EDMUND HUSSERL VOLUME It Volume! ideas pertaining toa Pare Phenomenology ad to PhenomenalogealPhizopby ‘Third Book: Pheomenolgy and the Foundations of the Volume I Less pertaining to «pure Phenomenology and 02 PhenomenalogealPhiouphy Fint Bok Gener Iniradcton co Pure Phenomencogy EDMUND HUSSERL IDEAS PERTAINING TO A PURE PHENOMENOLOGY AND TO A PHENOMENOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY Piast Boor GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO A PURE. PHENOMENOLOGY F. KERSTEN 198s MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS TRE WAGUE aoston” taneastEn Ne TFfo eS nd Ce festa fied a pager 08 sivauataie joa pm ty Ms Pies, Te ae gn pe pn err adnan Nao asf, po, Bu 28168 Pu Hae, Nene Nove or maxsaron Gavenat betnooucron 0 Pons Paevonanoccoy [ESSENCE AND BIDETIC COGNITION 4 tt Sinan Panay ron pene ACen ‘lees aie toy eS Sreata ad ae ej an Rep 18 Renal Cty Te Aaa gna i Caan 2h Sten te ns yet in 18. 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Cia Comers Cnn he Pence “Tw Leva or Uvenatery Pexranano'To Ti Pron. oF ik ‘Yaron oF Rosson Pe ir aa ac rr) $18 epee tenn i ii Oe Te 41 iminnton he RgsPpt e rtnden Que USC Nee andar oe pc hi Heats te, flan timo mend Cain eR TIS ReRaenie omens Hen ee eyes‘TRANSLATOR'S NOTE dona Huse de xine reine Poole nd pam lege Philp, Byes Buch Alecia ifr ie Phan ‘meme, was fat published in (913 nthe fist volume of Jabba fa Phivplic and planmensiogiche Frctang, edited by Edmind Hoser, Adolf Reinach, Max Scheler, Morte Geiger and Alexander Pinder (Halle: Max Niemeyer), pp. 1-323. In 1922 the book wat reprinted with an “AusfirlichesSachregister prepared by Gerda, ‘Walther- Reprinted againin 1928, the book contained "Sache ter" prepared by Ludwig Landgrebe replacing that of Gerda ‘Walther A neve edition of the book wae publithed in 1950 by Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague. Edited by Walter Biemel, the tte page states thatthe edition sa “Neu, auf Grund der hands ‘hen Zuatze des Vrfaners erweiterteAuflage.” This edition, pub- lished at Volume II of Edmund Huse, Cesmale Werke (as Sana) included ations, ieertions and marginal noes of Huser which were ether run into the text itself or printed ina ection of ““Teathttsche Anmerkungen" (pp. 463-483). Much ofthis supple ‘mentary material was taken rom thee copier of In which sel Ammotated between 1913 and 1929, Biemel aio included as ap- pendies manuscriptsof Huser in whic he either developed further ‘certain ideas inthe texto ee red to rewrite extingsetions a he took ‘Tn 1976 Bieme’ edition was placed by one edited by Dr, Karl Schuhmann (Haseliana II, 1 and 11,2), abo published by Mar ‘nus Nifof. This new edition extablahes corrected text ofthe three eitons printed daring Humes fesime and contain, in = Second volume, revied and corrected texts ofthe supplementary ‘material found in Bem’ edition slong with material ot found in ‘hatedition. In addition to reproducing Huse annotation sllanother copy of de (the copies areidetifed as Copies A,B,C, D) this edition printy among others, all of the maracript which "usserl had prepared for W.R. Boyce Gibson but which the later lotus i i traalation* "Every effort hasbeen made to conform the preset translation to the texts published by Dr. Schumann, Included in foottes sa repreentatve selection of Huser annotations in hisfour copie of [eral with a number ofveryshort appendices, Thesourceaf the note is Hdemied according to Dr. Schuhmann’ edition (ey “Addition in Copy A”), while Husse's own footnotes inthe printed ciitions during his lietime are Weniied by the lcution, “AUTHOR'S FOOTNOTE.” Number of the appendices reler to Dr-Schuhmann’s arrangement of them Unlew otherwise stated the supplementary materials tobe applied afer the word towhich the footnoteisaixed. Allinteral page references, including those ofthe indices, are othe pages ofthe fst printed edition and which appear inthe margins a the pages Although all of the supplementary materials published by Dr Schuhmann is valuable o anyone seeking a thorough scholarly and Philosophical understanding of Husers great work (Dr. Schuhe ‘mann published 88 pages of Husser's annotations, and 132 pages of ppentices), ciel for reasons of economy Ihave wanlated ony a selection of ths material. As consequence, the make up of thi volume ifs fom that of Dr. Schuhman. Taken as» whole, however, the supplementary materials included inthe present rans. lacion provide wha, ny judgment, isa good picture of significant commentary by Huss on his own text over a period of about sixteen yearsand which, believe, wll sti the immediate needs of the English-speaking reader, Bela ihceee canal ¢2 Gh Grdemglicne fey Sint fp RLV He aa ay oe ne ‘ei ence pho tes ae ee Perce at nan dpa gate ge a ‘Sema aed ae a Seale Bing rere range “i Seg ee ‘A basic concern in making this tranalation hasbeen o preserve Huei’ distinctions in English and 1 render his ideas by ex preons which conform co the things themselves which he sought to Seseribe.Ogreat help in thisconnection was the Guide for Trnating| ‘asso! by Dorion Cairss. The tramlation aio benefited frown 2 ‘comparnon with the following published translations: les dives pea an phnoménlpie ada deV allemand par Pal Ricoeur (Paris Galimard, 1950}; dear ran una fnomeaogia ray wna lf frome; con las aicione, noias marginals y Coreccones ;ostumas,traducido por José Gacs(Mexco-Buenos Aires: Fondo de ultra Economica, 1962); and Tdear> Grea Inedction to Pare Phnomeolpy,tatsated by W. R. Boyce Gibon (London: George Allen & Unwin Lt, 191), ‘A tansaton & always only that — a translation, While ie possible to make Huser philowphy accesible and, hopeful, ‘ually plausiblein English, isalio te hoped that inal judgment ofthe work wll be made of the expression ofthis philonphy inthe Crginal, ad that the lings ofthe translator will ot be ak othe author. T dedicate thie translation to the memory of my Mother, who oughuflly gave me my copy of lm a graduation preset fom college; and othe memory of Dorion Cains, who patently helped, te lear wo read ic 'W.R. Boyce Gibson’stranslation of ln was greathelptomein preparing my tanulaton, and I have teed to preserve the high andard he st fr the tanlaton of Hiases. 1 wih o expres here ray deep gratitude to Profesor QB Gibion of the Australian National University for his generous cooperation in permiting the publication of my tanaation. Tako wish acknowledge ihe help and encouragement in peepar- mse Br pe seer oa ear re ‘eewe Mun Neto) se Eol ena Ege Hag Maas ‘ii mea ed eau Ev eat eakianesierncomnearnaeing my translation ftom Alexander Schimmelpenninek, Publisher, Martinus Nijoll, De Kar! Schuhmann, editor of the definitive ston of Ider; De. Samuel Useling, Director of the Huser [Archives at Louvain; Dr Lester Embree, Duquesne Univesity; and De Richard Zaner, Southern Methodist University. Andy and Steve Kersten helped prepare the final typescript. EK, INTRODUCTION Pure phenomenology, the way to which we sek her, the unique poston of which relative o al other sciences we shall characterize nd show to be the science fundamental to philosophy, is ane Senvially new science which, in consequence of ie most radical ‘sential peculiarity is remote from natural thinking and therefore ‘only ou days presses toward development, Keisclled a scence of ‘Phenomena. Other sciences, long known, alto concern pheno mena. Thus we hear that prychology i designated as science of psychical “appearances” of phenomena and that natural scence Sesignated asa acience of physical “appearances” or phenomen likewise on occasion historical phenomena ate spoken of in the science of history, cultural phenomena inthe scence of culture, and Something similar tae ofl other sciences of elites, No matter how varied may be the sense af the word “phenomena” in sich locations, and no matter what further sgafcaionsiinay ave, Certain that phenomenology aso eelats to all thee “phenomen and does 0 with reapet to al signification of the word “pleno- Imenon.” Bat phenomenology relates to them in wholly diferent atinde whereby any sense ofthe word “phenomenon” which we find in the long-kown scences becomes nodied in a dinite way To understand theve modifications or, ta speak nore precise, 10 bring about the phenomenological atiiude and, by reflecting, to elevate is specie peculiarity and that ofthe natural attudes nto ‘ie seiennie coseiousnes this the fist and by no means easy task whose demands we most perfectly sats we are to achieve the realm of phenomenology ad sentially aare ourtelves of the ‘Ssence proper to phenomenology. ‘Daring the last decade mach has been said in German pilenphy and psychology about phenomenology Insupposedagreeent with a 2the Logic Unteachanger} phenomenology hasbeen conceived a subsiratum of empirical pychology, as a sphere comprising “imma rental” descriptions of pychial mental proces, a phere compris ing descriptions that —so the immanence in questions understood are sry confined within the bounds of internal eric. I ‘wold sem that my protest agaist thisconcepton® hasbeen of ite $valyandtheadddd explanation, which sharply pinpointed atleast Some chief points of difference, either have nt been understood or have been Beedle pushed aid, Thus the replies directed against ny ertcism of psychological metho are ao quite negative because ‘they miss the straightforward sens of my presentation. My etic of psjchologieal method did not at all deny the value of modern poychology, did not ac all disparage the experimental work done by fminent mon. Rather tla bare certain, the Biteral seme, ac Aletets of method upon the removal of wbic, in my opinion, mast depend an elevation of rychology toa higher went level and an ‘extraordinary amplification ot eld of work Later an cease will be found to say a few words about the unneeesary defences of| psychology agaist my supposed “attacks.” ouch on this dispute heteso that, im ew ofthe prevailing misinterpretatony ever so ich i consequences, Tea sharply emphasize fo the srt tha! fare ‘Plerameniogy, accesso which we shal prepare inthe allowing ex) the sme phenomenology that made a fist break-through in the Logica Unteacangen, andthe sense of which has opened eel up to rmemore deeply and richly in the continuing work ofthe last decade inal pptaloy ad that neither accidental delimitation oft eld nor its terminologies, but mast radial axetil ground, prevent is inclusion in psyehology- Nomatter how great the significance which Phenomenology must claim to have forthe methodol psychology aco ota Ma, Lge ng, te ile: Ma SELES en ot tana Seo far “Rte eae Waal La ioe Scams ar Pew gh hee a Her 8 Rae ST ee ‘Senay on pig i tae dea Mon s bta ‘ie i Sex me wag gs Yn a 9 fea ‘ie Pv tnd 0, aa as “Regt pa matter how sential the “oundations which it frnishes frit, pare phenomenology (i oly beease i cence of teas + no more »sychology than geometry natural science, Indeed, the difference proves tobe an even more radical one than that in the case com. pared The fact that pure phenomenalgy snot paychology in no {eapoct altered by the fact that phenomenology har to do wiht ‘omacouants,” wth all sorts of mental procesc, acts and ate conelates. What withthe prevailing habitat thinking, to achieve an insight ito that indeed requires no ie elfor. That we et deal hitherto prevailing habits of thinking, that we recognize and tear ‘down the intellectual barrier with whsch they confine the horizon o | ‘ou hiking and now, with al freedom of thought stze upon the ‘eenuine philosophical problems to be st completely ane made cceaible tou only by th horizon open onal ides thee are hard ‘demands. But nothing les is require. Ined, what makes wo extras ‘rdinaily hard the aequston of the prope exence of phenome nology, the understanding othe pecan sense ofits problems ad ‘ofits lationship tall otherscences in particular opeychology) is that forall his. a new sblef aides need which ttyl Jn contrast o the natural attitude in experiencing and the natal atitude in thinking, To move freey int without relapsing into the ‘ld attitudes, to learn eo see, ditinguish, and desenibe what it ‘within view, require, moreover, pec and laborious suds, twill be the pre-eminent task of chi Fist Book to seek ways by which theexcesive difclies of enetating int thisew world ca bbe overcome, so t speak, pece by piece, We sal tart fom the natural standpoint, from te world ait conffont from? cons ‘snes ait offers iain peychoogical experience; as we sal lay bare the presuppositions esental to paychologial experience, We shall then develop a method of phenomenclogical reductions Co psychological experience), with respect to which we cannot only do “vay with baits to eogaition that Belong tothe essence of every natural syle of reearch but whic, atthe same ine leo divert the ‘one-sided direction of regaed proper toevery nara syle ofresearch ‘unl we shall ave acquited, ally, the fe vista of transcendent. ally” purited phenomena and, therewith the field ol phenome tology in our peculiar sete ”w Let us draw the preliminarily indicative Hines yet litle more Aefntelys and et us start rom prychology as demanded not ony by {he prejudices of hevimesbut ako by the internal communities of he ‘Polos san experiential science. Two things te implied inthe Usual ease ofthe word “experience: Ty isa science offs of matte of fact in David Hume's sense, 2. Wisaacence of alte, The “phenomena” that it as payee ‘logical phenomenology," deals withare realoccusrences which, as Such occurrences, s'sey have actual existence, find thelr place with the real subjects to wham they belong in the one spatiotemporal ‘work a the oman ait. Tn contadistinction to that, par or anendnal phemerlgy wil become established nota cin of mat of fc ata cee of ‘esas an “ide” cence: it will become etablished os scence Uthichexcusvely sees to ascertain “cognitions of ences” aid | “mats of Jat water ‘Te relevant eeucton which lsd over fiom the psychological phenomena to the pure “exten” or inthe ase ofjudamenta thinking, rom matcer-o tat "empitical”| une ‘eralityo"eideti” universality, the ade eeton*| Sandy te phnoena of unsendentlpanommolgy lB char stride). Othe redetions, the pecially transcend «ental ones, “purify” psychological phenomena rom what confers on ‘hem realty and, with tha, thelr place in he real worl" Our phenomenology isto be a edetc doctrine, nota phenomena that §re real, but of phenomena that are tanscendeneally duced. What al hissiguitis wl become distinc in greater detail only i what follows. In a precursory manne, it desiguates schematic Framework of the intductory eres of investigations. hold necessary oad only one remark here Hil trike the reader that in the aforementioned two prints, instead ofthe generally eustomry Single separation of clences nto seienes of eas an sciences OF ‘ealtis (or into empirical scencex an pri! scenes}. 0 ‘eparatonsoféciencesappeae te und which correspond othe two ‘contrasting pais: matter office sid sence, re and oneal. Tn place ofthe usual entra between era and deal, the dstinguishing ‘these to contrasts wil find detailed justification in the late ‘course of or investigations and particulary nthe Second Bok). 1 ‘will become appatent tht the ordinary concept of reality need undamentaliitation according to whichaifeence betwee eal ‘cing and individual being (temporal being simplices) must be ‘tabled. The tansion to pure eacnee yields on the one side, ‘dete cognition ofthe real; onthe other side, with respect tothe Feenaning sphere, it yields edi cognition ofthe irra, Moreover, ie will become apparent that ll ranscendentally purified mental process” ["Erlednane are ieealtes posited outide any inconpo-| ation into the “actual word.” Jus thee irate are explored by Phenomenology, not, however, ar single particulars, but in fence.” To what exten, however, transcendental ploenomend a Single acs are seceabe 1 an investigation and what relationship uch an investigation of matter of fact may have to the idea of retaphysic, cam only be considered inthe concluding series of investigations* Tn the Fi Book, however, we shall not ony teat the general doctrine ofphesomenological eduetions which make tratacendent- Sly pore consciousness and it eidete eorrlates vibe ad a Ces wo us; we shall ao atempe to acquire definite ideas of the ‘most general structure of this pure consciousness ad, mediated by them,ofthe most general group problems, lines of investigations, And method which belong to the new scence the Send Book oe shall shen teat in detail some particularly significanc groups of problems, thespstematcformolaion and char ‘cleric sation of which are the precondition for being able ‘make acualy clear the dificule relationships of phenomenclogy, on theone hand; tothe physical acencesof Natur, topavenology ana the eultra sciences on the other hand, however, wall the a pio Sciences. The projected phenomenological sketches on thi oceasion| fofferat the same time welcome means of considerably deepening the understanding of phenomenology gained in the Fist Book and of Acquiring an incomparably sicher recognition of is vast areas of problemo A. Thid and concluding Book ix devoted wo the idea of philsop. The insight willbe awakened tae genuine philosophy, theidea of whichis the actualizing of abolute cognition, rooted in pure Phenomenology: and rooted init in a sense so important thatthe Systematically suit grounding and working out of this Fat ofall fenuine plosophics isthe inersant precondition fr every meta Physic and other philophy “that wil be able to make is appear ‘Because phenomenclogy will become extblshed here a science ofemenceasan'a prion” of aswealsosay,anckdetiesienee it {asf to let all flor that ae to be devoted to phenomenology inl be preceded by a series of basic expsiions concerning exenees and dei science and, im opponition to natural, a defense of the ‘orginal independent legitimacy of eideic cognition ‘We eloe these introductory words with brief consideration of terminology, Avaleady was the casein the Lgcle Untrsatangn avoid as much as powable the exprenions apr and pst” because of the confusing ebseurtes and many sgofiatons clinging to hem in general use, ad also becatse uf the notorious philoroph= ieal doctrines that, as an evil heritage fom the past, are combined With them. They ate co be used onlin eamteste that confer upon "hem unambiguousness and only aequivalentsl cher terms which atejoinedto themandon whichiwehaveconfered cles and univocal ‘Sgnicatons, particularly whereitiea mater of allowing for histori ‘al parallel, With the expressions le [dea] andl Ia! ideal] ts perhaps not ‘quite oad with espect to disconcerting varieties of sigiiations, though, on the whole, tl bad enough facto which the frequent Insinterpretation of my Lage Untrachager have mae me sf ciently sensitive. Inaddition, th ned wo keep the supremely impor nt hantan conept fide cleanly separated fom the ners con expt of (ether formal or material) ruence devided me to make a terminological change I therefore use, a 4 freigh word, the te ‘minolgially unspoied name "Bids and, a8 a German word, the mame “Tee [een which i ince wih harms but = ‘ional vexatious equivorations Probably [should aio have eliminated the badly burdened word ea (reall only 3 fitingsubaitute had fered ial tome ‘Generally, the following mast be noted, Breas t wil no do to «howe technical expresions that fal entirely ouside the rame of historically given phlosophical language and, above al, eeause fundarmestal philosophical concepts are not o be defined by means ‘offre concepts dentable a al tines onthe bass of immediately Aecesbl inuusions; because, rather, n general long investigations must precede their definitive larifeatons and determinations com: bined ways speaking are therefore frequently indispensable which arrange together plat ofexprenionsofcommon dacourie which Seen tse n approximately the same sense and which give temin- ‘logialpre-einence to single expressions ofthis ort, One cannot {elie n philosophy ain mathemati any iitation of mathemat- Fea pocedurein his respect isnot only unaitl but wrong, ad has ‘nos injurions consequences. For ther, each ofthe above cermin- ‘logical expressions ft receive its fixed seme by mean of deter- Ininat, ‘intrinsically evident validation of that sensei the de- liberation: to be carted out. Meanwhile, circumstantial critical ‘comparisons with the philonophical tradition this spect, ain al ‘ther: mst be renounced if anly because of the lng of thi workFurst 800K GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO A PURE, PHENOMENOLOGY, ryPART ONE (CE AND FIDETIC COGN! ONMATTER OF FAGT AND ESSENCE $1. Natal Cosition and Expr Natural cognition begias with experience and remains within txperience Inthe theoretical attude which we cll the "eal ‘theta aide the elective horizon of penile invertigatons i therefore designated with nr word: Its the world. Accordingly, the sesence of his original® ated ar, a their entirety srences othe ‘rors and, as long a itis the exclusively dominant theoretic suiiudes the concep “tue being,” "actual being,” that iy real bing and —~ since everything tea ois together to make up the Unity othe world "bring in she worl” coincide, To each science there corresponds an objec-province as the domain ofits investigations and toall cognitions, ere oallits orrect statement, there correspond, a primal soures of the rounding which validates their legitimacy certain inition in Uthich objects belonging tothe province become temlv-given 3s frxsting and, at least some of them, sien eiginony. The presente incution [eende Arsen] belonging to the fst the natural” phere of cognition and to all sciences of that sphere, is natural experience; and the natural experience that is presenive of ome "hing orginal i poapton, she word being understood inthe on (Pen oi ot me nary sense? To have something real given originally and “at ‘enuively to pereive and "expeienee”itin an intuiting spicier are one and the sume. We have orginary experience of concrete Physical things inexteral perception,” butsalengerin memory oF In forwant-regarding expectation we have orignary experince of ‘urslfand® of our states ofconscounness in vvcalled internal rel ception not, however, of others and of ther mental processes in pathy." As belonging to them, we "view the mental process of others” on the basis ofthe perception oftheir outward manifestation inthe organism. This empathic viewing i, move particularly, an Initing, a presentve act although no longer an act that pre Sentive ofsomething original, The other and his pyehieal ie sre, tobesure, givenin conseiousess ae" themuels there and in anion ‘withhisorgansen but they are no like he later, given in conseiour esas orginaty The word isthe sum-otl of objects of possible experience and experiential cognition, of object that, om the bats of actual