poor selection, carbonaceous fragments
and massive grey claystones; it is interpreted as formed in alluvial to coastal
plain environments (ANH, 2009).
During surface mapping south of Florencia, a sequence called Neme
was identified (Miley & McGirk, 1948) as upper Cretaceous, which would
correspond to the Campanian-Maastrichian Cycle form the Putumayo Basin.
Neme Formation: Its distribution is restricted to the flanks of the Garzon
and Macarena highs (Fig. 24) with outcrops which reach thicknesses of 170 m; it
is composed of medium grained white quartzarenites, locally conglomeratic with
thick tabular layers and presence of lenticular sets with through inclined lamination
locally tuff and light grey colored massive ash levels (UPTC-ANH, 2009).
47
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
48
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 22. Distribution of Cretaceous sequences in the Caguan Basin. Taken from ICP 1998.
49
50
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 24. Surface Geology Map in the Caguan Basin. In the upper left corner shows the location of this mapping, south of the city of Florence in Caquet. The orange
bands represent the distribution of Neme formation, (Upper Cretaceous), arranged on the Garzon Complex rocks (purple color). Modified from ANH, 2009.
51
52
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
56
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
To analyze this sandstone porosity, data from San Juan-I, SA-I and Rio
Guejar-I wells were used. Values from 20 to 23% were obtained. These values
decrease toward the formation top, possibly because the clay content increases.
Permeability values obtained in these sections are high, between 300 and 9000
mD. As a result of this analysis, an empirical relation between porosity and permeability
has been determined, given in the following equation with a R2 coefficient of 0.603.
K = 2E + 0.7 x 7.08
4.2.4 Mirador Formation Sandstones
These sedimentary rocks stretch from the paleohighs which surround
it (Fig. 25) and near its limits, they are deposited over Paleozoic rocks. This
unit has been recorded in all the wells drilled in the basin, and ten of these
wells were selected by ICP to perform a rock quality analysis, which gave
porosities between 15 and 25%, with best values in the northern part of
the basin.
Porosity has a homogeneous behavior, but permeability has
variable values, from 0 to 230 mD, obtained in the same intervals. As for
the Cretaceous sandstones, an empirical equation relating porosity and
permeability was obtained, with R= 0.67
K = 1E + 0.7 x 7.305
57
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
58
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
59
60
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
61
62
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
5. EXPLORATION POTENTIAL
66
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
The quality and the quantity of information available for the basin
enable to carry out an analysis of the distribution of the elements which
define the reservoir, in terms of porosity, saturation and net sand thickness.
5.1.1 Caballos Formation Sandstones
A thickness increase in the northwestern direction is noticed for the
Caballos Formation (Fig. 33). These characteristics are also reported for the
Oriente Basin, which means that the Caballos Formation sedimentation
control is given by paleogeography, and that the Guyana shield is the
source of the sediment supply, east of the basin.
Resistivity analysis carried out for this formation is based on the deep
resistivity record and is calculated from the geometrical average in bodies
with clay volume less than 50% Fig. 34 shows these resistivities distribution
and the tendency at the saturation front, outlined by an broken red line.
The map on this figure indicates that water front pushes the oil eastward,
a fact which is confirmed by field production data.
A porosity evaluation was carried out by calculation of the clay
volume (Vsh) using an arithmetic average on these intervals with clay
content lower than 50%. These values are mapped in Fig. 35.
Tendencies for porosity, related to source rock quality, show that best
values are obtained in the central south part of the evaluated area, with
a tendency to decrease northward and westward; this indicates that the
tectonic activity located in this part of the basin affects porosity negatively.
Moderate to good values can be expected in the eastern part of the
basin (8 and 12%), as suggested by the previous analysis.
In conclusion, Caballos Formation reservoir sandstone has a
distribution which tends to pinch out against basement eastward. However,
it should be remembered that the deposition of this unit is determined by
paleo-topographic highs produced by pre-existing block tectonics.
The defined water front shows an invasion eastward, and this
permits to infer that the hydrocarbon load tends to be located on eastward
direction. This idea is supported by the fact that hydrocarbon quality
decreases in the opposite direction. Oils with higher API values are found
in this formation, and values up to 40 API have been reported.
5.1.2 Villeta Formation sandstones
This formation reports 3 sandy levels with exploration interest; they
correspond, from base to top, to T sands, U sands and N sands.
