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OSI: OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTIONS

OSI divides telecommunication into seven layers. The layers are in two groups. The

DATA COMMUNICATION
&NETWORK

upper four layers are used whenever a message passes from or to a user. The
lower three layers are used when any message passes through the host computer.
Messages intended for this computer pass to the upper layers. Messages destined
for some other host are not passed up to the upper layers but are forwarded to
another host.

WHAT IS REFERENCE MODEL?

CHAPTER 03
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
Open System Interconnections

Its conceptual blueprint of how communication should take place. It addresses all
the processes required for effective communication ad divides these processes
into logical & physical grouping called OSI LAYERS.
WHAT IA

OSI-OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTIONS-REFERENCE

MODEL?

DIFFNITION: OSI helps all the hardware devices that are OSI enabled to
FACILITATE DATA TRANSFER AMONG NETWORK NODES.
DIFFNITION: The OSI Model is a model that illustrates how data

communications should take place among connectable hardware & It

segregates the process into seven PARTS, called OSI layers

CONT

OSI MODEL (OSI component )

OSI MODEL: which is shorthand for Open Systems Interconnection Basic

Reference Model, is an abstract computer network protocol design divided into
seven layers, developed in 1977 by the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) working group on Distributed Systems (DISY) as part of the OSI
initiative. Each layer is a collection of related functions that provides services
to the layer situated above it and receives services from the layer situated
beneath it.

The OSI Reference Model is founded on a suggestion developed by

the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The model

is known as ISO OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference
Model because it relates with connecting open systems that is,

systems that are open for communication

with other systems.

OSI MODEL (OSI component )

OSI MODEL (OSI component )

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OSI MODEL (OSI component )

OSI-OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTIONS-REFERENCE MODEL

Layer 7: The application layer : This is the layer at which communication partners
are (This layer is the application itself ). The Application Layer of the OSI model is
responsible for providing end-user services, such as file transfers, electronic messaging, email, virtual terminal access, and network management. This is the layer with which the user
interacts.

Layer 6: The presentation layer: This is a layer, usually part of an operating system,
that converts incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another (for
example, from a text stream into a popup window with the newly arrived text). Sometimes
called the syntax layer (high-level language to low level language or BINARY).

Layer 5: The session layer : This layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates
conversations, exchanges, and dialogs between the applications at each end. It deals with
session and connection coordination. The Session Layer of the OSI model is responsible
for establishing process-to-process communications between networked hosts.

Layer 4: The transport layer: This layer manages the end-to-end control (for
example, determining whether all packets have arrived) and error-checking. It ensures
complete data transfer. The Transport Layer of the OSI model is responsible for delivering
messages between networked hosts. The Transport Layer should be responsible for
fragmentation and reassembly.
It provides reliable data transfer services to the upper layers, and transparent transfer of
data between end users. This layer uses flow control, segmentation and de-segmentation,
and error control to manage the reliability of a given link.

OSI-OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTIONS-REFERENCE MODEL

OSI-OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTIONS-REFERENCE MODEL

WHAT IS HOST COMPUTER?

Layer 3: The network layer : This LAYER of the OSI model is responsible for
establishing paths for data transfer through the network. Routers operate at the Network
Layer. This layer handles the routing of the data (sending it in the right direction to the
right destination on outgoing transmissions and receiving incoming transmissions at the
packet level). The network layer does routing and forwarding.

Layer 2: The data-link layer : This is responsible for communications between

(1) HOST IS : A computer system that is accessed by a user working at a

remote location. Typically, the term is used when there are two computer
systems connected by modems and telephone lines. The system that
contains the data is called the host, while the computer at which the user
sits is called the remote terminal.

adjacent network nodes. Hubs and switches operate at the Data Link Layer.
Originally intended for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint media, the Data Link layer is
responsible for the detection and correction of errors that may occur in the physical layer, as
well as the transfer of data between network entities. WAN and LAN services in the Data Link
layer arrange bits from the physical layer into logical sequences known as "frames",
although not all physical layer bits necessarily go into frames.

Layer 1: The physical layer : This layer conveys the bit stream through the network at
the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving
data on a carrier.

(2) A computer that is connected to a TCP/IP network, including the Internet.

Each host has a unique IP address.

(3) ISP : To provide the infrastructure for a computer service. For example,

there are many companies that host files, programs, applications or even a Web
server for companies and individuals. In the case of a Web server, it means that
they provide the hardware, software, and communications lines required by the
server, but the content on the server may be controlled by someone else
A host computer: is a centralized workstation, server, or mainframe computing

device located within a networked environment that manages tasks,

communicates instructions,

OSI-OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTIONS-REFERENCE MODEL

DATA FRAM

WHAT IS DATA FRAME?

DATA FRAME: is
In computer networking and telecommunication, a frame is a digital data

transmission unit or data packet that includes frame synchronization, a

sequence of bits or symbols making it possible for the receiver to detect
the beginning and end of the packet in the stream of symbols or bits.
If a receiver is connected to the system in the middle of a frame

transmission, it ignores the data until it detects a new frame

synchronization sequence.

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