experiences are cognizable in creect theoretical thinking. Ths i rot the place wo dius how the method of experiential fence look shen seen more closely, how that method grands is right to go beyond the narrow bounds of dret experiential gives Sciences ofthe world, thus scence inthe natural aside, the siences of ‘nae nature, but also thon of animate ings with hes pty ‘el naae, consequently ao physiology, peythology, ands forth fave all socalled rata sie in the narrower and broadet sense Likewiseall he so-called Gristsutsnchfin belong het: the sence othistry the sciences ofculture, scologicaldaipines of every sor Concerning thee we ean, forthe present, leave it an epen question whether they shouldbe teated a like the natural cee ut trated with them, whether they shold be regarded a themselves natural clences or assienes ofan esenally novel type $2, Mate of Pact Inparbiiy of Mater of Fat end Esc. Experiential sciences are saimar of matters ff.” The founding | ‘cognitonal acts of experiencing post something real indduly they pani tas something factually exiting spaioempor ‘something chat iat temporal locus, that ha hi uration ote ‘own and a realy-content which, with respecte is eaence, could just as well have been at any other temporal locus, On the other hana, sponte a something that inat thi plac, in thi physical shape (or ele given in union with something organismal having ‘isshape), whereas thesame real omething considered with espct to tsown cence could just aswell be at any ether place and have ny other shape, could alto be changing though iti fact unchang ing ould be changing otherwise hain the manner in which es changing in ft, Incividal exitence of every sores quite univer lly speaking, “owing” Tin thus ia repect fe etence it could bbeotherwie: Even though definite laws of Nature obtain according to which such and such veal creumatances ext in fet then such and such definite consequences must exit infact, such laws expres nly de face rules which themselves could read quite others. Moreover, they already presuppose, as something pertaining Kom thestart othe numero objeto possible experience tha objects of [posse experince which ae governed by them are, comsbered in hemaclves, contingent. ‘But the Sense ofthis contingeney, whichis calle factualnes, limited in hat at coerlative toa mecniy which dos not sige the rere de fae existence ofan obtaining eule of coordination among Spatitemporal matter ol act bat rather has she character fede secuty and with this relation to vidi neal, When we sid that any matter of fact, "in respect of sown een,” could be otherwise, we wer already saying that ons ne of athe Centget oi a esenead ereieox Bis sckh con Be appended ‘url, aa this Eide comes underside rats Blnging fo dient Tes of emsersaliy. A individual object x aot merely am india bjet ay such, a "This here" an objet never repeatable; as quali edi ied)” tras and nyt ai sere carat, ite tock OF ‘sutapredicables which mast cong oi (ax "amex ac ai Sint) if oder, Secondary relative» determinations can belong roy«10 8 extant nsmooucroy ro ru PienoMENoLooy ‘oit. Thus, for example, any tone in and of ie has an esence and, highest of al, the univer exence tone as such, or rahe ord ag such —taken purely asthe moment that can be single out ine ‘sively in the individual tone alone or ee by comparing one tone With others "Something common") In like manner ay material thing has i own esential species and, highest of al, the univessal species “any material thing whatever” with any temporal deter- ‘minations whatever, any duration, figure, materiality whatever, oerthing bling the exec of hind another ind ‘ae tv; and igh cide universities ofthe sor jst indicated or examples delimit “region” or "tei finde £5 Bia Sring [Wraeserscaman] and Inution of Somshing leds Tinie dstoning] AUjst “essence” designated whats ta be ound in the very own bring ‘ofan individuum asthe What ofaningividuur. ny such What cay however be "pu int a ide” Experiencing, o ntion of someting individual can become transmted into ie sein eaten) Possibility which is tel to be understood not as empirical, but as Siete. What is seen when that occur is the eorrespondiog pare tssenee, oF Eidos, whether be the highest category or partes ‘ation thereof — down to fll concretion, “Thissecing which is pramtiof the exec" and, perks, preetie of toriginary,can be an adquate one sch 8 we ea easly obtain forexample, seeing of the ewence tone Butt can alsa hea tone of lessimperec,"itadgnt” seing and no only in expecta greet ‘or lester vary and dtintnen "The specie character of certain «categories of eences is stich that enn Belonging to them sen be sivenonly“enerdedy.”ina sequence "many-sidedly.”yer never “all Side.” Corrlatively, the individual singularzations correspond ing to such esences can then be experienced and etherwi ay. Jgstivatedonlyin inadequate, “onesided” empirical inuitione: This holds wood fr every etence relating to something pbc sat olds with respec to all dhe ewental components af extension of ‘OENENAL WTROBUCTON TO FURR PHRNOMENOLOGY atriyfeded acon een once the analy flowing ater wil maketh ve a ud al ras without exceptn, tcl ol ih the vague eres on ‘itnesandnany cde wil hn ako dei ogni hd iterent sor ttadaqatene wil become epee Tor the present sae to pit aw att exeataly ‘mpnibe reve te sptalshape te posal ng obec Otte ann re ome-ded dumaons ane {preweisnadopnencswhichremanscn uly Spies fainctoughoutany coun ofcominuedinetin ech Proper dae tones esperienc that every estore LE"ttdpy, ne mater ow tere, aves ops oe Prec and ot dena thepysea nga ooo Swtices sritaion of meng india may be, wetertbesdeqsteornseguateea ke theme ‘ence sndnsetng whether be coepandngy dca or conmaponingy naan, hs the crc eo pre Seething pti is ecm (Ei) ee oft J a Be dao of nde spy tain atid tthe aioe Epson Notamerly eer analogy bat dil community preset hese Seger apy mon jarani ets precy see: Theunvcaatonl the comeaey ere I once un an “abet net an ry cone but company demanded by the mtr othe mats qu ion Empl snsinn ose exper conn ten ofa individual objet aan ne comes "ine hi objec given prceptin Ie mais a neal ebjecgiven ignite connec nguyen sdf. “origina “peona cod Tnqatte same mane ‘tie Hae ot Vp ate shred a ee ‘muna th Spd snl peas gat ek SSIne hang ps sng Mea eb ef a«ay itwiion ofan exence is conciousness of something, an “objec Something to which the intuitional regatd i directed and which i “itl give’ in the intuition ts something which can, however, be ‘objectvated” as wellinotheracts something that an be thought vaguely or aissindy, which can be made he subject of tue and Tale predications — just like any other “jet” i the meee broad ses rope fomal oie. Any possible object ~~ logically speaking, “ey subject of pombe te pradrations” — hae, rie to all Preicatve thinking, precisely is modenof becoming the objec ofan objectvating, an intiting regard which perp reaches iin i “personal selthod,” which “weaes upon’ i Seng an esence i therefore inition; and iit isseeing i the pregnant see snd not ‘mere and perhaps vague making present the seing ian eign presenive intuition, sizing upon the uence in ie “persona” cf hood On the other had it an inution of an exeally perlier| And novel set in contrat the soe of intuition which corvlaively belong to abjectivitesofother categories and especialy in contest 0 intuition nthe usual and narrower sense, that intuition of ome ‘hing individual Certainly itsown pectic characters such that intuition ofesence has is basis principal par of intuition of vomething individual, ‘namely an appearing, asightednest of something inva, hough not indeed seizing upon this nor any sort of posting ava actuality. ‘certainly, in comequence of that, no intuition of exence i posible out the free possibility of turing one's regard toa “corepond individual nd forming aconstiounesofan example ust at, ‘conversely no intuition of something individual ponible without the re poxbsityof bringing about an ideation an init direeting one's regard to the corresponding exence exemplified in what individually sighted; but this inno respect alter the fc that be fe ‘orf nun reese dient: aed propositions sich as we have jus stated indicateonly the eset relations between them, To the ‘essential differences between the intuitions there correspond the tssential teatonships between “existence” (hevecbvouy in the sense of individual actual exten) and “eee,” between mat a roi aie ai hedge ed hr nn en fac ae Bier. Following up vac interconnections, th night we ‘ize upon the conceptual enences which correspond fo these ters find willbe firmly attached them ror now on; and thuval herent rate hangs clinging particulary tothe concept Eider ea) and ‘seen wil emai cleanly erated frm the, 94 Bite Seng ond Phan. Bic Capito Ident of At ogni of Mater of Ft. ‘The Eidos, the fue asee, cae exemplified for intuition in experiential data —indatac perception, memory, nd 0 frths but ‘eean equally well be exemple in data of mre plane. Accord ingly, toreizeuponanexence island toscze upon ergy we ‘an sar from corresponding experiencing intuitions, ul equal tell rom tation which ave mnespertning, which de we ice pon fal see ba which rinsed mere eiaie” ‘fe proce in re plantas pati oration, malar, ci prc, dhe idee if phantasy ae of experi of hing or ding, ‘ling, eh om hat bast by dation’ te aries pare ees ‘rina and perhaps een anathema an opal spe ‘what a melody eater, any cal pte whore. the fssenee of shape, a melody, et, of the particular ype exemple. In this connection it doesnot matter whether anything ofthe srt has ever been given in actual experience or not If, by some prychs gical miracle or other, ree phantasy should lead tothe imaginat ton of data (sensuous daa, for example) ofan exentilly novel sor suchas never have occurred and never will cc in any experience, {hat would in no respect alter the originary givennes f the corre sponding esences though imagined Data are never actual Dat, Essentially connected with this the fllowing: Pasting fan, to begin wit, intuitive sexing upon, veer gle ml th light Dunting fon india factual execs pare ide rath contin at he Sights esition about mates of fot A ts not even the met insigeeant matter-ottact tra canbe deed from pute ete touts lone Just a any thinking, any predating, which concerns mmatersoffat needs experience to ground it (ins ar asthe een af asay 12 onwenat nvrnoncrion 70 PURE PHENOMENOLOOY vel fms peculas wach thinking mca demands this) 50 {hiking about pureewences—unmined thinking about them which floes not connect matters of fact and essences needs the seing of essences asi leitmating Foundation 5 Judgments oat Evunes and Jedgants basing Eidatc Univeral, Vali. But the following should now be noted, Judging abut essences and relationships among essences isnot the same a edetic judging of Uehateversore when thisconcept ha the breadth which mast be given oti cogitin dc nt hae, hes of al ase proportion, une ashe "objet abt eich” And, closely connected with this Tntition af essences — taken asi has been up to now — at 8 consciousness analogous t experience, to seizing upon factual existence, as a consiousies in which an enence seized pon 38 ‘jean a something individal seized upon in experince, not the only conscousnes which involvesemencts while excuding every posting of oma erste. Eaences can bean intuitive consciousness ffesences, ina certain manner they can aloe seized upon, without becoming “objects about which” ‘Letusstare with dgments Stated more precy, isa mater of the difference between judgments vat exencer and judgments ‘which, im an indeterminately universal manner and without ad ‘mixture of postings the individual nevertheless judge the mode ‘bvy [Wer] ot the idl ough pare at sgl prin ‘subsumed wade! sence {ie de Wee). Tin pte geome ‘ry we do not judge, asa rule, about the Fides straight line, ane, ‘wlangle,conicseetion, or the tik, but rather about any straight ine ste nee rns whoa eee Sear eeigi ocane whatever any angle whatever or about astealght ine, an angle, oF “asa taight in,” “as an angle." about any individual angles whatever, any conic setins whatever. Such wniveral judgment Ihave the characterise of eee wraliy, pure” or, a te aeo called, "si" asl “anand” acai For the sake of simplicity let we astume that iti a mater of “axioms,” immediatly evident judgments to which ined all the otherjudgmentsin a mediate rounding ea back, Provided thay as prempposed here, they judge in the abovestated manner about Individual singe particulars, such judgments need for their noete rounding i.e, in order to make them matters of ixight — ‘ertain seeing ofesences which one could designate a (ina madied erie) ar seiring upom ewences and this seing to, ike the eidetic Jnuidon which makes esences objects is based on sighting but not ton experiencing individual single parielar aubsamed onder the ‘Ssenees. For such judgment, 00, more phantasy-objectivations oF ‘therindividalesighted im phantay,aresulicient. There icone ‘snes of what ie sighted, a sighted; it "appears bu is not seized ‘upon as factually existent If or example, we judge with eietic Univerality (“unconditional univerality, “pure” university) “Any color whatever i ifeent from any sound whatever,” the statement joa made can be confirmed by evarining our judging. A ‘ingle eubsumed unden the sence color and a ingle subeumed lander the esence sound ae stuitionally"bjecive” [sort at ‘inglessubsumed under their estenees phantasy-intultion (without a Potting of factual existence) and eketc inition are there atthe Same mein certain manner; but theater intuition isnot here as lone which makes the esence an ej. Itis however, ofthe esence of the situation which we ae atal mes fe o shift othe correspond ing Objectvating aac, that thi siing precy an essential posit. In actond wih the altered atu, the judgment would be alter it would then state: The etence (dhe ens) cloe i tier than the ence (the genus) sound. And 0 everywhere Conversely, ay adgmen bonne co be conere int a ule seonitaly ical ade abt ingle parties cbuamed under ‘mee ex she pertcaarssubemed eet cet [der Weten alt Si]. In this manner, jgment comrang shat i arly eel (purely cidetc judgments) belong tote, o mate aha er gcd orm ay be Whats cornnon other that shey pit oo individual «15tesitence” even when they judge— as they may, namely with purely fdedc universality about something india $6. Some Fandamenial Cocps, Universality and Nees Tes now apparent thatthe following ideas belong together etic indging,eidetc judge! ot asserted eet ropes, eietc rath {or trae proposition) as correlate ofthe let ea: the eit pe heats formed af-complex simplices (as what obtains in ide truth: finally, as correlate ofthe fst keas he eit predeatiy formed afeir-cplecin the modified nse of merely what meant, the sense of the judged as judged which can ether obtain or not cobain, ‘Any eet particularization and singulariation ofan edetclly universal prediatvey formed afai-complen, ifr it at, Called an idence. Bie misery and det ecto here= fore correlates But the ate ofthe word “neceity” varie fallowing the interelated correlations he corresponding judgments ar alan called necessary. It is important, however, to eed the dstinetions| fad above all not to designate cdetc universality 4 neeeity as people usually do)-Theconsciousnesofa necessity, more particular |y a judging conscousnesin which there is conciousness of a pre Aicatively formed affsi-complex a3 partcularzation ofan eidetic “universality, sealed an aed consciousness: the judgment tel theasserced proposition, i called an apoite (also an apodicticaly necessary") maearc of the univer judgment with which ii connected. The sated propositions about the relations mong tn ‘ersaiy. neces, and apeditity ean be ramed more universally 2o that they hold good for any, and not only fr purely det, ‘spheres. Obviously, however, they require a distinctive and particu Tenly important sense with hr ti Fitton ‘The combination af an ie judaing abou any individual what: ‘vee with poting oth fc nitene something individual vaso ‘very important. The idee universality becomes tanered to a individual posted a fetually esting, or to 8 indeterminately sniverl sphere of individuals (which snergues postings fate ‘CENEAL HeTRODUCTION TO FURE PHENOMENOLOGY 15 aly existent). Every “application” of geometrical truth ates i Nature (Natare, posited as acta) belongy here. The predicatively formed afai-complex, posted as actual, shen 8 mater f fact in 30 {rast isan individual predicatively formed actualiey-complen its, however, an eidetie necessity nso far aria sngularztion of a ite universality The amesried unica of mal ler mast nt be mistakes fo cide, Tobe sre, the proposition, "Al bodies are heavy, posits no definite physical affair ar (actually exiting within the totality of Nature, Sil ie does not have the uncondiinal univers ality of eidetically univenal propositions because, according to ease a8 law of Nature, it eatrics with ia positing of fetal stence that ist ny, of Natore tel of spatiotemporal actuality ‘All bodies — in Nate al “actual” bodien — ate hesvy. In conte dissnction, the proposition, “All material things ae extended,” has ‘ite validity and can be understood tury edeticpropetion Provided hat the posting offactual essence cari auton the side {or the subject, is suspended. It states something that is grounded purely in the esence of a material thing and in the exence of fnteeion and dha we ean rake evident shaving “unconditional” Universal validity. We do this by making the esence ofthe material thing something given originarly (perhaps on dhe bass of fee Phanvasyng! of 4 material ching) inorder, thea, in this presentive ‘onscousnes, to perform the steps of thinking which the insight,” the onginay givennes of the predicatvey formed eiede aff ‘complex explicily set down by that proposition, eequires That ‘umetingatuan space corresponds toteuthsof thatsorts nota mere Tae instead in idee recut an partiulaization of edetic laws. Only the actual thing itself to which the application ismade, a matter of fact bere $7. Shes of Mates of Ft nd Bidet Sees. ‘The ground fora corresponding inerelation berween sciences of| matters flat and eidetic scence isthe connection (self etic) ‘braining berween individual object and essence, according which fn esental compsition belongs to each individual object as «16>an 16 cewemat txrnoDucrion To PURE PHENOMENOLOGY ‘exence™ — just as, conversely, wo each esence there correspond posible individ which would estartualsingulariatione. There {te pre idee ine ach a8 pre logi, pure mathematic, aad the pre theories of time, space, motion, and so forth, Throughout, in very stepoltheirthinking, they are pare ofl postings of matters of Tt or, equivalent le me exper as experienc, that ia consciousness that seizes upon or posts actuality, factual existence, ‘anaisne efnctonfpromding, Where experienc functions in them {doesnot fonction ar experience. The geomet who draws his figures fn the boned produces thereby Tatualy existing ines om the fat ally existing board. But his experiencing of the product, qu ‘xperiencing no more grads hie geometial seeing feiences a ‘desc thinking than does his physial producing. Thisis why it does fot mater whether his experiencing is hallucination or whether, instead of actually drawing his ines and construction, he imagines them ina world af phantaty. Ie is quite otherwise in the cas of the Sciemitc img of Nature. He observes and experiment; thats hheascertins factual existe according to experince; for ka exprine ing is « groding at which can never be subuttted by 4 mere imagining. And thsi preciely why science of mates 2f fat and ‘aperita science are equivalent concept. Blt forthe gemuer who explores not acuaitis but "ideal posite,” not predictive Formed actalty-compleses but prticaively med ede ali ‘complexes, inal gromding ct not experience but eather the ean fees So it sin all eidetie sienes. Grounded on the preicatvely formed eidetic afat-complexes or the eideti sors seized upon in immediate insight, are the mediate, prdicaively formed exec alfuincomplexes which become given in a thinking with mediated insight a thinking according to principles, allofwhich are objets of immediate insight. Cnsgunly vac pin meds grounding i shoal and edealy merary. ‘The esence of purely eet 'ience hus consists of proceeding in an exclusively idee way frm the start and subsequently, the oaly predicativey formed affair ‘complexes ate such as have eideie validity and ea tereore be either made riginaiy given immediately (ax grounded media ly in esences orginal) seen) oF eee can become "inred” fom sean soem Pern dei OENERAL NTRODECTION TO RURE PHENOMENOLOGY 17 such “axiomatic” prdicatively formed allaircompleses by pure deduction ‘Connected with this ithe rt! dea of exact dete ie which, ssietly speaking, only recent mathematics has shown how tA¢2 tualize" it has shown how to bestow on any eidete science the highest degree of rationality by reducing allo its mediate steps of ‘thinking to mere subsumptions under the axioms ofthe particular tieve province, these axioms having been asembed once fe all fd reinforced wit the wholest of axioms belonging to frmal”o¢| “Spatelogie in the broadest sense: maths ames) — unless of course, rom the very beginning itis a mate of tha loge uel. “And inthis connection there also the ial of "mathematcton” ‘whieh ike the eal just characterized, has peat signBiance othe ‘Comniive practice fal the “exact” eit dseptines whowe entire Stock of cognition (as n geometry, for example) since in the Universality a ew axioms with purely deductive necessity. But hs owt the place to go into that 1, Relatonipr of Dopendane Becen Scie of Mats of Fat and Eide Seine, [After the foregoing it clear thatthe sue fede scence muesiy res en mprtion of cognition rede by empl ens ‘The postings of actuality that oceur inthe immediate Hndings of thse sciences obviously extend throughout all of their mediate Findings. From matters of fact nothing ever follows but matters of fact. But although every cidetic science is necessarily independent of very scence of matters of fac, the revere olds on heather hand, Torthe tter sciences, There i ease of mats of fact which i ly dlp as scieue, coud be pure of eietic cognitions and ‘heefore cul be independ of th formal othe mater etic seers For in the fine place, It without question that an experiential eget le ay ap a fama 25 30) Seat mame Sen apr 2, dn 47 0 tt «1s«ay 18 GeveRAL mvrRooUeTION To PURE PHENOMENOLOGY seience, wherever it brings about mediate grounding of jugmens, must proceed according tothe formal principles tested by Formal lagi. Since ike any otherscience, an experiential cence siete twobjetsitmust beunverally Bound bythe laws that belong oe ‘sence of enything eject wlaer Te thereby enter int atlaion| with the complex of forma-mlogal disciplines which, besides formal logic inthe naerower sense, embraces the other disciplines ot “mathessunersaslorexample arithmetic, pureansly, theory of ‘muliplicites). Moreover, in the ssond place, any mater of fet Inludes a matrialesetial composition: and any ide rath bes longing tothe pure esencer comprised in that compton mst Yield a law by whieh the given factual singularity, Ike ny other posible singularity, is bound, 8 Regn and Regional Eide. ‘Any concrete empirical abjectviy fd is place within «hight ‘material genus “region,” empire abjecs To the pre te sonal esenc, then, there correspond argo dete sir, {anata no nine we se at the egional sence, the diferent gener composing tthe bs rah anda nigh ramen ha, wth ‘pec other sjatematicexpeation, ti ideed worth peaking of ‘Nine raf tlecomplts fog dcpinecerapen, ingtotheuingle eerccomponensofte region Weshllbeabeto 20 cenenat erRonUCTION To URE PHENOMENOLOGY these seiences were developed, oF newly constructed as purely “ta tional” sciences (as ide nti in ou sene) and indeed (i the beginnings ofthe moder age and fora long ine alert fr thet ‘own sake but forthe sake of the empirical sciences, They then abundantly bore the hoped-for luis inthe parle development ot ‘hat much-adimired science, rational phic $1. Region ond Caer. The Anltc Region adits Catv Awe put ourselves inthe poston of an investigator in any edetic <2» sciences ey theontlgy of Nate find ha indeed tat the arma as) we are dried not tncuenes as objects toe Subsumed under evences whic, nou xan se sora the region Nature In thi connerson, we see, however tht “jatianame or varios Toman wie roto belong together for example, "phys ting” “proper atone sip." prediaively fame afar-compln aggregate ore tei" Ob hyacinth b rter imevery ease point back oon Kind of ojetviy thas speak tas precedence athe prin! bet, werent al he oes oe themes ain 2 way meres rien Nearly our ‘example the pial hing at hes th precedence in ona (predicaing, denying a predicate, relating, connecting, counting, te). Accordingly the formal region, any objectivity whatever, i Aivded ito ultimate substrates and syntactical abject, The later we shal eal sytcval drat of the corresponding sub Strate, among which, as weshallsom her al “individuals” belong When we speakof an individual property, an individual elaonship, etc, naturally we eal these derivative objects "individual" on lehalf of he substrates rom which they are derived The following should ako be noted, One reaches the ultimate, syntactically formes substrates Hkewie fom the standpoint a the theory of forms ofsgifeations: Any proposition o any possible ‘member ofa proposition contains, ar the substrates fit apophantc forms its salle "terms" Thee can be terms ina merely telative sense that isto say, they can themselves conta forms (eg the plural frm, ateibutives, ete). But in every case we gt back ‘necessarily —to inte toms, lima substeates, which contin m0 Syntactic formation at all?