Resistivity evaluation was carried out for this unit following the parameters
as for the previous unit, and results are shown in Fig. 40; water invaded zones
can be equally observed with recorded values lower than 6 ohm m.
67
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
68
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 31. Reserves by fields in Putumayo and Caguan Basin. The table lists the reserves reported in each field until 2002.
Figure 32. Events Chart for Putumayo Basin. The red line represents the history of burial.
69
70
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 33. Location of wells with geochemical and/or thermal maturity data in the Guajra Basin (Modified from Aguilera et al., 2010).
71
72
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 36. Net Sand Distribution Map for T Sandstones in Putumayo Basin.
73
74
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
75
76
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 39. Net Sand Distribution Map for U Sandstone in Putumayo Basin.
77
78
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 42. Modern Environment Analogous for interpreted environments in T and U Units for Villeta Formation.
79
80
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Following the basin event map (Fig. 44), hydrocarbon generation may
have occurred at the end of Tertiary. The age of generation determination
was intended through the modeling of a pseudo-well in the Payare sector,
where Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments present their larger thickness.
However this model does not show enough overloading to reach the
generation window.
This uncertainty obliged to consider several possibilities with respect
to loading and migration ways. It is possible that they received hydrocarbon
migration coming from the Llanos Orientales basin or even from the Oriental
Cordillera or the upper Magdalena valley. Another possibility is that enough load
exists to reach the generation window in the eastern sector, where no sufficient
seismic information exists, but where thick sediments packages may be inferred
from basement maps prepared from Bouguer anomalies. It is possible that these
packages would have included Pre-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks.
These considerations force to consider with a major uncertainty
factor the amount of hydrocarbons present in the basin, because heat flow
and migration paths are not sufficiently known, even when the western
sector, toward the piedmont margin of this basin has been explored.
81
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 43. Line Y - 9N, Caguan Basin. The Paleozoic sediments are deformed during the Eocene, as a result of Garzn Massif orogenic pulse.
82
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 44. SEvent Chart for the Hypothetical Petroleum Systems in Caguan Basin. urface geochemistry compositional
data from the onshore part of the Guajra Basin. From Aguilera et al. (2010).
6. PETROLEUM SYSTEMS
86
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Upper Cretaceous rocks from the Macarena Group (CampanianMaastrichtian) on the Uribe field, feature the best geochemical characteristics.
Additionally, recent studies suggest the existence of Cretaceous rocks
showing characteristics favorable for hydrocarbon generation.
Furthermore, the presence of generating intervals within the
Paleozoic sequence cannot be ruled out.
Reservoir Rock
Conglomerates and sandstones of continental origin of the San Fernando
Group (Oligocene-Miocene) show the best possibilities as reservoirs. Additionally,
the sandstones of the Macarena Group act as secondary reservoirs in the sub-basin.
Figure 45. Location of seeps and geochemical data of the Cagun Sub-basin
Seal Rock
Seals are comprised by clay levels of the Macarena Group (CampanianMaastrichtian) and muddy levels of the Serrana Formation (Miocene-Pliocene).
Trap
The main traps correspond to folds formed by inversion of normal faults, drag
folds and fault propagation wedging of Cenozoic sequences against the basement.
Overburden
87
Figure 48. The Maximum Temperature (Tmax) vs. Hydrogen Index (HI) chart, illustrates that most samples range between immature to the start of the generation window.
Figure 51. Location profile of the pseudo-well on the Y-1973-08 seismic line.
According to the geological evolution model on this sector of the Subbasin, the base of the Early Cretaceous sequence currently reached maximum
burial depths of 4500 feet with maximum temperatures of 150 F (Figure 52).
Figure 53. % Ro profile over time. The assessed sequence was not mature
enough to reach the oil generation window.
Figure 52. The maximum burial curve occurred during the Pleistocene.
89
Figure 55. Petroleum system map, showing the depocenter at the top of the
basement (on top of which the generation kitchen would be located, on the
northernmost part of the Sub-basin), reported seeps and the hypothetical
influence area of the system.
90
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
91
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
Figure 58. Modified Van Krevelen chart. The organic matter quality is very good to
excellent, prone to generate liquid hydrocarbons.