=2 $12 Goma ad Species, ‘Wenow needa new group afeateoraldisinctons pertaining tthe whole sphere ofesences, Each etence, whether materially led or ‘sua imconrme alsin [Tae paw by ‘GENERAL NERODLLIION TO FURE PHENOMENOLOGY 25 ‘mpry (thus purely logical) has i place ina hierarchy oesences, ina hierarchy of gratiy and spr. This series neces has ‘wo limits which never eoncde, Descending, we arrive atthe amar ‘evi on, a8 we alo say the idee singular scendngchrough the Specific and generic esencs, we ave ata higher gnu, Eee Shgularies ave esenees which necesriy have ves them "more Universal” sence as their genera, but donot have der them any pricularizations im relation to which they would themselves Be ‘Species (either pronimate species or mediate, higher, gener) Tn ke {Eshion, that genus de highest which as no genus over In thssense, within the realm of pure loge which made up of| Siqifications, te highes genusis"any signification whatever." each ‘eterminate propostonlorm, and each determinate orm a pro: position member, san eidtic singularity; any proposition whatever Isan intermediate genus In the same fashion, sny cardinal numb whatever sa highest genus. Two, thre, ete. ae ie iia ices oF iecic singularities Inthe sphere of material filled esenccewe ind as examples of highest genera any physical thing whatever and any Sensuous quality, any spatial shape, and any mental process what. ‘ver the eidetic compositions belonging othe determinate physical things and tothe determinate sensuous qualities, spatial shapes, and mental process, as qualities, shapes, and proces, areedetic and Accordingly materially lle singularities, ‘Ths evetctlacionships designated by Genus and Species (not the relaonships among clase, Le, se) ate such tat, in the partes estenee, the more universal exwence i "immediately oF mediately cmtina” — in a determined sense, the character of ‘which eam be tized upon in edetic intuition, For that eason many investigators include the relationship ofan etic genusor pees 10 ft eidetc particularization among the relationships of “part” to “whole” “Whole and part” then expreses the broadest concept of that which contains and chat which fontaine,” of whieh the ‘dete species-reladonahip ina particulary. The eidtcally singular cesence [adetich Signe] thas implies cllectively the wives !ying above it and which, for dei part level by levee one inside anorher,” the higher always yng nie the lowe. 28en $13 Gnaliction and Formaliction. ‘One must sharply distinguish the elaionships belonging t gen tralization and specialization from the exentally heterogeneous ‘elationships belonging, om the one hand, tothe wean of Smthng matrly ledint the formal nh sa ofr gies, the other hand, 10 the converse the malraization of something logically formal, nother words: generalization isomething totaly Arent from that formazan which playssuch large role ine ‘mathematical analysis: and specialization something aly ifr. nt ftom defomalzton, rom “fling oat” an empty tgicomathe smatiea form or a formal truth. “Accordingly, the subordinating oan essence othe Sormal univers aly ofa peep! enence must pt be mistaken forthe sabordinat- ing of an eenceto ite higher esential genera Thus, he esence, teangle, i subordimate to the summm genus, Spatial Shapes and the essence, red, tothe summum genus, Sensuous Quality. On the ‘other hand, re triangle and silary all other esences, whether hhomogencous of heterogeneous, are subordinate to the categorial heading “essence” which, wih respect to allo them, by no meas hasthecharactersic ofan exential gens itratherdocsmathave that sharacteristic tative to ay of them. To regard "esence™ asthe emus of materially filled ewences would be jurt ax wrong a8 10 Iisinerpret any object whatever (the empty Something) asthe {emis with respect to objects of all sors and, therlore, naturally 3s Simply the ane and nly surnam genus, the gens ofl genera. On thecontrary all he categories formal oncology must be designated aside singularities that have ther surmmum genusin the esence, “any eategry whatever of formal ontology.” tir clean similary, that any determinate inference, e., one ancillary to physic, a singularzation ofa determinate putely logical orm ofinference, that any determinate propastio in physics ina singolarzation os propositional form, and the like. The pute form, however, are ot genera teatvely tothe materially led Dropastons or inferences, but are themselves ony nfm specie, famely ofthe purely logical genera, proposition, inference, which, Tike al sinilar genera, have at their abolxely highest genus "any sigilication whatever.”™ The lig out ofan empty lial for (and mathesis universal includes nothing but empty forms) therefore an “operation” eniey ferent in contrast to genuine speciation down to the inimae species. This ean be acertained ‘throughont; ths, eg, the Wanstion Irom space to “Euclidean ‘manifold isnot a generalization but a "Frmal” unveraization “To verify chi eadial separation we must as inal such ease, go back wo eietcimtuition which a once teaches us that logical for ‘sence eg the categories) ate ot “inherent” in the materaly fled singlarzations nthe same manner in which the univers red, is “inherent” in the diferent muances of ted, in which “colo sinherentin red orb, and that they are not the proper sense, “in the materially led singularizations at all — Le, notin any sensethat would have enough in comnan with the wual harrow sense of part-relaionsip to justly speaking o a tind. ‘No dealed exposition is needed to show, likewise, that the sub samprin of an individual, of any "Phchere, under an exence (a subsumption whowe characteristic varies and depen on whether an intima species oF a genus is involved) most not be mistaken forthe burda ofan exence tits higher spies oro a gems, Tithe same way we shall merely indicate the changing ue ofthe word ates especialy with reference tothe function of exencesin the universal judgment — a use which obviously must be dif teat in accord with the diferences just explained. Any esence ‘which snot am infima species has an™ edt etnin, an extension made upof specifies and away lintel fides singularities. ‘Any formal ewence has, onthe other hand, hs frmal or “matema ‘al eeason Furthermore, any esence whatever hat extension of| individual singularzations an deal mot of posible Theres which i can be elated in eidetiealy universal thinking. The Phrase, empiri estnrin, indicates more than that namely the Fesriction toa sphere of fatal ag by virtue of combined positing of fctual being annlig the pureuniversaiy. Al hii trated naturally, rom esence o “concepts” ae significations 41M. Susser. The Saba coe andthe Toi Ti We note further the ditnetion between, ull” mata lied” ube, with the correspondingly “al” "materially filed syn 2as tactical abjetstes, and empy states withthe syntactical ob icetiviies formed out of them, the variants af the empty Something "Tae latter cla by no means empty or povertyatrcken; it determined thats to say, as the totality f the preicatively formed ‘Mfaiccomplexes belonging tothe realm of pure logie as mates ‘iver with all theeategoral objects ou of which they are onsructed, Thuseverypredivatvely formed affae complex expres ‘ed by some sylloginie or arithmetical axiom or theorem, every form ‘ofinerence, every number, every numerical formation, every Fane fonin pure analysis andevery Euclidean ornon-Eusdidean manifold ‘welldeined, belongs in his clas we now concentrate onthe class of mately filledobjetivtes, wearriveat lime materially fled bates as the cores ofall syataet- Teal formations The mbvateatgevie belong io these core and Bnd thei place wader the two dijunetive man headings: “matralyfled timate sence” and "Thr he!” oF pure, syntactically lormles, ‘ndvidual single particular. The term indviduum, which suggest iuelf here, unstable because, no mater how it might be defined, the indisbilty chat the word connotes should not be admitted into the concept "This here!” but rather must be served for the par. icular and quite indispensible concept indivduum. Consequently, we takeover the Aroellan expression def which, at Teast accor ing wo the wording, does ot inlade that sense ‘We have contrasted the formes ultimate enence and the Thi- bere. New we must ascertain the sential connection obtaining betwen them, which costs ofeach Thisshere having is materially filed exentalcomposton characterized by asubstate-emence that is formes inthe ems stated. 15, Slain and Nomlfniciet Objert, Coe and Indian, ‘Yer another basic dstinction is neded that between afin an smdfnficent abc For example, 3 categorial form is non ‘elfen insofar asic ecesaily refers Back tom substrate whose form its Substrate and form are relerred to one another and are ‘unthinkable “without eachother” In thir broadest sense purely logical form i= thus non-selBuicient, eg» the categoria orm, Object is non-eufcens with respect toa objectmaterias, the Category, ester, nonaelcent wih espect tall determinate ‘GENERAL WTROBUCTION TO PURE PHENOMENOLOGY 29 sence: and so forth. Let us now set aside then non alificinces| nd relates pregnant concept of non-elaticency or elfuliieney {orconcatenated “contents” proper, to telations of “ordeiedet "uni" and perchance “comatadus” ina more proper sense ‘Of particular interest ere ithe situation with the ultimate sub- seater and, sil more nartowly conceived, with materially filled sutstrate-esences, Two posts arse for them: either one sich fubneatecesence grounds wth another substraterasence the unity ‘faa esence, of t dors not do so, In the fist case, we arrive at ‘lationship, toe dexceibed more precisely, which are pera of ‘nilateral or reciprocal nonslfuficiney, and wih espect to ee ticand individual singe particulars aling under united eens, we rive atthe apodictically ncemary contequence that single part Icular Gling under one exence cannot exist without being deter mined by eaences which at least share a generic community with that ofthe otheresiences "Eg senraous quality neceaniyrles to ume specie or other of spread; spread i again, necessarily the spread of ome quality united with i, “coven” it. A moment, “eahaneement,”e4.,under the category oatenstyisnly posible asimmanent ina quaitative content anda contentsubsumed under Such 2 qualitative) genus i in turn, not thikable without some ‘degree or other of enhancement. At a mental process ofa certain fenerc detcminatenes an appearing i imposible except as an ppearing of something “appatent, as apparent” and, likewise he ‘hnverse hols And so rth, ‘Asa result, we ative at important defiitions of che format categorial concepts of individu, concretam and absteactum A ronselfuficient csence called an abstract, an. absolutely felfuticent sence acmeum. A'Thiscere, the material exence of| ‘which 3 conerewum, called an individu IT we now comprehend the “operation” of generalization under ‘he now broadened concep flog "then wecansy«30 ‘Molucom bgi kth al og ae cea ee tena satay comyble®Aconding ery entice ans be tel atone cpr ne omen ten de oy Satan cats’ Expt oer ees Coevrmatsvrmopucrion To ruRE PHENOMENOLOGY 3 $16 Region an Catenin the Material lle Sphere, Steal Cai tas Pro “Moreover, withthe conceptsindviduim and concretum the concept tvgin,fndareal to the theory ofscence i deine in a sie analytical” way. A region is nothing other dhan the ta Mgt genie belonging aeoneretan, he esentaly unitary nexus of fhe summa genera pertaining #0 the infimae species within the oncretum, The eietic extension ofthe region comprises the ieal Touaity af concretely unfed complexes of imac species belonging | tothe genera: the sadividal extension comprises the ideal totality ‘tpesbl nivdua having ch concrete essences, Fach regional esence determines yt” aac rath tha to ays tah tat are grounded a spn me bata ant mare poiaarizatins of tahs incaded i formal enaloy- Accordingly, hither the regional concep aor any of i egional specications Tely variable these yuhetical ths the absation ofindeter Innate terms for the elated determinate ones doesnot yield law of Formal ontology 8s itdoes, im charactristifashion, inthe case ofaay ‘Sinalyte® neceaity, The st of syntetical tuts grounded in the rexional esence makes up the cantata the regional ontology. The Toraletoffamdamntl truths among them, thereon axioms ed dees fr us the it af onl calgon. These concepts 40 rot, like all concepts, merely expres partcularizatons of the Categories of pure lie, but rather are stinguishe by the fact that they expres. by virtue ofthe egonal axioms, that which sei to the regional exence on corelaively, expres with eic wns tha ch at Bln prin” andi,” Wan india ye tei tension of hei, Tough uch concepts donot belong pure log their application to ven individuals apodictially and tincondltionally mecesty, it governed, moreover, bythe rion (syntheial axioms. inorder to etain te allusions to Kant critique ofreason (inspite of considerable diferencesin the fandamental conceptions although the ferences do not exclude a base afiity), one woukd have to tinerstand by Dla cogs opr the inl axioms and we ‘Should have at many reducible clases ouch egaitions as we have Fesions. The "puta fondant! emp,” oF eaters, would be {he regional fundamental concept (ently related to the deter mninate region and is synhetea fudamental laws oF principles) apay 82 eNeRAL wrRODUCTION To PURE PHENOMENOLOGY land we shoud have as many diferent prey of elegre asthe are qo diferente ‘Atte same time omalotlgy takes its place outer slongside the regional (the proper “matra,” “thial”) ontologies. He = sional concep, “objec” ($10 above, determines the system of| formal axioms and, through them the sof formal (“analytical”) ators. In this fact thet ined ies 3 jtifieaton fr regarding ‘formal ontology andthe material ontologies) asparalelinspteofall he een diflerences whic have been emphasized $07. Cmtson of Ont Lia Cosidertios ‘Our whole consideration has been 2 purely logical one thas not ‘moved in any “material” sphere or as we may say equivalent in ny svominate tegion. Te has spoken universally of regions and Categories and this university, acording to the sense ofthe de- finitons we have built one ypon another, hasbeen a putly logical "universality Teas been ou purpose tounge bso ue ogi a ss of the andamentl strata ofl prs coin oie jects proce fom pre lpi, a sche i conform with oth nda met be determinable itil rns pri acedng ‘comps end aus, o in conormiy with which all empiri ser rte rade om theregonal omg aie lesan! them nd 0 ‘merely on the pure logic common tall cence, ‘Atte same ime, ftom hee on the ides fears: Within the sitele of our intuition ofindvaduals, to determine the sams geese ‘unt and, thin manner, to elect dsr al ted ‘adda eng cording regis of bing ch of which mark off ened ‘nd npr! ine or group of sciences that x cesar dite! rom ther sciences beeause i is distinguished from ther on the most radical eideti grounds. The radical ditinction, we may add in | vay excludes an interweaving or « partial overlapping of the sciences. Thu, for example, "material thing” and "paythe” are Ailferenctegionsofbeing and yet dhe later sounded onthe former: And out ofthat fact artes the fart that poychlogy i Tourled | Somatoogy The problem of radical “clasfication” ofthe siences in the main the problem of separating regions; and thi, in arm eres “neceent investigations pure logic lke thawe which were co" ‘uct here slong some line, On the other see, to be sure 2 ‘Phenomenology abo required — ol which we sil know nothing NATURALISTIC MISINTERPRETATIONS $18 nro tthe Critical Discusion In contrat to matters of fct and the science of mater of fact the Univeral statements about exence andthe science afesence dealin Suvance with the extent foundation for our construction of the tls a pure phenomenology (which, aceording tothe “Introduet- ion should develop a a science of esences) as well a fr the tinertaning oft positon relative to all mpiical sciences and, therefore relative to prychology in particular. But much depends on allof our exe determination being understood inthe correct “esse. In them, lett be abaeply emphasized, we were not arguing from pregiven philewophical standpoint; nor did we ue eradional pilusophial doctrines, not even hoe which may be universally Acknowledged. Instead, we cared out some seal ecsay aie Satna inte stitest seme, ewe only gave faithful expression to eietic) differences that are ditcety give tous in ition. We took the differences precisely ar they are given in intuition, without say hypothetical or interpretative expiation, without reading into tha anything which may be suggested to vs by tational theories fot ancient or modern tines The findings thes made are actual “ginning,” and ike our, they have a uaiversity related wothe comprehensive regions of being, then they are assuredly esetially ‘acetay inthe pilewpical sense an! themselves belong to phil ‘ophy, But this ate, to, something which we need no pressp> [ne our previous ae well sour future considerations should e fee {Eom any relation of dependence om 4 "arence™ so contested and ‘spect a philosophy. Iv our enlamental ndings we have pres owed nothing, noveven the coneept of philosophy, and thus we shall {le proceed inthe future. Formulated explciy the phikwophicl «33on St cenemat mrnoDUCHION vo PomK rENOMENOLODY ‘rox! that we areundertaking shall consis our comply abstaining {rom oy judment regarding he dial cenit of ny rei prop ‘and efecting al of demosiration hn the ints lb ths abn, Gn theother hand, theretore, we need not and cannot avoid speak ing of philosophy asa historical at of fart phikwopial ines of thought which have determined, for good and often for ily the sencral scent convictions af mankind! and done so particularly With respect to the bade point treated here. rece inthis connection we must enter nk & comtoversy with ‘mpincsm; but because it involves posts that admit of ing a certained immediately, te controversy which we ean very easily seule while maintaining our tex. If philosophy has any sock ‘whatever of "essentially necesary” fundamental in the genuine sense which, according to thei exence, can therefore be grounded only by an immediately presentve inition, then the contovery concerning them isdeided not only independently of any pilesoph- ical science, but of the idea of such a sence and of the Later lege legitimated theoretical content. The situation forcing the ‘controversy upon ws is that “ideas.” "ewencen,” "cognition of sence," are denied by empiric, Thisis motte plac o develop the historical reasons why’ preeiely the triumphant advance of the natural sciences — however mach, as “mathematical” they owe their high scientific level tothe laying feidete foundations has favored philowophical empiricism and made it the predominant conviton, indeed, almost he solely dominant one among empiicl investigators. In any case, among empirical investigators and there fore among payehologins, hostility to ideas prevails that eventually must endanger the progres ofthe experiential sciences themselves lhecause owing to his hasty, dhe sll uncompleted edetic fund ig of these sciences and the perhaps necestry constituting of new cidetic sciences indispensible to thee progress have become inhi bited. As will be eesry shown later on, what has just been suid directly concerns phenomenology which makes up the necesary etc Foundations of psychology ad the cultural sence. Somme ‘hing must be said therefore, ndefeneof ou fadings, sna ms se er ie set ee ‘oenrmaL nermosverion ro pute PHeNoMnotay 35 $19. The Empire Kcticaton of Experience and the Orginal Pre Aswe mus acknowledge, empiscic natural springs rom the inom rate worthy mots, Inconrast ts" othe powers tt iraion and ape, rude and reine prejudice every Son iiss rata cope pace hat sim at eno toe of autonomous ress st the sole authority on questions of {Tah Bott judge asoaly rset about hinge Conform te hits to gor words and opinions back tele hing themselves const tem in herelbgvenne ano ‘etal prejuaialen to them Of ater mae prin or Joe hee pn oe tat al ene mat proceed Hem experimc, muse grind he mente cognition on immediate thpevience, The empiricnt therefore takes genuine science nd ‘xperenal cence te ena, When contaned ith mate ine what ate iens* ence but Sebastien metals {Eatpecet To have eed sankind rom any such pileophial phantom bel oe the che merit of modern nara ieee All zn iis aged, ony dels wi experience, rel actualy ‘Whatcrer no scaly ginaon: and a wince based on Jorn oust an imaged sence, Naturally, oe wil alow imagining as pyeical at they belong pyeoloy. But what ttened oso nthe preceding chapter was that by inact falled ese seeing ast om imaginings hee spring fom the maginings ee day "eit daa, bjs that areal el. thats thempiict wlconclde jut ideal exces,” 9 "ever vo Sols" rt thon speculative constuctions 3 rn the Rt half onthe intent century by which an “atin, allenated fom sata enc, o greatly hampered gear THomever, everything std here by the empiric i based on misunderstanding sel preuces no mater how well meant ot Tow good the mote which onginaly guided him, The essential frat nemptcti argumentation coms weaing or conf ing tontamenal demand fra return others” tthe dma for nmin of al coin by ep With Ue tomprehenibe sturainie comico o the Hts bonding onieble"hings the emprcsimpyakerexperene abe the >36 GtwrRaLmerRoouctow ro rR PHENOMENOLOGY ‘only act that is presentive of things themselves. But sigs are not ‘imply mere things belonging to Nature, nor actuality inthe wal Sensesimplyallofactualty ad that original presente act which ‘we eallexperin term actin Nate To make een (> ions here and treat chem as suppose teuisn s bind to push ase differences which can be given in the elearet insight The question Uerefore i Whisk side is prejudiced? Genuine freedom from pre- dice only demands a rejection of "judgments alien to cxpenenee" ‘when the por sen ofthe judgments demands thei legitmation by experience. Simply to ae tha al judgments mit ob indeed even ‘demand, egitmation by experience without having previously su ited the esence of judgments to asad with respect thet Funda mentally diferent species and without having, in so doing, con: sidered whether that awerson is not ultimately camels at «speculative construtionaprion” made nobetterbythetaet hat it ‘happens to issue rom the empiric camp, Genvine sence and ‘wn genuine freedom fom prejudice require, asthe fondation oa rool smmeiatey vali judgment which derive their vali from ‘rigialsresetive nations The aterhowever, are osucha cera ‘ers prescribed by the msc ofthe judgments or corelaively bythe per ence of the preci formed udemetcampe, The fanda mental regions of abject and correlatvely, the reional types of preseative intuitions, the relevant types of uneasy an finaly the oct norms that dmand forthe extablishonent of judgments belongs Jing toa particular type just this and no other species of intuition ‘none ofthat canbe postulate or deere om on high. One ean only ascertain them by insight; and, as belor, tha signifies dling ‘hem by originally presentve intuition sd fixing them by fade ‘ments which are faithfully ted wo what given in such incon Te ‘scems to us that chat is how the procedure actualy fre from pre ice, or purely objective, woul look. roms “seng.™ not merely sensuous, experiential yecng, but cing ihe acral sae as argo resent sonst of kind ‘whats theultimate legitimizing ouece fal atonal esserons. This source has it legitimizing fonction only because alto the extent tha, itis an orginally presenive source, If we se an object ‘with fl cary, we have elected an explication anda conceptual Ri ‘orwERAL nznonuCTION To FURE PHENOMENOLOGY 97 apprehension purely on the basis theseing and within helimitsof ‘whats actly seized upon nsecing, fre tense (hie anew ode "seing”) how the objects, the fail exprenive statement ths ava coneequence its legitimacy. Noto assign any valve to" ace je" aram answer to thequesuon, "Why?" would bea countesense 1, yet again, we ses Moreover, as may be added hereto prevent | possible misinterpretations, that does natexclude the possibilty that Tnder some circumstances, one areng confies with another and Tikewive that one egiimateasertion confit with another. Fr that, perhaps, no more implies that seeing in Tegitimixing bass han Micoutmghing ofone fore by another signifies thatthe outweighed force i nota force. It does say, however that perhaps im 3 certain ‘tegoryofintuitions (and that x the ease prectely with sensuously experiencing intuitions) seeing according tots ewence, "imper- {een thatofewentialnevenityitcanbecomestrengthened or weaken ‘that conequenaly an assertion having en immediate, and there face genuine, legitimizing ground im experience nevertheless may have tobe abandoned inthe urther course of experience berate of ‘Counter legitimacy outweighing and snmulling $20, Bmpiriom Shp For experience we therefore substtate something mote universal: “inuton;” and by ao doing we reject the identication of Science taken universally with experiential science. Furthermore, tis eaily ognized that by defending this identification, and by contesting the validity of purely eidete thinking, one arrives ata skeptic which, as genuine skeptic, eancls el out by a countersese? ‘Wenecd only ask the empiric about thesource athe validity ois ‘univer thew eg, "Al vali thinking i based upon experience as the only presetive intuition”), and he becomes involved in a de- ‘monstrable counterseme. Alte ll, dieet experience only presents Particular singulair and no” universes, therefore iis Insciens Hecannot appeal to eit sight because he denis bbucsurely he cam then appeal to ndeion and dhs generally othe snhole comple of made mediate inference by which expecta ‘arma rmo One ccc eps te“ Peegat en Tepe ance ge ne enay ‘iene aoguirests universal propositions. Now, we ask, what about {he rath of mediate inferences, regards of whether oF mo they ate Aeductive or inductive? Inti ut indeed, we could ach seven the twuth of singular judgment ill something expeieneeabe ad hence ultimately pereivabie And what about thove prin of the ‘modes ofinferenceo which one appeals theca of ontcoversy ot doubt? For example, what about the sllogiatie principles, the pin: ‘iple “hat to things, each of which sequal toa thd hing ‘equal," etc, to which, a ukimate sours the justification of ll modes ofinference in sich ease ads back? Are they themselves also ‘mpircal universlizatons, or i aot the ease that such 3 cone epton implies a most eadialcountersense? Without entering here ino more lenghy analyes, in which we would only repeat what has been sid eiewhere* we may have made itatleast apparent thatthe fundamental theses fem need & more precie analysis, elarifeaton and groundings and that th rounding self mast square with the norms thatthe teres state At thesame time, however, there manifestly exists here at lest ase oh spicion hat acountersense is iden in this elation to something antecedent — yet hardly the begining of a serous atempe to preduce actual larity and ascenic grounding ofthe fundamental "seca be founin the iterate ofempiricam, Here aseverywhere cise a scientific, empivical grounding would require that we nar ‘om ingle case strc fed in the manner befitting to theory, and Droceed to univer theses employing = method laminated by tidetic insight, The empiricist have apparently fled to see that the very aientfe demands that dey, im thei theses, preset tall gitions ate alo adrse to those theses themes Asgeonine standpoint philsopher, and in obvious sontradsin: ion other principle ofeedor rom prejudice, the empiricist From unelared preconceived opinions whose truth has not een rounded. On the other hand, we ake oar star nom what es pri all standpoints: tram the total realm of whatever is ill given ‘nwuihonally and prior toa theorizing, romeverything that oe ca immediately sce and size upon — ifonly one docs not et himsel be blinded by prejudices and prevented from aking into consideration ieP ita oan pane mn Case aan, "atc or Ck apt trang, Vopr Chinn $a $ epee Iehole cases of genine data, IFporeim’” is cantamount to an ote unprejudiced grounding ofall scence. the positive,” ‘thats way, 0n what can beseted po orgialter then we ae the {genuine pontvis. In fact, we allow no authority to cue our right to aocrpe all Kinds of tuition as equally valuable lepitmating ures of cognition — not even the authority of "modern natural iene.” When it actualy natural science that speaks, we listen {aly and as disciples. Batis not always matoral scence that speaks ‘shen natural scenttsare speaking: and itasuredly ism when they are talking about "philsophy of Nacute™ and "epistemology 263 Salen" An abe alt stata sence tt aks tnhen they try to mabe us Believe that general ule such ta {sions expres propostions such "a4 T= 148," "a judgment Eannot be eslred,” ony «wo qualitatively diferent ones, one lower and the other higher," "a perception nial a perception of something”) are indeed expression of experiential matters oft, theres we know with ll night that propoitions sucha there ive Caplicative expresion wo data of edetic intuition. But this very ‘Suaion makes itclear tous that the "positivist sometimes conta the cardinal differences among kinds of inition and sometimes Indeed sce them in contrast but, bound by thelr prejudices, ill Accept only a rngle one of them a valid or even a existent (21 Obwarits the Haiti Side COtncrity inthis mate, tte, abo lds way onthe oppsite Site: More parla one ssumes a pre, an pro! hing Sed dus eects the spice thea reeely Wnt ‘let cnsoes tt re metigh pe ‘Mtutngstatndolgivemenin wich eneecraegven origina 2 objec enirelynin the same way that dal reais are een in experiential inion; tot een that ep ung Pro each yin parce seing ancondionaly bea troy oe flare como rete ttn what many ‘rents, sel te pvt epee bere they speak a cedence; ut ned ogg it aan act ‘coma’ worn. Lage Um, Wl. Uaenuchang” OE eso ae ap on 6 «so 40 Genta vrnoovcrion 70 rue PieNoMENoLOoY secng ino etal rats with ontnary ing, they spe of & “fain dre” bic, a4 mics, bestow an email consequence, “theories of abstraction” ate alo constructed and psychology, so proud of being empirical, enriched here asin all ‘steinalsphes (wich, after al, make-up the chit theres of| Psychology) with etal penomams, eh phlei oe ‘mans a all. Ideas o eens, ite i, are thes "coc and concepts are meal canst” products of abstraction such indeed play large part in ob thinking. “Essence Edo” thee ate but elegant “philosophical” names or "sober psychological fet They are dangerous because oftheir metaphya Fea suggestions ‘We answer: Certainly esences are “concept” — if by concepts ‘one understands, iso fara that ambiguous word allows, preesly ‘uence Only let one make clear to himielf that hn ti onaense to talk about them as prycical products and kewise as concept. Jommatns, provided the latter i 0 be understood srely and pro ‘ey One occasionally reads ina ato hat the series cardinal hhumbers is a series of concepts and then, a ile farther om, that concepts are product of thinking. At fis cardinal numbers them selves, the esencs, were thus designated ss concepts But ate no ‘cardinal numbers, we ask, what they are regards of whether we orm’ or do not form them? Certainly, I ame {vlehe, my numbers, form my numesicalabjectivations in adding “one plus fone." These numerical objectvatons are now these and when ¥ then frm them a second ne nan identical way, they aredilferent. Tnthissense atone time thereare no numerical objections of one and the same number at another tite there are many, many ‘numerical objectivations as we plate of one and the same number Bat jt wih that we have made (and how ean we avid ming) the distinction; the numerialobjectivation not the umber ite its hot the number two, this single merle of the numerical seriy hich, tik ll members, an atempoal bing. To designate asa Pychiral formation sthuscountersense,anolence aginst the sense ‘ofarthmeticalspech which is pertety cea, discerable at anytime and therefore which prader al theory. I concepts are payee formations then those alae, auch as pure numbers, are net con eps. But if they are concepts, then concepts aren pyc Formations. Asa consequence, one mad new term if only to tele ambiguities ax dangerois as these. ep hp enc a oie ee rg fing oa men “Sm pi ne mas, ‘aNERALuvrRoncTION ro PURE PESONTNOLOOY 43 $25. The Spontaniy of lation, Bec sd ict Bat, one might objet, it not sil ue and evident that concepts, iT you wil, enences, such as Red, House, te, arise by abseaction from intuitions of something individual? And do we not at wll sunt concepts out of tow already formed? Thus we do indeed ‘eal with peychological products. One might even add that fit ‘inlay wo the ease oer tins: The fte-playingcemtaue we rely imagine is precisely our objeesivational formation. — Certain ly “oneeptlormation” and likewise fre ftom ate carted out spontaneously, and what spontaneously generated is obviously Prvlut ofthe mind. Bu what we arsve at with the Buteplaying | ‘Centaur is objectvaton inthe vente in which the objectivated & Called objectvation, and aot the sense in which objcctvation is the ‘name of 3 payehial mental proces, Obviously the centaur sel | nothing psychical i ents nether a the soul nor in conscousnes| nordoesitexstsomehere ci; the centaur indeed “nothing ‘wholly “imagination.” stated more precy the mental process of imagining is the imagining of 4 centaur. To that extent the “suppose-centau,” the centauesphantasied, certainly belongs to the mental proces itself: But one aly should mot confuse jut thi renal process of imagining with what i imagined. by it as imagined. Asa consequence, i spontaneous abstracting iti slo ‘not the ue whichis generated ut instead the conciouanes of the desence and the situation for thine that, and obviously sential ly an orginary peste consciousness of an exence (ideation) isin iat and necesaiy spontaneous, whereas spontaneity extrac ‘ential to the sesuouely presentve, dhe experiential ronsiowsnes the individual objet ean “appear” can be apprehended by come sciousness but without a spontaneous “activity performed “upon” Jk Other than those of confusion, thee are, accordingly, no di toverable motives which could demand the Mdentiiation of con- seiousnes of sence with ewence ise and which ultimately ther fore demand the late’ bring poschlogized ‘Nevertheless, the parallel of eiging consciousness might stl ane doubt namely with respect the “existence “of esence lesenee ag ha casi beng «aa nota fiction asthe skeptics would like to have i Despite that, just a the paraletsm of feion and percption under the more general concept of “ntiting eonsciousnes prejudices the existence of per ‘eptully given objects, so the paralitinm efected abwve prejudices the “existence” of exence. Things can be perceived and remem. bred, and therefore there canbe conciousness them a0 “actual” ‘or in modified acts there can be conscousnen of things as “out {i null ilsory); finally in entely diferent eneications as well her canbe consciousness of things a simply hovering before Uw" and hovering before usar garactaal, ull, ete. The case wholly similar with eences like other objets they cana times be intended to [oomeit] correctly, at tts fey, as, eine cometrcal thinking. The seiing apon and inition of essences however, a complet ac, specifically sing ts iy an gma Present act and asa preseative ac, the analogue espe ed mt of inating $24. The Principio A Pines, Enough now of absurd theories No concivable theory can make ws rr with respect tothe pine of al ripe: that ery gina resin ition is lining ace of envio, that wepting ‘riginary (0 t speak, in its “peronal” actuality) afd too tion” is 0 eae ipl what seed eng, tab nd within ce isin chickpea are, Were indeed hat cach can only again deaw it trth itself rom orginiary data, Every statement whieh does no more than confer expresion on nach data by simple explication and by means of sigications precisely Conforming to them i 1 we sid at he beginning ofthis chapter actually an asl begmigealled upon to serve a «Foundation, ‘rnin inthe genuine sese ofthe word. But this bods especially for this kind of genercal cognitions of esences to hich the word “principles commonly lied Tn this Sense the veinieinvetgatr of Nate spf igh in folowing the “principle” tha we question every asertion beating Upon matters of fet of Nature relative tothe eaperenee which sounds. Because that ra principle, tian amerson insofar a we make perfectly lear the seme of the expresons uted inthe principle snd make given n pry the sence pertaining othe express 6 Borinthesame sense the mifeinetigatr of sents, and whoever at any time employs and stats general propositions must follow a ‘parallel principle: and sucha principle must begiven berate the one [Hist granted, the principle ofthe grounding ofall egniton of matters ‘lfact by experience, no itl given with insight inexperience fs the case with every principle and every engaition of exence ‘without exception §25 In Pris: The Pastis ar Sint Insetgatr of Nate, I Reet Sune The Seif eta of Nato as Pst. De atthe pvt rejects eet coins only when he reflec “philowophiclly” and allows hielfto be deceived by the soph cfempiriciae philmophrs; but he does mat do any ofthis when, 3 ‘Sienifc investigator of Nature, he thinks and groundshie thought in ‘he normal, natural sienie atitade. For thee he bina ee himself be guided toa very wide exten by Getic insight tis well “known thatthe basic means of natural sientieeheoriing are the purely mathematical dscipins such asthe material disciplines of {Zemetry or phoronom, the formal purely logical) dtcpines such {sarihmneti analyse Tei anil clear that these dscpines do not proceed empirically, that they are not grounded By ob servation and experimentson experienced figures movement nd sovorth Empriciom will certainly not sce this Bu shoul one take ser= cousy its argument that far from there being to few grounding (43) experiences, there are instead an infinity of espeiones ak ut comnmand? Tn the collective experience ofall generations of man, {ven in the generations themaclves of animals preceding them, a immense teasure of geomeical and arithmetical impressions have ben elected and integrated in the form ofinterpetational habit lies and rom out of this foundation our geometrical insights now te drawn. But fom where does one then know ofthese alleged crlletve treasurer when noone as cbnerved them scieieally and fsithllly documented them? Since when are long forgotten nd ‘impletly hypothetical experiences the grounds of ascience and im that connection, ofthe most exact scence ~~ insead of actual6 “experiences most arefilly demonstrated in thee genuine expesien=| tial fiction and range? The psc observes and experiments and satises himell with good grounds, not with prescentbe experiences, not to mention instinctive interpretations aed hypo theses about alleged hereditary experiences, ‘Orshould one say, as has in act een said on othe ides, that we ‘owe geometrical insights to "xpriowei plana, that we ought to effect ther anton asd experiment palsy? Ba why. we ask in cnr, does the payicst make mo we of such marvelous experience in phantasy? For no other reason than beeause exper rents in the imagination are imagined experiments, usta figures, ‘movements, mulplicitis im phantasy arent actual but imagined However, in contrast all such interpretations, instead of adopt ing and arguing from thei basis we take the most correct course by selersng 1 the se proper of mathematical aertons, In order to now, and to know without doubs, what a mathematical axiom states, we have to tuen not to empitctiepllowopher but rather 0 ‘at consciousness in which, in allnsigh, we mathematiingly seize "upon axiomatic predicatively formed alli-complexes He fold ‘ourselves to this intition in purty theres no dob at all hat pure ‘esenial connections are expresed without the slightest corrative positing of experiential matter of fact One must not philomphige and prychologize about geometrical thinking and intiting fom ‘outside instead of vingly carrying it ou and determining nna ‘ental sense on the ground of dee nalyi, tanay be that we have inherited cognitive dipoitions fom cogitions of pat generations bout in o far as the question about the seme and valve of ut ‘cognitions isconcered, the histories ofthese heritages area inifer ‘eas the history of golds forthe vale of our gol. £526, Sines of the Dogmatic and Seine of the Philp Aide Scientific investigators of Nature thas pa pty of mathematics and of everthing eet; but shy pred depmatal i heretic method. hiss fortunate for them. Naturalacienee has become great by unhestatingly sewing aside the luxuriant growth of ancient skepicum and fring to conqueror. In pace of avg over sch praling seperate questions as how cognition of am “external” ature atall possible, or how al the diffelties were toe resolved which the ancients had aleady found in this pasty, they prefer ‘eto busy themaelves withthe question about the rig mated of Cognition of Nature which ean actualy be carted out an which eat perfect ab posible: cognition in the form of eat natural sence Hiving tis orientation by which it acquired a fice avenue frie Inara! research, natural sience, however, has taken half p Seka agen whereby ithe gcem rom om hpi rift and et ‘albeit by hpi nme sobs fr sar. Ae rest ‘being abandoned 4 empiictie prejdicesskcpucim now re ‘mains putout faction onl with spect othe sphere esperiene, but polonger with respect othe sph ne Thais beease ie not Suficient to draw the eidetic into it cree of rerearch under fale ‘mpircitic color Such transformation of value ar orate only by idee disciplines, lke the mathematical ones which are sroundedin antiquity and protected by the right ocstony; whereas {as we have already indicated) the empiricistic prejudices must, function with respect to the grounding of newer discipline at completely effective btacles. The right pert, dogmatic in good Sense tha rpllpia, spare freakin wehichall experiential seiences belong (but nt only those Sciences) ht psn wih ss (sidewall arene al kpc tte ll "aaa pap” ‘nd thr of tied,” and takes cognitive objectives where one ‘tually nds them no matter what difcultes an epistemological feflection onthe posibiityofsuch objectivities may always point out ‘terwars Just here dhere isan unavoidable and important division to be ‘nade in the realm oscentifi research, On the oneside stand wet OF the dapmatieatiade earned toward things, nconcered with «pstemological or skeptical problems. They start out fom the org inary gvennos oftheir things (and always again return