The organic matter evaluated by Rock Eval pyrolysis and visual kerogen
analysis allow to identify kerogen type II to type III, with a minor presence
of type I, featuring high contents of marine organic matter (amorphous)
and hydrogen index values (HI), which oscillate between values below 100
and 800 mg HC/g TOC. The undifferentiated Cretaceous Section and the
Villeta Formation record the best HI values. Figure 58.
Crudes oils have API gravities ranging between 9.4 to 41 (light to heavy),
with a predominance of normal crude. Overall, the quality decreases from east
to west. Crudes show higher API gravities in reservoirs at the Caballos Formation.
The saturated and aromatic fractions predominate over resins +
asphaltenes, whereas sulfur content ranges from 0 to 3% with tendencies
below 1%, suggesting a variety of generating sources (Figure 62 and 63).
Figure 62. API gravity Vs % sulfur chart, crude oils are mostly normal.
93
Extracts from the Caballos Formation and shales of the T and U intervals of the
Villeta Formation, show similar geochemical characteristics as PUT1 and PUT2 families
stored on the Caballos Formation and producing intervals of the Lower Villeta Formation.
6.2.5 Petroleum Systems Modeling
The simulation for hydrocarbon generation and expulsion processes on the
Putumayo sub-basin was based on a pseudo-well located on the PWD-1990-1245
seismic line, located on the area where the sub-basin reaches greater depths (Figure 66).
Figure 67. Maximum burial curve occurred during the late Miocene.
95
According to the geological evolution model for this sector of the subbasin, the base of the Barremian sequence reached a burial depth of 20000 feet
during the Miocene-Pliocene and maximum temperatures of 342 F. Figure 67.
Figure 69. Subsidence and expulsion curves history chart. The expulsion process for
the Villeta and Caballos formations was reached during the Miocene.
96
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
97
REFERENCES
ANH, (2005). Exploring an old place for new oil in subtle traps, Putumayo
Basin, Agencia Nacional de hidrocarburos, Bogot, Colombia, Sur Amrica.
ANH, (2005). Oil Seeps all Over the Basin a Petroleum System at
work, North Putumayo Basin, Agencia Nacional de hidrocarburos, Bogot,
Colombia, Sur America.
ANH, (2007). Putumayo Basin, Paper Colombia Oil and Gas, Agencia
Nacional de hidrocarburos, Bogot, Colombia, Sur Amrica.
ANH, (2008).
Cagun-Putumayo Basin; Mini Rondas. Agencia
Nacional de hidrocarburos, Bogot, Colombia, Sur Amrica.
ANH, (2009).
Interpretacin de datos de Aerogravimetra y
Aeromagnetometra en la cuenca Cagun Putumayo. Septiembre de
2009. Agencia Nacional de hidrocarburos, Bogot, Colombia, Sur Amrica.
ANH (2009). Cuenca Cagun- Putumayo. Brochure Open Round Colombia
2010. Agencia Nacional de hidrocarburos, Bogot, Colombia, Sur Amrica.
Cceres H, Teatn P, (1985). Cuenca del Putumayo, Provincia Petrolera
Meridional de Colombia. Divisin de Exploracin. Ecopetrol- Instituto
Colombiano del petrleo. Piedecuesta. Colombia.
Cediel F, Etayo F, Cceres C, (1996). Distribucin de Facies y mbito Tectnico
a travs del fanerozoico de Colombia. Trisico-Jursico. Mapa 4. Ingeominas.
Chaco Resources PLC (2006). Oil & Gas exploration and development
in Paraguay and Colombia. Annual Report & Accounts.
100
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
101
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
ANNEXES
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1:
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
Burdine
104
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
105
ANNEXES
ANNEX 2:
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
Caribe
106
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
107
ANNEXES
ANNEX 3:
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
Churuyaco
108
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
109
ANNEXES
ANNEX 4:
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
Hormiga
110
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
111
ANNEXES
ANNEX 5:
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
Loro
112
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
113
ANNEXES
ANNEX 6:
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
Nancy
114
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
115
ANNEXES
ANNEX 7:
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
Orito
116
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
117
ANNEXES
ANNEX 7:
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
Structural map on top of
the caballos formation and
structural map on base of
the cretaceous sequence.
118
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
119
ANNEXES
ANNEX 8:
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
Puerto Colon
120
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
121
ANNEXES
ANNEX 8:
OIL AND GAS FIELDS
Sucio
122
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
123
ANNEXES
ANNEX 9:
OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
PUTUMAYO
124
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF COLOMBIA
125