toi inthe Alemonstration of thee cognition): and they ark: As what are the things immediatly given, and on that ass, what can be mediately concluded about thee things and about any things whatever f the ‘domain? On the other side stands scientific research peel tothe “pistemological, othe specifically pilowphical tiode which pur an«38 48 cantar mrmomeerion ro nuns PHENOMENOLOGY sues the skepicl problems ofthe posiblity of knowledge which are icity resolved into the universality of principles so thst, by app ing the tolutions acquired, the consequence for judging sone he ultimate sense and cognitive value of the reals ofthe dogmatic sciences can be drawn. In the pret sation, and slong attest indeed lacking highly developed cognitive critique which succeeds in perfect sigorand cavity, ct atthe least ight tte the bandon of ozmatic sarch i eral” rds of inguin ter word, athe ‘moment it appear right tous to ake care that epistemological (and, ‘sa rule skepical prejudices che corretnes and incorrect a ‘hich philosophical sence har to decide, but which need not «concern the dogmatic investigator are nt betactes to the course ofthe dogmatic investigator's inquire. But it precarty the way of| skepticims that they are suscepuble of unfavorable batcles of that Kind Justin that connection and atthe same dine, the relevant situation indesignated for the ake af which the theory oF nowledge st slenee ‘needs it own dimenion. Nomatterhow ie cognition might be whichis purely materially directed and borne by nigh, a oon reflecvely crn back upon isl the pouty of validiy of ll modes of cognition and, under tht, everofintulion and insight infected by confusing unelaries, by ser, unreolvable diffe, and hisisespecallytheeasewithrexpet tothe ransendenee which Eognitive Obj claim over again cognition. Just for ths season thereareskepicisms which become prevalent inspite ofall nto, allexperience and insight, and which, ava farther comequence, an esulin being obits tthe pracal asain of ies We ele these obstacles inthe form of the natural “dogma” rae er which here, and throughout this book, ought ot to expres ay ai ta eto ranch ie aay hain new pereptons tnd preston, more o lee ear an tmoreorle chin conten ofc more ores cea magesin hich Tittsrte oma nttonaly what pablo Hoey with te fed forms ofa spatiel and temporal worl Tnmy waking consciousness Id nyslin hs manne a all ties, dwt ever bring able wale he fact, nelation othe werk ‘ich remains one andthe ate, hough changing with respec to the compotion of contents 18 continually "an hand fr me hd I mpm ember of Moreover thi word tere me una ler hip abe ith esneimiy ttf bjt it sles lef gn «pce wl simply fd the physi hing in onto eure ot nly with nee Iman determinations but ler with value-cheacercy, 2 Saul and gly, plata and unpleasant, agreeable ae age reel and the ke Immediately, physi! thing stand there ‘Object, the able" white books” then las" ehe te” the "piano, ete, These valecharacteric sd practical characteris ao belong citi tothe Obit on Be at (bjt, segue of wheter oe ot I arnt such characteris fd he Objects Naturally tht appis not oly in the ean ofthe ‘mee plysial things,” but abo in the case of humans and Bate snimal trong omy monncings® They are my ends oF “enemic” may “servant” or “upon,” “ranger” oF ee stent $28. The Cagle. My Natural Sounding World and the al Sevonnding Ward The complexes of my manly changing spnatisofconsios- nessthen ate othe wor olin th nd yee ic, atte same tint my srg sold complexes of Investigative inopecting, of xplicting and coneptslicing in dest, of comparing and detnguaking, ofclering and counting o prt pening and nerng: in sho, of coring comune ie money jm nesoD 5 rnenar pmopuction ro ROKR PHENOMENOLOGY Aileen forms and aie diferent levels Likewise the muiform aes ad sates of emotion and of willing: king snd dking, being ead land being sorry, desiring and shuning, hoping and fearing, decd ing and acting” All of them? — including the simple Egeaets in which, inspontancous avertence and seizing, a conscious ofthe ‘world se inmotaely present — are embraced by the one Catto sian expresion, cg, Living along naturally, Uive continvally in "hs amdomentl form of “active” ‘aul’ ing whether whe x0 living [state the cog, whether Lamdlzected “recive vo the bgo the cogiare ITT am directed to them, anew cogto salves one ‘ha frit par, snot reflected on and th int ajective for me ‘ways find mysefassomeone whois perceiving, obecivaing in ‘memory or in phantasy, thinking leing, desiring esa Td myself actively elated in thee teiviies forthe mos prt to the actuality continually surrounding me. For Tam not always 0 Fe late; not every cota in which I lve has a is cogitatum phytic things, human beings, objector affai-complens of some kind or tothe that Belong to my surrounding worl Tey mse et say, ‘ith pre numbers as ther laws: Nothing ike tha sprsent inthe surrounding world, this world of "rea actushiy.” ‘The wor of umber i ewe thete for me precy as the Objectfeld of Aarihmetical busednes; during wach busied singe numbers of ‘numerical formations wil beat the foe of my regard srrounded bya pany determinate, par indeterminate ahmesieal hoc ‘but obvioualy distal being-there-forome, ike the factually ex. ents sofa diferent sor, Theanine! wl is thre formesey tnd as fog a, am inthe arithmetical ated" "The mata wor however, the word i the ual sense athe word yaa hasbeen ther for me cntavaty a ong a go on living nasraly. As tong as this the case, Tam "in the natal ate, nerd eh signi Precisely the same thing. That need not be altered in any respect sez hun Naa ube te et a Sn : snd wt nen yf Resa oi ya CGextnaL nernoowcrion ro eRe PHENOMENOLOGY 5S whatever fat the same time, appropiate to myself he aithmer- ical word ‘and other similar “worlds by effecting the suitable tudes! Im that cave the natural world mats “ot Aad” afer: teards awl ae Before, Lam in he natural titude, edearbedin by then attades I'm cits noving alin the words peta ing to these new attitudes, the natural work Yemains outade con ‘Serato its a backgrond for my ac-consciousnest, Bt int @ Irion hin shi a rtm world fda lace. The two worlds simultaneously present are arent disregarding their Egor {elation by virtue of which can ely dineet my rgard and my ate fino the one o te other $29, The Other” Egon an th esate Natal Suronding Wort {All hat wich ols fr me myself lly as Foe, al her man ing wd pro ty aang ws Eaperencing them as human beings I vndertand and acep ac hth asan Bgosubjecunt sel aan one anda reated tit Satur uronging word But I do thin sacha way that T take Theisurounding world and mine Objeesvly a one sd he same trl owe we allare conscious only in diferent modes Each at Ipc om which ese the pyran prevent and, accord scp Aw nae iain een dag pnt es rss MC a ich panpyss eo oek fob oat on36 eweRaL mznooucriON ro URE PHENOMENOLOGY sngly each has different physicathing appearances, Abo for exh ‘he fields of actual perception, actual memory, et are dlferen, leaving aside the fae that Intersubjectivly common object fonciousessin thos fields are intended was having different cen filferent manners of apprehension, diffrent degrees of clarity, and so forth. For all that, we come io an understanding with our fellow human being and in common vith them part an Objective spar ‘iotemporal actuality aor factual ecient seouning welch tn arene blng. $90. The Gaal Pasting which Charciriges he Natal tide Whar we presented asa characterization ofthe givennesbelonging to the natural attitude, and therelore a a characterization of that ate itll, was apiece of pre description ro tony the ‘hese investigations, we keep theories ~ here the word designates preconceived opinion ofeverysort strc ta disance: Only a2 {acts of our surrounding world, ot ae seul or suppoaed nites of validity, do theories belong in our sphere Bat we do nt set for jurselsesnow the task continuing che pure desciption and asing ito the status ofa sytematially comprehensive characterization, exhausting the breadths and depths of what ean be found as data sccepted in the natural atiude (to say nothing of the attudes ‘which ean be harmoniously combined with it). Suh a task can and ‘must be fixed — asa scientific tak; and its an extraordinarily important one, eventhough barely seen upto now Feist our task het. Fors, who are striving woard the entrance gate ol phenome nology everything needed along thatline has aleady been domes we need only afew quite universal eharacteristis of the natural atitude ‘hich hae already come to the fre witha sient fl cle in ‘er esrptions, Jus histullearity was of particular comequence to ‘nce moc, in the following proposons we single out something ‘ost important: As what conttonts me, I continually find the one gett A mani tt Ie wt a ‘wei sn mere ye in enperace a mop Na ot pa Wee meh pp > ‘cewtmaL iitmopueON 70 RE PHENOMENOLOGY 57 spatiotemporal actuality to which 1 belong like all oer human beings who ae tobe ound init and whoae elated tits Lam. Sind the “actuality the word already syst a a fully eet fetal anda cpt i art preety exiting, No ‘doubt about or rejection ofdata belonging to de natural world are Insany eespect the geval posting which characers the mature bia “Sth worl is abwaye there aes actuality, heve and there it at ‘most “otherwise than I supposed; thio that 20 wo speak o be ‘Nrackatofidand gvenauch tesa “llson” and “hallucination,” And heli; tistobestruck outat"the” worl whieh — according tothe general positing it always factually extent, To cogize "the" world more comprehensively; more eliably, more petty in ‘every respect than naive” experiential cognizance ean, to solve all the problems ofsienie cognition which offer themlves within the realm ofthe world that the am of heer ogg he natal tad $31. Radial Aeration of the Narwal Posting, “Excluing,” Pavetsicng” sea of remaining in hit atte eprops ler ital, What we now eat dois to convineeourtelves ofthe exetal pouty of the alteration in question, The general panting, by virtue of which there i not jst any continual apprekensonal consciowsnes of the real surrounding World, ut a conseiousnes of i a a fatally existing “actual,” raturlly doer aot cont of @ prtialer ct perchance 2 Aniculatedjadgment aba exstence Tes, afer al, Something hat lanecontinouly throughout the whole durationof he atid, Le ‘hrougout natural waking ie That which at any time perceived, is clearly or obscurely presentiated —in short, everyting which is, before any thinking, an object of experiential conscousnes iuing, fom the natural wold — bears ints total unity an with spect 0 allarticlated salienis int the characterise "there,” "an hand” dam ay A Fy ser iy calle pin" wcrccharactrnd by “Shaan Cy A preiive3H 58 centsas rRoDUCTION ro FUR FHEXOMENDLOGY and itis serially possible to hase on this charatertic an explicit (predictive) judgment ofexsenceagresing witht If we tate such judgment, we neverthees now that int we have only mae blematc and conceived asa predicate what alteady was somehow inherent, as unthemadc, unthought, unpredicated, inthe original ‘experiencing or correlatvely, in the experienced, a the character iste af something on hand. We can now proceed with the potetil and inexpicit posing recsely as we can with the explicit judgiment posting. One pr edure, posible at anytime, the amp toda neal which Dears carved ot for an entirely diferent purpose with View ‘oward bringing outa sphere of absoltelyindubtable being We star rom here, but atthe same time emphasize thatthe atempt to Mies pntng tes tn theese of th expreion and all poral Spears ibd mater of indicate dination 2 Scie, spay rir mado xine which wnded tothe Segal posting simpler (wheter thi or moe am acto [ote ae ven a predicate oso existence| and heise in “peceatypesar manne, change value. TR cei ofle Dest ep faded eens tinting cord ahh oti cape wa the Festi the ty oes wel ve sgn $itpotin-akigs athe pope seme othe ere inne atempevo doubt whch accompanies posting which, as we respon corn ac conned te “eating bom ‘eur inand witha modes f the comer oti amy he sonny wch in thectoe, prt the scar thernempe coda thy Deseret pre sso predominant that one can yt atmo doubt amie prope ah ‘Stomp co meat urine. Here we darepad thi pare we are torinereed in every anaytalydnqunteblecerpontn he ‘meempto dbs andcomequent este ntintrettin eet ny sutee anayh oi We mg at nly pene “pried which, whe obuay notre 0 te fhenemtnon et anepingt dou, picaaiy tay to tealyroutandwhihcan,onecotary make appearance io ir th combats anc aly welt swe With er np Poin we ca ie ely exer thn peer but ra "infor shh compat tesa tao 88) 60 oenenar menoonerton 10m (th, ec withthe mshaable cms of eet rath. The posting is put out of action.” parenteszed, converted into the modifctio, ‘parenthesied positing.” the judginentsimplicter converted into the "paces adem.” ‘Naturally one mus not identify thisconsciousnes with the consci- cusoes called “mere phantasyng,” et us say, that nymph are Performing a round dance. Inthe later consciousness fetal mo ‘eading of living consition, which remain live takes place ‘The eonscousnes of which we are speaking i even farther from being matterafjust thinking ofsomethingin he sense osmng”™ oF prenppring, which in ordinary equivocal language, can alo be expres by Tt seem tome (Imake the asumption that such and uch ithe case” should alo be sid that nothing prevents aking cretny of ovathesiing with respect to a usable obycty belonging to We matter what region and category. Whenspeaking hus, we meen that ey puting elated ts ety fbn and converted nt is parenthetical modification. Furthermore, when the metaphor of prenthesiaing i closely examined i is sen to be, tom the very beginning more suitable to the objecsphere; jst asthe loeuion of “putting out o action” is etter suited to the ator eomarunns sphere $32. Th Phesomesoiat® tno, We could now let the universal droyh in our shagpy determinate and novel sense ofthe tem take the pace of the Cartesian atempt doubt universally But with good reason we fn the universality of that. Since we are completely eto meds every pasting sd every idging [Uitei} and to parenthesze every objectisity which cam be Sudged about fit were as comprehensive as posible, then no ro vince would be let for unmodified judgments, co sty nothing of province for science. But our purpare to discover a new sientic ‘domain, ome that is tobe gained by th mtd of preter whieh, ‘erefore, must be a definitely rested one. CNERAL NTRODEETION To PURE PHENOMENOLOGY “The restriction can be designated in & word Wp ot fat te gr orig ek bmg te eco he rata tind; we paremesze everything which that positing ene passes with respect obi’ ht the ute cara wed which omtinually"thereforus, “om hand,” and which wil always remain there according wo conscousnes ar an “actuality” even if we choose to parenthesze ie IFT do chats I can with complete feedom, then Lam mt ngaing this “world” ar though T were a soph Iam aa doting facta being as though I were a skepis rather Iam exerting the" pheno- ‘menologieal toxq® whichalso comply sas meo rm ay judgmet shut spatoomorel facta! bing "Th Feces rating tts nataral wold no matter how firmly dhey stand there for me, no matter how much I admire them, ‘no matter how lle | think of making even the least objection to hem I make ail mo ae ofthe Uigrpaied thom [eo ten Getngen Kor do Fak my ou single on of erations begin aes ne gh Be ere ede oe ald mame [Zoermea foadation le shisbe weil noted as long ast isunderstod tar i A wh en ptr he nl “Sen nt ch ny pm ne ‘he yo mre nba ere eof i fers ahi po at byl ong ‘tie thy my a oc fy sagging ak‘ei anno ce esa th a at this wri mt map th 8 ppesiion wl ot? hep ‘weiss snd Tat sgt ha ay seep ch Fran only i the maid coneiouns the concioners of Idgmenvexchuding? and therfore tas i meme pps hich claims validity and the validity of which 1 accept and use. ae “The Exh in gquston hee motto be maken or he one heh pits requis bt whined as weed to perande Sure sivetfvlsed by sch postin tonsa {xclding al prjudies tha clad the pure object of race foe + mater feos 4 acne tes of than” ee Into," by grounding ale which go back tothe immediate fang nora matter of meas ating sche abot the salucof which theres deeds no quton, Whatee dean este ‘other direction. The whale predicovere wor posite in he Setoalaide, actly nnd expce and ake eh pete “redom fom thet” ast actaly experienced, ot Seay shows it in the coneatenacon of expeence™ i now nite ‘aly for us without being teed a ao without bing com ‘se sal be parents ke mame al Theos ed sciences which relat to ths wor, no mater how wel hey maybe founded psvaialy or re, shall met he oe fe Ties eae area a 6 CONSCIOUSNESS AND NATURAL ACTUALITY 59. Pliny nication of Paro Tremenda” Conair As tie Phenminelgicel Resim. We hae learned to understand the ene ofthe phenomenological Zo but nar by any meane is publ eft Above al not Siero what exten the previous dclitaton ofthe oa sphere oF the eo actualy inolera resin oft uve! What an emai tele rd, cig ures wth all a oir, nat “Since the reader lea kaows that he ntrextgovering these sneitatonsconcrnea new eet, he wllat fet expect tat more rca, the word seater fet enladed but not the wold tls ot any oer per ofeacncs Indeed, the excon the orld ectaly does notogny the eacaion of te word eg the Ihumber vere or artnet a relating wt ‘Neverthe we shall ot taketh path i doe not ead toward ur gen which we can alo characteris i ausion of nce ein ‘Thancnne bf tated nts we pci egion whi, De "Sta Cp Df ts me Ft ate he py sic in tee ye secon engin ‘lose pte pile ” $e oy pat las ‘Sty wth ering ae nae ret ‘Seay air autchn emg amo Be pag Soot tatievhoamnetenascncaeds ee winced ped SSeS laa enim rene “Wig ciate aceany other genuine region, ia region ofindirdaal Being* What that ‘means we shall Tear, more patiulaly, fom the findings that fallow. ‘We shall proceed, st ofall, with a dteet demonstrable showing tnd, since che being that we want to demonstrably show is nothing cee than what we shall designate, for ewentalresomaat pare ‘mental process,” “pare contciounes with is pure “coreates of ‘onacousnes and, onthe other hand its pure Heo" we shal sant With te go, he consciousness, and He mental process which are sven fo usin the natural aide 14 the accu human being, am 3 real Objet like others in the natural word effet cogitationes, acts of consciousness in both the broader and narrower sense and these act, at belonging to this ‘naman subject ate oceurrenes within the same natural setualty, And likewise al my othe? mental proces, out ofthe changing ssreamof which thespecifieEgo-act fash nso specially peels ‘manner, pass over into one another, become sonmected in symubene, ‘become incesanty motified. In bode sy, the expresion co. sina compechends (but then indeed es suitably) all menal po ‘ees "In the natural atitude," at we are even in out sclemifc thinking, by vite ofextremely frm habits which have never been ‘contravened, we take all hese findings of prychoogical reflection a5 real worldly occurences, just ax mental process in the lives of snimate beings. So natural sit for ust ee them only as such that fom, when alteady acquainted with the possibility ofan aired aside and searching forthe new Objet ovine, we donot sven note that itiffom these very sphereof mental proces that he hew oun Inia ing gen ey pte Coie ee singlet mc cnn je ‘ochre iy meyer tae et ceithcbintce ee Sg Ph ce anetanrons pase ee eet Sch eee eed te ate me Cy tng pee ngs ing he ee ia tence aaa penn Rape vere nana ms GENERAL NeRODUCTION To URE PHENOMENOLOGY 65 wince aries by vr ofthe new atiude A consequence, [ito that istead of keeping our regard urned toward the Spheres we ued t away rom them andsought the new Objects TrSomilogal seal of anthied, geometry, and the Tike Sree ater all thing genuinely new coud be tained ‘We stall therfore heep our Fgard fixed upon the sphere of comiusnes and sty what we hed insmanenty within Fito aI Without ar yet efcting the phenomenologieal judgment Excise ih by mea ‘chute, vidoe anaes, What we aboltely ned a eran iver ing no he sence oan encanto and a0, {hte paula of consuaneas ms ar afl by ‘Sconccomeiouser of natural” actualy. In hee dis we shall te rab ecco tole the night which we are Sng, ‘acl teins aon has niobate ich Ins bat sence tached yi plage. therctre remain a the “plo dan,” 3 region ting which b ot event necty ite unique and which can hr fen ty ie neds ga rhage Peete ae Sierig teenaged SOS EEE met 1 fenton py Da ino tammy Hat ait wea pee Reet os ree Suiniripenie aulelieorck hae nt jerarpe thane Seer een ne dao zinta ne athe hana Siete heaoebere tte tony ape Soe en eneerctane selon egg tg ean od Siri iaien aes eg eee ‘eitup hte dechi neyo a Percmeriaere ee eenieerierr noma ae crertimenr toes ecg eee Sipceieengts mer Pega eben tyes Se Romper marae sonar eee 3%> (66 ceNeRaL WrxoBverION To PURE rENOMENOLODY indeed become the field ofa science ofa novel kind phenomenology. The “phenomenological” tarry will deserve is name only by ‘means ofthis ight; the fly conscious effecting o hat Eo wl prove sea be the operation necessary to make “ure coins nd abet the whale phoma gion eel ts. Prec ‘hat matest comprehensible why thiregion a the novel eience onelated with it remained necessary unknown’ Inthe natural sctude nothing else But the natural world i seen. As Tong as the Posibility of the phenomenological atitude had not been reco nized, and the method for bringing about an origina sexing upon ‘he objective that arise with that attitude had not been developed, the phenomenological world had to remain unknown, indeed, hardly even suspected > ‘Concerning our terminology we may ad the flowing. Import: ant motives, grounded in he epistemological problematic justly ‘ur designating "pure" coneioutnes, about which we hal have so ‘uch rosy a1 ancendnlconcuree and the operation by whieh itis reached the traced txoyh Asa method tis operation il be divided nto diferent stepof “excling,”"parenthesiing and ‘hs our method will asuime the characteristic of step-by-step reduction. For this raion we shal, on most occasion, speak af ‘phermesogica reductions (but alo, with reference vo ther ealletive nity, we shall Speak ofthe phenomenological reduction) and, ac ‘ordingly, trom an epistemological point of view, we shall le 4 transcendental reductions. Teshould beaddedthat thee eran all ‘our others must be understood exclusively in the senses hat ut expositions prescribe for them and notin any others which history oF ‘the terminological habits of the reader may sugges ™ in imei prea prep ie hi! yD: ged a © ie po Ape 9 Sata arr es pnt gc ae “pent oa at) LesERAL ISTROMUETION TO PURE MENOMENOLOGY 67 PH, The Ene of Cmca at The ‘Webegin' witha series ofobervation which we shall make without Troubling ourselves with any phenomenologcat™ beg We are Aisected tothe "external world"? ia natueal manner and, without Felinguishing the natural atstude, we fect» peychologial™ re- fection onour Exo and tsmental living. Quiteas we should ifwe a heart noting ofthe new sort of atte, we enon uriclves in the sin of theca of mahing, "in which, for example, we te conatious of the fetal exsence of material things, animate trganims, human beings, the factual extence of techincal and Tterary works, and so frth2® We follow our universal principle ‘hatevery individual event ha iteence, which can be seized upon Ineidee purity and, this purty, most belong oa eld of poable ‘ilesc research, Accordingly, the general natural fat, "Tar" thinks” "I have a work over againet me, and the ke, has i "sential content with which wesall now busy ourselves eaclsvely ‘We therefore elect, x examples, any single mental process what. ‘ver aeonaiousnes an take them as they themelies are given us| inthe natoralattiade, areal human fats; or else we presente sich mental proces to ourelver in memory ia eely inventive phantasy, Onthebassofavch examples which, letus presuppose, are Pesce clear? we size upon and fix in an adequate Weaton ee ot oeace eames te SoS Fe ore mena pment Se eee Se et ee eee eae ee Cee ne eens ES reas eee mEgise _ Seen ee eee a Tiacencgehy 88 oFNERAL WrtopecTION To FUE raoMENOLOOY the pure esences that interest us Inthe process, the single fact the Sactcty of the nacural word taken universally ieappea ror out theoretical regard — ag they do wherever we carryout » purely siete research, ‘Letusimit our theme still more narrowly. ete runs conscious- ‘es of, more distinctly, ay mental prac sohaee o onsiumts an extraordinarily broad sense" the exact limitation of which for tunately does not matter Such a limitation does not le atthe begining ofanalyse of thesrt which weaecarying om her, bit alate rest of grat labors. As the starting pit, we take conscious resina pregnantsenseand one which offer ie lit, which we can designate mos simply bythe Cartesian term cit, by the phrase fink.” AS is well knowa, copito was understood so broadly by Descartes that it compried every "L perceive, I remember, 1 phantasy, judge, Ie, Ides, wil” and thus all egoical mental Droceses which are at ll similar to them, with shee coundens owing particular formations. The Ego isl, to which they areal ‘elated or which, in very diferent manners ives" them atively passively or spontaneously, which “comport” self eceptively an ‘nherwisein them, shal be at fs lle" out of considers re Particularly, the Ego ia every rena shall ble out of consider ton, Later on‘ the go shall be dealt wih thoroughly. For now, ‘ough s left that gives supporto! analyse and the apprehension of| ‘cwences. In that connection, we shall find ourselves immediatly ‘elerred wo those comprehensive coneateations of mental process that compel a broadening ofthe concept, mental process cone ‘wanes, Beyond this sphere made up of cogiatonts i the specie ‘Cartesiam vense ‘We consider mental processes of consciousness inh et fullness of the conreenss within ahi they present themselves thet omeree context the eam of mental poss ad which by 0p Des en nee ‘hontai bce sa och ping grb he “Sp ie ir adhe spr i i aera en ence mrnenes atti rey Eg hn he way fom en inte of ther own enence, they combine 10 make up. It then Ibvnmes evident that every mental procs belonging tothe steam Imhich canbe reached by our elective regard hasan en ft en Thich ean be seized pon intuitively. 3 "ontent” which allows of being considered Jin ts ames Our concern iso seize spon fd tounivenlly characterize th own content the ogitation in its pare wanes by excluding everything which doesnot He inthe Contato with spect to what thecogiatotsinisel Hisequally our once to charaerze the ay foie required, and there~ fowe necessarily required, prey by wha eng tthe citations a thir sen sch that they could not exis without that unity ($95. The Cogito a “Ae Nemactonaiy Mediation Lex sbogin with examples. Lyingin ont ofmein thesemi-darknes ‘eithit chet of paper Tam seeing it touching it. This pereptoal ‘Seing an touching ofthe set of paper, asthe fll anette ment STarenes ofthe sheet of paper lying here snd given precisely with respect to these qualities, appearing tome precisely with this relative ‘bacurty, ith thisimperect determinatenessinthisrientation isa ‘ogitaio,a mental proces of consioumese The sheet of pape ell, swith ts Objecive determinations, ts extension, ts Objective posit ion relative to the spatial thing called my organisms is not a ‘cogitatio butt cogitatum; it nota mental proces of perception bt something pereeved.® Now something perceived can very wel Sai hogy aeim vomdnt ‘Stein “team nn Sl in i ting “tom ie ‘ety B a cy tng hein at next pe coc [ilpautirensesteprennt sony seen aroneecanee ‘una ter ea ©70 GrweRat wenoDverion To PURE PHENOMENOLOOY beie'a mental proces of consciousness but itis evident hat such anafaiasa material physial hing, for example, hese of paper tiveninthe mental procemofperception ily eential neces ot ‘ental proces but a being of a wholly different made of being Before we vestigate that Srther lets lip the examples Tn perceiving proper, as an attentive pereving, Le turned toward the objet, for instance, the sheet of paper, I seize upon ia thie Cistent hereand now: The eiing-spon singling outa seizing, anything perceived has an experiential background, Around the shectofpaper ebooks, pencils aninkstandcte ali percevedin cen manne prepay teint hid ofitaon t luring the avertence to the sheet of pape, they were without even secondary advestence and scizing-upon. They were appearing and Yet were not seized upon and picked ott, ot posted singly or Uhemeles: Every perception of physical thing asin ho mane, 8 halo of backgammon (or background-erings, jn cae one already includes in intiting the adversednes tothe really sce), an ‘hate also a “metal proces of encornen on more brie, “conse ‘ousnes,"and, more particulary," allshat which in fates nthe ‘objective “background” seen along with ts Obviously in saying ‘weare not speaking of that which sto be found "Oljectively"™ in {the Objective space which may belong tothe seen background: we arenot speaking ofall the physical things and physcal™ occurrences which valid an progeessing expeienee™ may ascertain there, We speak exclusively ofthe halo of eonsciounen which belongs to the™ ‘ezence ofa perception effected in the mode of “adertence tothe seating in eth anh wari SEEM h obma eer ma pcm gh bng ‘el wit” Tic meal pen na pc np [per Satan | ce ie i aly ig bi cone a el omp fa Coy caval or ie ‘trhpasntnepnepet asd Sale dae i Stinnett ttn, ene ‘human eee So Sec ay bios + oa ena ‘eensaat rmopUCHON To FURE PHENOMENOLOGY — TL Objet and, fathermore of what inherent in he sence proper fibsbal. nit however dees the fact that certain moiations “hip! mental procenateouble" whichwecharacterzeasa irecturnngotergard—norprecislynormersvolte physical but tater the "maa ard pester Bs” trom the sheet paperigardeda fir an tobjecte appearing hereorintended 0 implicth” belore the raring ofthe sega but which berome plc ntenddo ihr "aentvely” peresivedor incidentally eee) fr the regard reo them ‘Physical things rented ono ony pereption bt ain sncaores tnd presentations sma to memoria wlan ee ‘hamtaes All ths sometimes ia "ear inton,” sometimes Shout nodceablentiednem inthe manner of "obcare™ ob ‘vain in such cases they hover before ws with ferent “char rier ne actual physical thing, pwsble physical things, Phantsed physica things ee OF tae esenialy ferent ment Pr vy ving eth eae bent aa Process of percepson, We shal mat think of confxing the oes edad thse mes of consouenes™ (br example, the ‘hunted mater nymphs) with the mental proces dhempctves of ‘onciusnes which are concours of there object” We r= ognise then atytotheesence ofall ck enal proces — the Saye ten nl concreteness there belongs that woteworthy Shndiiaton which converts concious i the mode of ae! [Ginn ether nto comciourne i the male of monaco [init and comers. Atte ene ime the mental proces 0 {ospeak, "apis? concious of he objective something tthe SITS cea pai me set a, ii ty meme et Pc ph i pg hn win rn met gdm mdainet tenes ete ere tsi any mei cy72 enema isrRODUCHION ro URE PHENOMENOLOOY ‘othe time icmp, merely poi The objective something can bealteady appearing to was edocs not onlyin perception, but ao inmemoryorin phantasy; however, we are mt yal it eth ‘the muna regard not eeen secondarily ~ to say nothing of or beng, ina peculiar sense,” “bused” with i?" Inahe sense pertaining wo thesphere of the Cartesian examples we note something similar in no matter what other cogitationes: with ‘espect oall mental process of hiking feng or willing except yas the nex section willow, the "diectednes "thea tednes 10,” which distinguishes actienality [4H] dos not {as in the prefered — beease the simplest examples of sensuous ‘bjetvations) coincide with that herding of Objects of conscious res which tas on nd pk hm Tikit obvious reo | allsuch mental process thatthe atonal ones are surounded by 3 “halo” of on-actional mental processes the stra of metal pote: (an cer sis of st actos Precely these, when contrasted with non-ationalties determine withthe widen universality, to be extended beyond the sphere af our examples, the prignan sense of vhe expression “ep,” “have mane of meting." Tefen ‘tof conciousness." To keep this xed concep sharply separated, ‘ve shall reserve fr it exclusively dhe Cartesian terms, cota and Cogitationes —unles weindicate the maxifieation explicitly by some Sch adjunct as "non-actional”™” ‘We can define “aking” Pgo as oe which, within its stream of mental process, continuously elects conciosns in the spetic form ofthe eogito;* which naturally doesnot mean that i contings ally gives, or is able to give a all, predicative expreson to these mental proces. There are, after al, brute animal Ego-subject, According to what i said above, however it ofthe esence ofa Waking Ego's stream of mental proces thatthe continuously us ee Sapam geen grees See racine ORMERAL nerRooUcTION Fo RURE PHENOMENOLOGY 73 broken chain of cogitatione is continually surrounded bya medium of mom-actionalty which i alwayr eeady to change into the mode fctiomality, just as conversely actonaity always ead to change fino non-actionatity. $96, Iumtoe Mental Process. Mental Pros Taken Unis However thorough the alteration which mental proceses of actions consciousness undergo in consequence af thee going over into non- Actionality, the modiied mental proces sil continue to have & ‘aeifieant community essence with the orginal nes Univer inbelongs tothe enenceofevery actional ogo to be comsciousnesof somehing. In its own manner however, according to what wat et forth previowly, the madd catia comiarmey, and conse fuses ofthe someting as that ntended toi the corresponding “inmodiied consousnes Accordingly the universal etemtial pro- pert pertaining t consioutnes sill preserved in the modifica ‘Son All mental processes having thee esental proper in corsmon are also called “intent mental pracses” actin the broadest sense of the Logucke Untrchingen; iso far at they are consciousness of| something, they are sid tobe “nent refered otis someting 'As a consequence, it should be well heeded that hire wear ne ‘pean oration betwen some psychological occurrence — called a rental proces and another rea factual existence — called an abject nor of a pchalogal cmc taking pace in Objet ‘clip between the one an the other. Rather we are speaking of mental proceses purely ith respect to their essence, oF of pwr (nee apd oat which i pon” lade in the cence th ‘condita messi. “OES SC mri gd mt a vt en gt lyoN That a mental proces i consiousnes of something! — for example: that a phantaying i phantaying of the determinate entaur, but also thats perceptions perception ofit"real™ abject, {hat a judgment i jodgment of ft predcately formed alli omples, ete. this concerns eather than the fet of the mena process inthe world, specifiy, in the complex of pryhological the pure essence which i srzed upon in ideation asa pare nthe esence othe” mental proces tele not only otitis consciousness but alo hort i conseiousess, and in which deter Iminate or ineterminate™ sensei ix that” Te cherfore alo ie implicit inthe esence of on-actional coxaciousnesas to what onto {ctonalcogitaiones non-aetional consciousness ean be converted Intoby the motiieation, disused above, which we character asa “turning of heeding regard othe former unheeded By mental prot the Brandt sme we understand everything taconite hepa tay og Fair nip ta ett en ‘Sm ah wing moa ial an esp ae ‘SSelpemen nome sme naar Wi Pe Thi ae py Th ne hp mel yee inn en cement a on of yp oy ny ine apo tpg wn wl er, Te a dew Vivtp Dare etn any SCE rc einen ney cine "olay ee ats py B (pba Sine pe, mb) samt mega he comin i a ae aggre noua [Seedy awed Or ae ref psn, a he rg lGeMeRAL IsrRooccrion 70 UE PiENOMENOLOOY 75, sd anything to be found in the stream of mental process acon Ing" not only the intentive process, the ational and potenti ‘ouitationes taken in ges fullconeretenes, but alo whatever tobe fond ithe way of ell inherent moments thi srean and ite snerete par ‘One ex ee, that that at ce rely inbret moment in the ‘concreteunityofan intentive mental proces telus the fndomertal ‘dara, netionaity thus the property ong "consciousness of “omething.” That concern, or example, al dea of smstion which play so. great. a role in perceptual inwitions of physical Chings, Within the mental proces of perceiving thir sheet of white paper, more precily, within these components ofthe perceiving Inhich rate to the quality, whites, belonging to the sheet of| paper, we find, by suitable earning of regard! the Datum of ciation, white. This white is something which belongs insepar- Shly tothe esence ofthe concrete perception and belongs tas a telly inen concrete component. Ax the content that i pre- “entive" with respect to the appearing un of the paper, ii the leare ofan intentionality; however, iis nt itself consciousness a something, The very same thing obtain in dhe ease of other really Jnherent Data, forexample the so~alled esas feins Later on we shal cus hii greater deta $97. The Pare B's “Directs” Wihin the Cog and the Heng Which Sess Upon. Without rng able to gomore dceplyhereintoa descriptive eidetic nals of intetive mental process, we shall bring out some mo= ‘ments which should be heeded in the nterest of frthe exposition. I Snintentivemental proces inactinal, bas, flected inthe manner ‘fhe cio, then it that proces the subject is “necting” himsel| to the intentional Object. To the copito elf there belongs, as Jmmanent in ity 4 “regard” the Object which, onthe othe sie, cg Daan. un tt eon ETT ce pence oteae treet Sisto, trope Fuge gd Eel6 76 onxenAL wrrooweron ro runs raEwoMENOLOCY wells forth from the “Ego” which therefore can never be lacking. This Ego-regard to something varies withthe actin perception ite a perceptual regardtos im phantarying, am inventive regard, in Ting, 2 Iking regard-o; in willing, willing regard, ee. This ‘ignites tht thishaving the mind’seye on something, which prin Uo theeraeof te cogit, ofthe acta act ental sur, an act initsown ight and especially mast not be confused wih perctving (no matter how broad a tense) or with any set of et akin to perceptions. I should be noted that” inmtinl Objet ofa cons ‘ousnes (ken in the manner in whieh the intentional Object ithe Tull correlate ofa conacounnet), by no meas gies the same as Object sized pn. We are aerastomed simply to include being seized upon in cur concept ofthe Object any object whatever) bbcate, a8 won a8 we think of the Object, as soon as we say something bali, we have made tthe abject inthe sense of what seized upon, The eitng-apon in the broadest ent equivalent to noticing it whether in being xpecially attentive or in heeding it incidentally: at leas ax ches locations are wally understond. Now ths etn eign is a mater oh mode of eye ater, the mode ofaconality:seen more preiely itis stead «particular lacomade which can be taken on by any coneciousnest, oF aay Sch hich dos not already haveit. ehatoccun,itsintenional Objects ot just any object whatever of consciousness in view ae some thing o which the meatal regard is directed: ii rather an Objec. seized upon, heeded. Toa physical thing, tobe sure, we eannot be Turned atherwie than inthe manner af xing ypon and 0 for ll bjs hich con ejecta singly” adercence (event bein Phantasying) isco ipso “sizing upon,” “heeding” However, the fctof valuing, we are turned to the valued; inthe act of gladness, to the gadsome: in the acto loving, othe loved the acting to the ‘action: but witha seizing upon any of them Rather the intention (Object, the valuable ar valuable, the gladsome se gladsome, the loved asloved the hoped as hoped, the ation a action, beams an abjet seized upon only in a particular “abjtfhing™ tr, Being turned valuingly toa thing invlves, to bese, a seizing pon the mere thing: ot however the meeting, but rather the aa thing ‘ham me eta Sen meio hone 8 Rip at siren cme ae bsERAL HerRODLcTION To UME PHENOMENOLOGY — 77 forthe valu is the fal intentional cera of he ang at, (About this we shal all speak in more detail) Accordingly, "being tard {nln to thing dos not sign aleeady “having te value™ "as tint” inthe particular sense of the seined-upon object sich a8 we ‘nt have tim order to predicate abou if; and iis the same inthe ‘he ofall ogical at eelating tot Tn actsof the sort to which valuing acts belong, we thus have “an into! Objet inal me: We mt tings between the mee “thing andthe fl nin! Objet and, correspondingly there 2 hal neni aol advertediness 9 Iwearedirerte toa thing in'an act of valuing, then our direction to the thing ise is 8 heeding ait asizng upon i but weare “directed” — only notin the manner of seizing upon —albo tothe vale. Not only the b= Jstoting af the thing bat sho. the saluing of the dng which Includesthe objecivating, has the mode of coal But we mst immediately ad that hesitation as smple as this only insimple actsofvaluing, Universally, emotional acteand ats of willing are Founded on higher levels, and, accordingly, the inten tional Objectivity i multiplied as ace the manners in which the Objects included in the unitary total Objectivity are, or ean be, turned to. In any cate however, whats aid in the following para ‘raph holds god: Tran ac ome mode of healers dominates. Bat hc ects amply enor ofa ting, whenever there is funded om such ‘onaiouses further consciousness in whieh pain is taken™ tvth respect to the thing, the tog and fll introns Obie (oe ‘sample thing” and "valve, ikewise erg and having te mind's ‘eon scart ese. Bat, atthe same time, the esence of these ‘Gund acts involves the possibility of4 modiiation by which thet {all imerional Objects become heed and, in this sense, “ob EG fi cea crn yb: oy ene tm prt on<6 78 cewrnat rereoouerion ro rene PHENOMENOLOGY inna” ic arte fore par capable fering ‘utara forextentons elon ences appre sd precaton Taiats Oeton the nteral tae oe {Cnitony ai there emt of that werd, oto te things of natre baw tad praca! Opec afer Stes with set igh, cig frre, wes a Boake, ‘tools, and s0 forth. a 8 Retin At Pion f Sing Inman of Sein ‘Transcendent. ml * pcr Wea the atoning When ving the cit we ae no ons ofthe ops lft enna Oe sey tinitanbeenctn Ofcourse leat enti poy os nema al frm ot new cian ne man paper en gas ‘hich singly ene spent ced wit aes sock ‘matic bene hoe as secaled tera poretion nn farther suceon te Otero eae a *oproaloradicpprl te Thesame holdin aconeseeniag Ime ay nt oa fr ata ac inthe eee oe Ai Cp (pied Sime i 8) ey hc ce el Ohara pc a a eclipses a ‘Sc Oh etna rico det ee ‘antonio eps Nag beng ea TRpegelad ater actng ost ‘Soc ning” perspec SE A nin emt rs Cy acts sant cay pe a ‘OrNPRAL iwTMonLEION To PURE AHENOMENOLOGY 79 impressions but ako fr acts of which we are conscious “in ™ [hantay, "in" memory, opel "in empathy when we are under Standing and living another's aces ater him. Wel refcct “i Inemap.*ombly,ete, and in the various posible medications Iiake the ats of which there is consciownen in” them Objects a ‘Gieing-upon and of posion-taking acts based on seiing-upon. ‘We sat here with the distinction between perceptions oats of snhatever sort of tomething ancnde ad of something snare Tcause of seriou bjecions to i we aball avoid the locaton, fxtemal and intemal perception. We offer the following ‘aniieatons Thy acted somthing mane! more generally formulated by intent metal pcre elated smating iment, we understand {hoe to which te evn ht iit bet if hy ei a all, Delgo the same team of empress which hy themes ong. That & the ene, for example, wherever an act felated to an 3¢t wherever cogitatio relates toacogittio] of the same Ego, or where fn ac relates fo a sensuous feling-Datom belonging to the ame Ego et. The consciousness and its Object form an individual unity made up purely of mental process Thcntve mental procetesof which thatisna the ease are died somahing tansnde. Such, for example, are all acts ditected 10 ‘csencesor inventive mental proceste belonging to other Egos with ‘ther streams of mental proce, and Hkewse all acts directed (0 ‘hysieal thing of to vealies of whatever sort, as wil be shown, The case of perception! directed to something immanent, oF bret expressed, retin of oth anne (0-alled “intr tal” perception), prption and pried #8 form event ok a Unedited wy tad of 2 singe cone eta, Weve the perceiving Includes ts Objet intel ia such a manner that it ony ean be Separated absteactvey.™ only at am uel omnis "Sst he pr yc oe pnd pmo Societecy moment, rm itt Obst. If has whichis Being perceived i an imme mental proce, ait whon we ate ech on a cone ‘tonshichisalivejust no (pethape stating Tem conned that) ‘we have an interpenetration of two inentive mental pre, lest higher of which inom seit aed the sme tne at oy founded onthe lower but intently armed wit [ts ay rt ud ly sang, ame hor isa revmiet arctrisiof e prcpion fig mane {nde the poston fone o ch fon sci ‘ther cases of relation to srsething immanent on the par of tentve mental proces" Thuy, fo example sling even the cate of remembering of remembering. "The remembed re smembering that occured yesterday docs noi belong ote ree emembering ta realy erent componct ot tonerte unity, ‘Withrespect toss fl fllemenc, the pee remenbering ou exist even though nth the past remembering had neve exes ‘whereas the past remembering fH ately dita, blonge neces withthe preent remembering tothe one Wena ‘hiner ea whch ona et he ty a ‘us conretions of mental proces. In thi respecte staation Stviouly quite diferent i the cv of perceptions of someting ‘eansenfent and other intenive mental process lating to soe. thing trameendent Not oly doer the peseepton of te phe ‘hing not contain the physi hing ea paef realy feren composition; the pereption ofthe phil ting al wi ay ‘Sea enw te existence, tral, beng prepped ere. Theamifthe steam men pn hen ant dred prey tht ses proper of he meal rs hme os ben sane thing, a mental proces can be combined yup with mental Proescs tome upa.hotethetoaleaenceat which embraces and Sounded on the™ caences proper of thee mena proces nthe sequel this popaion wil become even steer and seq a proper and great sgicance. ht py 4 ste SIC sae gn le ‘OeNERAL teTROBUCION To FUR PHENOMENOLOGY $59. Conconnss and Natural Atay. The “Naive” Haman Buns Conepton. All ofthe een characteristics of a# mental proces and of conscousnes which wehave dicoveredaeforurto many necesstry Sepr™for reaching the goal continually guiding x, namely the equlsion of the esence™ ofthe "pare concn which wl ‘letermine the fed of phenomenology. Our observations have been ‘etc; but the single particulars falling under the wences Mental Process, Steam of Mental Process and "Conaciovsnes” in very sense, have™ belonged tothe natura word as eal oceurtences, We hve therefore, not abandoned the bass ofthe natural atitude. An ‘individual conciousness is involved wih dhe natal werd in dal ‘manner it isthe consciousness belonging some human ing OF bat Sd at least a great number ofits pariculaies,itisconsiousness {hat word vir of har omolsemen withthe wera ermea| ‘mer by ang that acorns hasan esienef tse” aed tha, with “Another consciousness, makes pa selecontained cnet der Inte ply by the ees Proper, a concatenation ofthe steam of ‘onscioanes? Since we can understand consciouanes here im 3, tem the broadest, sense, which ultimately clneies with the concept ‘of mental process, the queston concerns the essence proper ofthe ‘ereamof mental process andallit components To what extent, ‘he fra place, ie the materia world someting ofan exes dier- nt Kin exclude orm the! entity proper of mental presen? td iTahae is true of the material worl, ithe material word standin ice Birman nin a ga es pa cd ne sti estan) rma ‘chet h ree mde a nd oh id Icing "owing entrain he ream foment the ae ‘Sole tienen fs) a ‘Siam oman <082 GENERAL ITHODUCTION To PURE PHENOMENOLOGY contrat oallconcioate, and oth own-eseniaityofomcoue ting ts ne once me iva tht withthe ra word and aneuent withthe wil worl oe than omsonnea’ or one cay persue thatthe materi word sna any par bu ater the andamentalstatum’™ othe ata word whic al ater ea ing een elated The component sil lacking om the satel werd ae the pce ans and tes" a the evel which dey ioe abn a he era ng” ‘ith th relate to ther sured wo he manner Fecal comin Nevis omsnns ante ‘smd el combine in the sg chap nes stich wcll animatia anh highest level combined it the ‘ral enn of hw Can te wy of te est there ‘han by vie ots pars and othe later nt hae sme ‘emmy of ee intl tngecogenee eel “To anwer thee gions I sal look Gr the ulkimatewutee which Teds the gener! posting othe wos elt ye the Satara atte the mare my hese, ake peat fonscily ind a factsly xing word fps hg ee fomtng mean that aserbet yea ty ntha world a soe amabletoauign ns pce here Olio belumataoees isaac Foros pps mere wiles if we comer™ innoas ptr ich pas he ewe txpeincing aes what may bea, nacerin legate sense "primal epeience™ rm which alote xperencig nt dre ‘4a Fn apa of ie 2) wh deine he sete br mph oow pray ing lo Eten tee per kane ie pe et sc opens LeMEEAL eTRopecTION TO RURE PHENOMESOLOOY 8D ‘a major part oftheir grounding force. Any perctiving consciousness hae the peculiarity of being a consciousnes ofthe em preci evn” ofan ida Objet which for Is part, either an ind 71> ‘Sau nthe sense of pore logic ore alogicreategovial variant of Such a individ. Tour cae, that of eneooss perception or, nore plainly, pereptioe of physical hing, the loge inviduum the physical thing and ie suficient to treat perepton ofthe [physical thing av the representative of all other perceptions (Of qualities, proce, and te like) ‘Our natural wakefal Egos i! a continuous actonal or none actional perceiving Incesantly the world of physical things and in it ourbaly. are perceptually thee, How docs and how can, cmc tunes aecome veparated out as. conse big iA Ihow dots that which i itended to in i the peed bein, become feparated tas “oer gaint” consciousness and as “nial and by al ‘At fist I shall meditate as “naive” human being. 1 sce and apprehend the physeal hing a given "in person." To besure, Tarn Sometimes deceived and not only with rexpeet o perceived deter Ininaions bat alo with expect to he fact bring ofthe thing ise. Tern illusion or hallucination. At such ines perception i not “genuine” pereption, But when ti, and that means when it allows of ing “confirmed! in oncatenations of aetonal experiene, peshape with the help of correct sinking based on experience, then the petecved physical hing sata nd, more particularly, actually itll given in perception "in peron.” The peresving™ when T conider it purely at 2 consiowsness and disregard my body and Tail ergs, appears ike something whichis intel, nese {als an emp laking at the Object elon the part of an empty “tga” which comes into a remarkable contact with the Objet.$40. Pinar" andar? Qtr The Pil hing Gea exer wor, thespce ofphyscs cannot be the spac blongng tothe Foret a" Met hppanat fee Petes ag eae sword given "in pervon” in pereepion i fe were, then the Phos Terklesian objection woul ao apy wi Theses hing olde mething tried comple and of IF, asa “naive™™ human being” who is “deceived by the emer cea nes ier fom he cy he poe” e~ have yielded to my inclinations wo develop such reflec on, Tow ‘pun gen cacacey with snauous determina ons to which recall asa “iciemiie” human being the weil Known dainton ‘Sutil determination pertaining othe sents alo belong The Been senda nd pray qualser according to which the pectic “pried ply ng rer rode ere Ths" anempty which ‘quale pertaining to the sess ae erely subjective,” an only ‘ate baer of mathemati! detrmiatont ond corning math ‘he qualities dealt wit in geometry and physics are “Objective * natal omar, 3 wires, notin peeved space, but a The color, the sound, the odor, andthe taste ofthe psi! hing, “Objective spor of which prev pace iamersy ain” — ¢ however much they appear "in peron” in the thing as quale: tcdineninal Exdan mabpity bc i repre ony (7 included in ts enenee, ate not theme actually as what they ombolially peat be there, but are instead mere “signs” of ertain primary Tet ws accept that Let assume a the theory maintains, that ‘Qualities Buti real certain fila theories pie Tne st ‘whatever is given "in person” in any perception is "mere ap- ‘once that such widely favored. propositions should not be taken Prarance,"ofesential necessity “mercy sjectiv,” though til nt erally a though any the “spate” emuous quali oe noe "vempy ilason. By applying the strict method of maura science, <73) ceived physical thing were a mere appearances for that woul Be that i given in perception serves to validly determine — which ‘saying tha the “primary” qualities, which remain afer the "spe. “none can do and ees by insight — that tanseendent being o which ihe” sensuous qualities are romend alongwith other such qualities ies the “sign” The! sensuous content ofthe pereepualy given ‘which do not appear, belong tothe physical shing existing in ob ‘self ate alway held tobe other than the re physieal hing exiting ietive trth, Ifthe propositions are a0 undetstond, then the old inigll nevertheless, the sbsat, the bearer (be empty %) ofthe Hetkeleyian objection i correct that extension, the esenil core of| perceived deteroninations, always eld tobe that which is deter ‘woxpotealty and of all primary quate, i inconceivable without Inne by the enact method a having the predicates asigned toitin Secondary qualities. Rather™ thei eta cnt of the pred ysis. Convery then, ay cpt psi sere as am index tthe ‘ia hig, thus the whole physical thing sanding there “in ows of sl exis wth he hing pring fhe ess thr Peron” and all its qualities, including all thos which could ever be ecard nthexperine eserves, therefore, © arent usin fered na"metappeatanc™ andstthoee epinerobeey {he world of ational experience in which we al live and act, "thee sdtermine by poser. When physics determines the physica ‘hing given exclusively by such concepts a atoms, ios, energies, ado forth, and asin any ease, space-filling processes for which the ‘only characterization are mathemati expresiony it mean them ss something rnvdent the ehh coin nding tte in enon.” As a consequence, it cannot mean the physic thing at Something located inthe natural space pertaining tothe senses Tn ete By ep. nh: en Op nt ce oy he ‘Shear tera ‘lic ten wate st eyes ‘Sterne: acta ace “impertinent Map neaoH 86 ceNeRAL nrHoBRCTON To HURE PHENOMENOL OO $41. The Realy Inet Composition of Porton ad ls Transedet Shane Na, allo hat beng presuppose tec ely inh compotion of repent cgiata? Ob nthe Phyl thing a determined by pyle, hat wey ramcendent thing~tancenden othe whle-worldofappearance" But nat ‘he late although is ale "merely subjective,” wt all ie baricular physical things and. ocrurences belonging 10 ft {ced frm the eal aerent compen perception i “ranscendent opereeption Le us cnsder hs ore cnly We ave already spoken "though onli ping. ofthe nse ‘ofthe pial hing "We now most cure deeper ing ita nethenomsende sandr ath pcos heh sous test nto bow th mutation, which hasta prado Noll undertod ee ‘et us therfore exclude the whole of physics and the whole Aon of tore thinking, tu ema tin the et ‘simple ition andthe sates belonging oh among hick perepton see, fenenhn ntin a eaed, Detection and pereived pyca thing ary more particulary sentially interatd ut, 4 mater of ese meee eal ihren and salon Let us start with an example Conan sting this able and meanwhile walking around i changing my psn in space whatever way, I have continually the comselounen of Oi one identical ble sfactallyexting “in person ad remaining ite tnchanged. The bleperception however ia contialy hang ing ones itis a cntinaty of changing pescepions Tne my eyes My other semes have ration tothe lable Now T have no pereptionott Lopen my yess Uave the pecepion again, Tle Precept? Let be mre pre. Retain ka era fircamstance individual the same. Ony he table the sane intended to asthe same In the synthe consumes hil Connects the new perception with she memy. The perce Pye “eget p td ‘ting de uo hep ing hace i, pinteinan fbasneele pne a DOESERAL INTRODUCTION 10 PURE PHENOMENOLOGY BT ical thing can exit without being perceived, without even being potentially intended to {in the slready deseribed"™* mode of non: evonaiy sand tea ext ithourchanging. The pereeption ie however what ie inthe continuous Rx of consciousness and i itself continous fax: continually the perceptual Now changesinto theenduring consciousnes of he Just-Pastand simultaneously new NNow lights up, ete. Like the perceived thing as whole, whatever pars sides, moment accrue oitaecesaly and alWwaysfor thesame Feasons sramsernde the pereption regarlew of whether the par ticular property be called» primary orasecondary quality. Thecolor fa the seen physical thing i, of esenial necessity, not really inherent anomentolthe consciousness ofealr tappeas but hilt ‘sappearing the appearance can and mt nthe eae of legitiat ingexperience,becontinally changing. Tle semecolr appears "in ‘ontinvous multiplicities of color adumbrtons, Something similar true of every sensuous quality and alo of every spatial shape: One tin the same shape (gien “in person” a the same) appears com Tinuowsly but always “ina diferent manner,” always in diferent ‘Mlumbratons of shape, That isa necesary situation, and obviously itobtain universally, Only forthe sake ofsimplcty have we taken at four esample the cate of physical thing appearing in perception a: ‘nchanging. The application teats involving change of any kind ‘obvious, (Of ecm maces thre Belangs toa “allied” contin. a tardy and lcm sperma concen | flrs (the same plc hinge maar pt fem maltcsof ‘iparaet and edembration nso lf oye amen fllig hn proton ith the characte of bing themes ge prson™ ae™ ‘Mmbraed by delrmined conta Each determination bas it system of aduimbrations and each of them ke the physical thing 3s 2 whole, is there atthe Same forthe sesingupon consciousness ‘hich synthetically unitesmemory and new peteepion asthe Same, “lespite any interruption of the continuous cour of ational per: ception. TAt the stme time we now see what actually and indubitbly is included inthe realy ieren compotion af hove coneret inten- sre are 8 tne peal 9 8 cb ae anetiy «7as lve mental procese called peccvings of physica hings. Whereas the physical thing she intcnal uni, the phys hing antes dea a dente atl unitary he cin ela fam a percepual multplitc™ which tsespentete and change Tn fe another, the perceptual multipites temelvas alway ave thei drmatedesronal comin stay, coordinated with ‘hat un. For example each phate ofthe perception neces Contains determined content adumbrains af ear, admits tons of tape ete They are nclided among te Det swat” Data ofan own peta region wit determined gener ae hich Jin together with oneot te genera to make op concrete unin ‘menial procesies su generis el” of rn Farhermore ha ‘manner which wesball ot dexcibe ere more prebely, che Dare Srimated by “cotigr within the concrete unity oe preepon ‘nd inthe animation exerci the “oes fon,” oa ie ‘ih heconseuingr which animate hem, they make p what wcll “ates coor, shape, ands forth These moment come with Tithe characters, ae the realy saherent components ‘aking up the pereption which i consiounes of one aod the same piel thing by vir of ning together rounded in the ‘ie of thee construing, to makeup a uno ing, and nein, by vireo the poly, groundedio bese vaso unio onstuing, 1 make up Date dan Te tust be borne clearly in ind that the Data of sensation hich exerci the function of adumbrattne of cole ef mechs, shape et. the faneon of praemavon| areata acoo iy, entey deen fom eoorsmpliser,smothnes smptcer, stapesimpicies, ann shore, fom al kinds moment belonging io pla hogs The edb, hgh eae 8 he sane nan ‘seta mcs tna of th one oot lich tesa ‘eimai. The adumbratiog na mstal proces, Butamental process pesble only ax mental proces, ad fot as someting spa However the adumbrated if ental ncesiy pone cal a something spatial (i is spatial precy fw eee) an not Fosbeasa mental proces. In prticulrit sa countesee ke sete cn tn he ame pp "tiny mae yy ee HSA "ip A ea epee agit Uracanee GENERAL INTRODUCTION 10 PURE PHENOMENOLOGY 8 the adubration of shape (ese adumbration ofa triangle for something spatial and ponble in space, and whoever does 20"! ‘confuses the adumbrating with the adumbrated, be, with the ap Pating shape Ar for how the diferent really nkerent moments of the pereeption as cogitatio {in contrast to the moments of the ‘comitatus, which stanscendent ti) are tobe separate from one nother and characterized with respect t0 their sometimes very ial diferencs, sa theme for extensive investigations. ($12 Bing a8 Comvimes and Being as Rely, Essentially Neca) Difience Bescon the Modes of Initio, ‘Our considerations have established that the physical hing™ transcendent tothe perception of and consequently to any com ssousness whatever Felated toi its transcendent not merely inthe Sense that he plisial hing cannot belound in fac tally inherent ‘omponentef consciousness rather the wholesituation nan object ‘dei insight Hike aba nrandtonl universality and neces ity tts dhe cate that a pyscal thing cannot be given in any posble perception, in any posible consciousness, a something really inber- aly immanent. Thus there emerges a fundamentally eseatial die ference between Big as mental procs and being a5 apy thing. OF tstenial necenty “t belongs to the regional eaence, Mental Proces#™ (pecially 16 the regional particlarzation, Cogtatio) thatitan be prceivedin am immanental perception; fundamentally fd necessarily it belongs tothe eswence of» spi phil thing {hat teannot beso pereived. I, as we earn fram a deeper analysis itisof the ewence of any intuition presentive of pha! thing tha, ‘long withthe piyscal-thing datum, other data analogous o phy fea thingscanbesezed upon ina coresponding varnof the regardin the manner, let us say, of detachable trata and lower levels inthe ‘consiaton ofthe appeating physical hing — eg. “sgh thing” ‘witht diferent particulariations — all preiely the sme is re tthem: They ae of esental necessity transcendencies Before tracing this contrast between something immanent and eee : {Siig & Mal resp mpg tv wi a jane mestsomething ranscadentsomevehat further, letusintoduce the allow ing remark. Disrearding perception, we find intentve mental pro- ‘esesofmany kinds that by virtue of ther ewence exci the realy inherent immaneace oftheir intentional objects na matter what he objects may otherwise be" That holds, for example, of any pre- entiation: of any memory, of the empathic seizing upon someone dues consciousness, et. Naturally we mart not confuse this tone (77 seendence with the transcendence with which weare concerned her. ‘Tothe physical hing as physial thing, to any reality inthe genuine sense the tense of which we have yet t lily a i, there belongs ‘sentially and quite "universally" the incapacity of being ae rently perceived and accordingly of bing found at alli the con fatenation af mental procenes. Ths the physical thingies ob, in ital unqualified transcendent Precy in that the esenilly necesay diversity among modes of bring, the most cardinal thes All, becomes martes: the diversity between scans anda | ‘Our exposition as bought out he further face hat this contest betwen something immanent and something transcendent includes ‘an sels fndamentlifiace beve th cores kind 9 ie ta. Perception ofsomething immanent and ofsomething transcend fentdo not lf merely n that the intentional abject, which there with the characterise of something it itl, "i person,” i really inherently immanent in the perceiving in oe ease but not nthe ther rather they are diferntnted by medes of givennes the ‘sien difierence between which scared over mutatis tan imo all the preseniational modifications of perception, into the parallel memorial ntitons and phantasy intitions, We perceive the physical thing by virtue of ts beng “adumbrated in respect of| all the determinations which, ina given eae, “actually” and pro- perly “Tall within the seope of” perception. A mill frocs tnt ‘umbreted Itisneiber an accident ofthe own peculiar see ofthe physical thing nora contingeney of "our human constitution,” that tara iy ci nme _ suse ergo if ed ee he a a eo dita he pre mh pend ty ‘Seatoaste wten bey smc nm pre an gy Tinto ease SGENERAL erRODUEIION 10 HORE PHENOMENOLOGY — BI ‘our” perception can arrive at physical things themselves only hough mere edumbratons™ of them. Rather i evident ad ‘dra fom the esience of spatial physical things (even inthe widest seme, which ncudessght things) that necessarily a being of hat Kind can be given i perception ony through ant adumbration: snd in like manner it evident rom the enenee of cogitationes, fom the ewence of mental process of any kind, that they exclude any ‘hing ike tha For a existent belonging to thee egion, in other ‘words anything ike an “appearing,” being presented, through ‘Nlumbrations makes no sense whatever, Where there no spatial being ii senecles to speak of secing from diferent standpoints with changing orientation in accordance wth diferent perappea- ances" adumbrations. On the other hand its an eet feces, to be sine upon a exentialin apeitcnsight, tha ay Spatial being whatever is pereevable for an Ego (Tor any pomble Fo) only with the Kind of givennes designated. A spatial being™ can “appear” only in a certain “oremation,” which necewaniy predelineater system of pombe new orientations cach of which, it fur, corresponds toa certain “mode of appearance” which we cn ‘express say, au givennest from such nd sicha side,” ands forth IF ‘ee understand mares af appearance inthe venue of modes of metal rcv (the phrae ean also have a corresponding oni sense, ai ‘evident fom the description jus offeredy then thi signi Tei fssential to certain sors of meal proceses which have a peculiar ‘sructue, more precy it belongs to certain conerete pereeptions| ‘which havea peculiar structure’ tha what isintended on thems Ieant asa spatial physical thing; to their esence belong the deal posibility oftheir changing foto determinately ordered™ cont Insous multiplicities of perception which can always be continued, ‘hus which are never complete, Tes then inerent in the ewential stroctre ofthe malipietes that chey bing about the unity oa ‘harman resent consciousness ad, more partially, of the oe "2G 8 aun snp enti "ty Dna sent oman ere ayay 92 canara vrrnapucion ro ruRE musNoHENOLOCY pereepral physical thing appearing ever more perfectly rom ever few sides, with an ever greater wealth of determinations ™ On the ther hand, dhe pata hing!” nothing other than an intentional ‘nity sehich of emental necessity can be given only as the ity of such modes oF appearance’™* $48, The Claritin fs Fundam Err 11 i therefore Fandamentallyeroncous to belive that perception (and afters own fasion, any other kind ofineition ofa physical thing) doesnot each the physical thingie. The late not given tousiniuelfor nits being-n-teel. There belongs toany existent the ‘csentil pomibily of being simply intuited se what ts and, more particulary, o being perceived ar what isin an adequate percep tion ome that is presemve ofthat existential, "in person," wiht 17 maton by appearances.” God, the subject powesing at a solutely perfect knowledge and therefore ponesing every posible adequate perception, naturally har that adequate perception of the ‘ery phys thingie which is denied tous finite beings, ‘But this view ra countersense It imple that there io sid ‘iformbeticen smething transcendent and something immanent, ‘hat, inthe postlated divin intuition, a spatial physical thing present as a Feally inherent constituent hat iti therfore isl & ‘mental proces alto Belonging tothe divine stream of consiousness 8nd divine mental procemes generally The holder ofthis view sre ‘sled by thinking tht the transcendence belonging to the sptil Physical thing dhe transcendence belonging ovrnething dpsed or ‘eprartdby a sgn Prequenly the pictae-theory is attacked ith Zealand asign theory substtted fr it Both theories, however are not only incorret but counteriensical. The spatial physical thing Which wesce i with alli ransendence, till something perceived, {Riven “in person” inthe manner peculiar to consiowese, I not ‘he case that, in its ted, @ picture or 4 sig given. A. pieture i Cy 4: Me, oe he Mra nd 2 cata seta “eicosanoid pee espn thon concouess oF ga-consioune mast note subsite or perception. Tetween fertion, on the one hand, and dipicscombatic oF siqtoeybal abject, om the other band there indgeablc event diference tothe later Kinds ofbjecivation we inva someting conse sr depicting orgie inica ing something ee; baving the on in ur eld of ston we are inetd, out but to the ther, what depicted or Ssignaed, through the medi os unded sprehending Noting ike tha Involved erin pteeton ors simple memory oF in imple aay Pim immediacy inte ate we intuit an tel om ther apprehendings no mediate appeehendings are bul up a higher {Rel dos hee na comin anything ohh he ited ‘nig function assign orto" Adjust account {Sido be immediatly inuited a ult" In preepnn the" ioe" sre characterized in peel "in pron” {Contatti mdi characteristic av “Boating blo "ax “rennin memory one phantay.™ One wouldnt sountnese fone were ws confuse thexe modes of objection of ental ferent succes and one were accordingly, omic “psn th sual hin, te correlative abject given in thew der ‘hs cnn spe presentation with symbolising (wheter de pitive orsgnive) snd even wore” spl perception with Sova she perception a physi thing dors mo presetate Sethingnon-pesent as thought were aemory ors paar" perception mas present, sae ypon an item ie presence “in Person.” Peeepin doc hicoring its we arm and 10 “bute something other than that to perception i preiely to Cntadit cen we are dealing, sere, with the pererption of oot nay Cann ures brig wh he me see a Sphere eam gla ene eee 8 eowo physical thing shen isinheretin ts esence ta ean adumbrative| peeeption; an, correlative, ii herent nthe sense af eine tentional object, the physical thing ar given in it, to be exenaly percevable only by pereeption ofthat kin, thus by adumbrative ereepios {#4 Mel Penal Being of Something Troncndet, Abate Bing of Something Inman Moreover, and tits ako an extents neceaity, the perception of Dhhysieal thing involves a certain aden, OF aecity physical thing can be given only “onesidedly” and ehat signifies, mo just incompletely or impereclly im some sense or other but precely ‘what presentation by adumbrations prescribes. A physical thing ‘cesar given in mere “mades of appearance” in which neces. |y acne of tha satay reseed apprehended as being sr rounded by ahorion oo trees,” whith vet gees pr ad of more o less vague indrminatness. And the sense ofthis dete mminatenss is again, predelineated by the universal ence ofthis ‘ype of perception which we call phyial-thing person. Indeed, the indeterminatenes necessarily signs a dtrinalon which ay ‘cron rsd spl cpa bead to posible percept ml pliciies which, merging continuously intone another, join together to make up the unity of one perception in which the continously ‘taduring physical things always showing some new "ses" (or elt anol “side as returning) 4 new sete adumbratios. Accord. ingly, those moments ofthe physical thing which are alu sted "spon, but notin the proper sense ofthe word, gradually become ‘actually prevented, actualy given; the indetcrminacis become ‘more preciely determined and ae themilves eventually converted into clearly given determinations: conversely tobe sare, the cleats ‘hanged again into the unclear, the prewnted into the on Presented, tc. Tobe nit perf! hs manner art of the marlon ofthe eration btn plgicalang ad rept of «pial hing. the sense ofthe physial thing determined bythe LOENERAL mrRODUCTION To HUH PHENOMENOLOGY — 95 dasa ofphyscashing perception (nd what che could deri), then soe Gem an peso sn eco es wre ean lary concatemte of pomb pce hich saring fn any peeption ted, end rely Tanyas ns ucla yng mace ad, orc ne ey decom wt yng sys ‘inured aghout by amily of tne Receanly tere aoa ‘mata horn of dermal cctv veges ur caprenre co mar hw eco hc aris of cual fc ese ng yb tough wich ave pa No fd can ae tht moore than te erm tat PED o a oat any other see at ob ican dey been univer ht no mater wha a genus inay bibl emeting tenet, werd sna be Jotntgy on beome enonly ns mantr sage hati ich heal hing gen hrc through appearance there woul i pei sting och ih gh Sees immanent nth tat & perce manent Perea cy manent. Only oe pty ote above ‘Matt onl, whch ow have been Cue pcan oe Detect per one anh same sat be gen on one tendon Up appearance inthe lnm fs prcepon owen ‘ramcendenand on snr onan, by apercepdon comeing Fist esl develop heather side ofthe pei const vet pe hing ands mel ps Nomen prac Sins petted (hs nat de. That mea that the Percpion nfs mal pcea msl weg feng shat rca eae] peal en eg, hp Amn ng re nr entre een grea ay nightie epee esas iverson pea San Hanan eSapidesweieanants pura y eae Ties ERIE nt ena 96 GENERAL samoBecrION 10 PURE rHENOWENOL OGY not as something identical in modes af appearance by!™ adumby tion: Everything which we have worked ut about the givennes ofthe ‘Physical thing loses its sense here and one mat mae that ally leat ‘ooneefin detail. A mental proces of eling isnot adumbrated = Took ait, Thave™' something abolute; thas no sides that could be presented sometime in one mode and sometimes in another ‘an thinksomething true or somethngalte about aelng but what 1 see when I Took at iis there, with is qualities, is intensity, ee, bsotuey ™A violin tone, in contrast, with its objective entity, sven by adumbration, hasits changing modes ofsppearance These “her accordance with whether 'appraach the violin or go farther away fom iin accordance with whether Iam in the concert hal itself or am istening through the coed dors, exe No one mode af appearance can claim tobe theone that presents the tone ablately although in accordance with my pracieal interests certain spe Dearance hava certain primacy atthe normal appearance in te fencer hall and at the “right” spo {hear the tone “isl” as “actually” sounds In thesame way westy that any physical thing ‘elation to vison ha 2 normal appearance; we ay ofthe colo, the shape, the whol physical thing which we sein normal delight nd in 8 normal orenationeelative to an thatthe how the ting ‘actually look this its actual colo, and the ike, But that points to what ison kin 90" secondary ojctsation within the limit al objetvaton of the physical thing ar we ean eaily be persuaded or, indeed it isceat that if we were tela the "normal mova Appearance while cutting off the other multiplicities of appearances and the cxental relationships to them, none of the seme ofthe sivenmes ofthe physi! thing would remain © ‘We therefore hod fast to the following: Whereas itis csentialto sivennes by appearances that no appearance present the alfa st Something “abeoluce” instead of in 4 one-sided presentation it (py nts se tak. dpe ta an an “Seat my Naess Di sue inp These epi ata amr Si tie pu ety GENERAL NERoDecriON ro FUREFIENOMENOLOGY 97 nent othe vere foethng manent eit pre “Srihingabolue hich cann eer reseed wih expect 0 ‘ivorbe adumbraed™Te winded event so hat the sour eave semicwconiena themsces wih wally heresy hong wthe ment proce prsvng phyla, tore parslry as adumbratins ofsometing but ae nat hem. “Svs given inure by admin “fetnnwingdtinon a sb oi ic ato 2 mena proce tats ever pre compte tae eat neh saz upon ns al ni Amel proce, STintepectsenence nfo bch wes Gectingtheretve “tice so ir ang on he Nv ‘Tiictheoicheralteady cere arclnwour prepon Onin [ibtmoreenson do have acomehusnet oh phase which Hijo Bowed aways eke inthe fem of a erpecte re Sheeton And my thule seam of mental procs als Siny mena proces which fear ea anno be rca apon comply ina psceing which wane ag with Hats completeness or “perenne emenee ie perception ast Poe, adel een om the incomplete “imperfection pring 1 the eneee af he een af ometing"trncomen.”pepion by mea of Thine. preentton by means 6 something sucha "AiTue modes of givennen and al he diferenees among modesof sive uhh find mn teaphere of pecepon areal present, SNimodie ashionnhesperet prance. e Dreenaon of physea hinge mse tee thing presen” by “Shue prsetton sorta he adumbratins theses he ‘veheon ands according, be whole phenomenon, af Bey mae agi. We so have pectin Of mena {rove aco epee ting ental persis he Moonen chara presenti a of ecm presi sate 6 Diam eg ere Se hs anon pee shee ag iam Er agi ae 3)ay ® ‘om: Naural we donot find any reproductive adumbratons here ‘Wen tl thefllowing contra Craduaiifrenein lative laity orobncurity belong tthe carne opetentacons Obvioay thsdierenceinperecton has ndking todo with theo ltd ‘Svea by vite ofaunbratveappenance anes eleecles Sbietvaton is not adumbated by the dere aay, namely it the seme wich determines ou ering eerding Yo wiht ‘atl shape, any quality which coven ape, and tere the sole “appeasngpyseal hing ss appearing mare tne rated ~ whether the objection tem isla or bare, A reproductive objecisaon oa phys hg hast vrtor pte degree of arity and, mae partly, fr each of neater ot ‘Mlumbration: One ee that irs mateo difterenes ae Aire dimension [sabe obvi that te dntncion ee make ‘ihin the sphere of pecepenon sol unde the beading ‘nd ‘clear, “int and nde ing dined exits Certain analogy withthe diferencer mca whihree re fon tow speaking ino far a, both case a mate gral ‘mcrae ane decreases in the fallaes wih whic the abject Mlsiisgive; bu the diference so blog wo oher dmeons $5, Unporied Menta Pees, Unprecioed Rett. ew pentate mae del int histone ho deta the fling ire fence beeen eal ps ao Phy hngwih rjc erp tone, The tint ng boggles ch ha secing ez fperepon ane este inns sey ‘tn mental proces arigary ing poe Tea thermo, wh a nase pope on ‘hated gon pep neonate ae ena aot ty coetng witches aad emer oh ng reseed ppl trai someting ei ses ‘el iota wa rd wi “a en pee inde Thies then shain epson omen ‘nal pace tony a hy ome sf comet cme CGENPRAL INTRODUCTION TO PURE eNOMNOLOGY — present as conciousnes of something when they themicves are the Objectsof reflecting consciousnem but aso thatthe are here ilteady as "background" when they are not elected on and hue ‘euentil necensity ae Yad tbe parece in asese which’ inthe {iseplace analogous tothe one in which uncoticed plysicalhingsin ‘uresternal ld ofregardareready tbe perceived. Physical things an be ready to be perceived only ins fra already, as unnoticed things, they are intended to and this sigaites: only if they are Sprang, ot lf physical things Full he condition’ the "eld of Shentve regard” embracing everything which appears isnot in- finite On theater hand, the mental process which ismotrellectedon fo ns ull certain conditions af readiness, although in quite Siferent ways and a efit ite ewence. Aer all, cannot be "ap paring.” Nevertheless file doe conditions tal mes by the Mere mode fits existe, falls them, more particule, for the pavticular Ego 10 which it belongs, the Ego-egard which, per- bance ses ini Only because reflection and the mental process hhave those stil peculiarities whick have been mentioned here i it pont or uso know something about mental processes, includ Ing efecons themelves, which sre ot efleced on. That repro- ‘active [and retetional modfeatons of mental process have the ‘ne determination, corespondingly modified it obvious Tet us develop that contrast freer We se that ther of Big cai eno mentl ris sh that heer eset cable of teing percent. The physical thing aso ese cpable 1 bape, adit seine’ upon in perception asa physical hing belonging tomy srsounding world, Even without being perecivd Belongs o hat word; and, therefore, en whe im aed iti thee Jor the Ege. Bu sill ot im sch 4 manner that n general, & regard uf simple heeding could be diteced toi. The background Fel, understood as afield of imple observa, includes only a ‘inal pec of my surrounding world That the perceived physical ‘hing "ie there” mean rather that, (rom my actually present per- eptons,with the netally appearing bachgtound fil, posible and, Inoreovers continuowly-harmoniousy matted perception. Sequences, with ever new fede of physical things (as unheeded Uatkgrownd, lead to thowe concatenatons of pereepuons in which the physical thing in question would make is appearance andbecome seized upon. Fundamentally, nothing essentials altered if instead of «single Ego, «plurality of Ego ty taken into con. sideration. Only by vate of the elaionsip of penile mit Understanding canny experienced world become wfentied with thatofothers and, at thesame ime, niched by their more exten ‘experience. Thusa ranscendency which lacked the above-described 83 connection by harmonious motivational concatenatons with ty "urreatspher of actually preset perceptions would hea completely ‘rounds assumption; a tramcendenty which lacked wich core ‘atenation citaly would be nouns. Such then i the hind of presence characterizing whats not curren perceived pertaining to {the world of physical things tssomething exenially diferent fern ‘he necesarilyintended-ta beng of mental process 2 546, Indabiabiliy of the Potion of Something Inman, Dab of the Peep of Somithing Teese From al ofthis dere emerge important consequences. Bvery per «eption something immanent nesesary guarantees the exenes ott object. reflective seizingaapon i directed toa mental proces of mine, Ihave seized upon someshing absolute ive the factual being of which is essentially incapable of being negated, Les the insight that it is esenialy impossible frit orto exit would be ‘ountersnse to belive it pombe that a mental proces geht ‘mam doesnot in truth exit. Thesteram of mental proceses which s ‘mine ofthe one who is thinking, no mater to what exent not ‘srasped, no matter how unknown it iin the ares of the strana which have run ther course and which have yet to comes assoon 15 Took tthe owing lif in is atl prewnt™ and, while dingo apprehend myself asthe pure subject thie later we shall Busy ‘vurselves particularly with what that means, H say unguaiely nd necessarily tha Iam his ie, Tam ting: egies Seal i ent, cial amen rovons rursowrxotoey 10) “Tocach seem omental process and to each Ego, as Ego there Selnghe esenlponty ofan hi ec ech es inl an cena pony the nancy or abe tal bng Bat one ight ant not conceivable that an Ego Stony phones int sre of ental process, hat this sicsmcamtofnaingiinentncintont suchen sad only phantaes [Fair] cogitaones Sa eects, ‘cna the nature ofthese metal procera he media in rece oN emma], be mel stion. — But that is an obvious “etsively elections fn imagination cmon: What howe been maybe mee amen: the ‘fvering til the inventive conecnsnen ot tel invented a tae ng een, a ahr meal pci, Shey ofa peceingrfion which ces Star being, Nocoumtesene™ i implist im the posit that ‘Nery ober cansausnen, hic {pot in empathic experience i ‘orca Bt yin my coat “on originanly alse ven tony wth espct O18 See buts wih respet tt existence. Only fram Eg oF 2 Steam ef mental process i elation ote doe this distinctive ‘iheutafainerit eralone there sndheetheremusbe,sveha things peeepion of tometing immanent che tease eterno meme agree Teer wetsaansOge a scacecnqe wee, nt sito my mental race wig se Sty aye ah tn Sen a ‘SSanSaR earn ae usc soe ry ‘en ta enn (areas apn ce hat tt preheating eh ae SS Shan re a ‘nanan paces a a NONGSS Sean eos ed cn Eek etharoenecta pny bcetocnsaname rb aman ney (opcadinsc omes iabyemeesnic ciel oa, {Sfotinteyera e tmat inch Sor te ees ho an te102 cevtmat vTRoDUCTION ro FUNK rHHNOMENOLOGY Incontadnintion ar we row tis ofthe ence othe physi! word that a0 pereeption, however peer, pres anhing ab Sle in that ren and ec conneced th th he at tha any expen however onesve aves open he psy that what agen doreex snp the conn omens afisownprsce"inpeson Acordingto cet aw tthe case ‘hat pal et pad a nest y the ees simething phy but ace na cea manner conten This mena leon aways be ate farher course a copes crates ving up what halen been posted whey id rom ere frais oe sys was mee aon tallacination meey a coherent ey or thee Furthermore at -comioualy open poibiiy in shasperfiennen teense Such thing cating salen changing one anrearanceina aotherhish cannot vied harmony ith iPr ths am non ofthe ter upon he cai expereta postings owing to which the intenna objets at Postings er tran oo speak aaron eee, tenes whichareeeniy esd om the oper mental proccess In thi ste phere there rom fc sion, or being other Iie sphere of abrae pouting Thosineverymannertleartht wher thet ome inthe wont phy hinge seca only romp aay 2h ontheatherhana that Ft or whom thee went “parttime belonging she worl opya! tings ete o> amabiuracuaty tht the presen pas ofmy metal proces isan atoie aetsiy, gen yan unconcnnal alu inde feb ping ‘ar aa psig ofthat psig oe snd he te song of poe End Bgl chs mea Melly inte pring. Ati pyc ah nin fron ean ete: mn pas oe pepo Shegegagctome eee ter Rie 0 ing ml pet Eh cetera pion ORMERAL HerRomucrion 10 HUE PHENOMENOLOGY 108 Sena. This the dei awe dining hi ecesity and that ‘Oy that ccs oimply shat he ees fe bingo his x thatprsent ment proce ts pure seal heey, that a port ese parcalarnysibumed under an ete he Teco at and wealedsobecatse amide lawisinvoledin {hefaccandindeed, nthe nvlved nthe exence ofthe ct {act Theideal pusibiy fs tection having the eel chore trtve ofan evden ldceaale potting of fecal exter rounded in the esente of any Ege water ad of any mental proces what =" The delieraons just cased out ao make it clear that no conceivable proh gathered fom experiential consideration a he scold vould maketh exitenc ofthe word estan for wth an Ihealteasurance, The world dubtable sot the ses that atonal motives ave presen 4 be ten int consieration over Sine the wenendo ce of harmonious experiences but ater inthe sent that doubt smertele because, een neem, Ahepoutliy ofthe non ingot the word iever excluded ™ Ay Tine of expctiene, no matter how great cam gradually become Counterbalaneed and outweighed. The aolute beng of metal procenc sino scapectared thereby fc they alway remain Drespposed by lo tat ‘Our conidratons now have sscceded in reaching a point of culmination, Wehave aquired te cogniogs we needed. Aleady ‘teude in tneconcateatonofenencedlesed oat the mat Important premises rn which we ha raw the ferences cone enter med tt es ofc orc es chem bee moneermond) eae a “Sinantip dite aghtendTewie bic enn dee at eet aes eesti ern ‘ent, creda (elm pate) an‘ceming the eset detachable fhe whol natural world rom the domains of eomciouanes, of the sphere af being petaning to mena procenes we can pera reve tata cee, js at at done wa core of Decariers Mada hich were directed to entirely eiferen cas) wbich only lacked pure tffecive developenSulsenty ohare, we hal need some ‘ay aie dns ppm rev eh ar inal goal Ina pelminary way we draw Ou oneenswihi the bunds fa ratte appa. ms " ‘THE REGION OF PURE CONSCIOUSNESS $07. The Natal Weld sa Corte of Css ‘Taking the results ofthe last chapter a8 our point of departure, we ay take the folowing into consieration. The de fats coure of our ‘human experiences issuch that it costa ur reason ogo beyond Invutionally given physical things (thowe ofthe Cartesian ‘tmaginauo) and bae them onthe “rath of physic.” Bt shat course ‘might be different Ie isnot ax though human developmenthad never progressed, or would ever progres, beyond the presleniestages fat whe the world of phys nded hal its truth, we should never ‘now anything about i And iti not as uhough the word of physics ‘were diferent and ordered according to laws diferent fom the ones that in fact obtain, Rater i conecvable that our intled world ‘were theultimate one, “behind” which would be no world of physics Sthatever, i that perceived physical hing would lack mathe seal or physical determination, thatthe data of experience would ‘exclude any physic belonging to the same kind with our. The concatenations of experience would then be correspondingly other fad dllernt in kind trom what they in ct are in 9 far a the “experiential motive fundamental othe fashioning of he concepts “and judgments physics would be abnent. But onthe whole, within the mite the preseniv intuitions which we comprehend under the name “simple experience” (pereption, recallection, ete), physical things ca sil be presented as they are now as intentional unites erst continuodaly in multpictes of appearances! uae notre tar ip Bnet map rnc osm etapa bi empty ‘car ree mn op> Bat we ean go farther in this ditetion: No limits check usin thet proces of conctving the destruction ofthe Objectivity af something physical — as the correlate of experimental consciousness. Te must [lways be borne in tind here that elt pal Ming ere the nly physical things about which we can mae statements the only ‘ones about the being ornon-being, che being-dhusor being-oherwise tfshich wee can dimagree and make rational decions ty ae a ‘sperinable physi hs. Tis experience aloe that preseribes their Sense; and, since we are speaking of physical things in fac itis actual ‘experience slone which does son ie definitely ordered expertenta ‘concatenation But i the kinds of mental process included under experience, and especialy the fundamental mental proces of ete ‘iving physical things can be submited by st an ati conden ation, and if we can discern exential possiblities and neces in them (as we obviowly ca) and can therelore eideialy trae the ‘ctenially posible variants of motivated experiential coneatenat- fons: then the reult is the correlate of our factual experience, called thecal wel” aoe pclae among omits of posi worlds ond urouning worlds which, for thet par, are nothing else but the Cares eset possilevranof hea, experincing cnc se” with more of les order coneatenations of experience. As a ‘consequence one must at let ance be deceived by speaking ofthe hysial thing as transcending consciousnessor as “exsting intel.” "The genuine concept of the transcendence of something physical whichis the measure of the rationality of any statements about ‘wancendence, can tel be derved only from the proper rental conten of perception o fom those coneatenations of deine kinds which we call demonstrative experience. The idea of suc trate Seendence i therefore the eideiccorelate ofthe pure idea of this demonstrative experience ‘This ere ofany conceivable kindof ransendence which could bbe rete as either an actuality oF a possibility. Ae abject exsing ie elie oni which cour Ee ertaining to cosines fas sthng todo. The physical thing is 9 thing belonging to the ‘nrreunding world even iit be an unseen physical hing, even it be really posible, unexperienced but experienceable, or perhaps fexperinceable, physical thing. Esperimceablns eer masts mee Inge! panty, but rather s posibliy matzted in the concaenat LGENERAL INFRODUEMON To PURE FHENOMENOLOGY 107 jon of experience Thit conetenation itself is, through and hough, one oF "motivation”» always taking Sn isl nee m= ‘ration and feasting those already formed. With respect to teir "pprehension-comtents or determinaton-contents, the motivations Alife, are more or less ich, are more or lew definite or vague in ‘content depending on whether tia matter of pial things which tre already “known” or “completely unknown,” “tl undicon- rod” ori he case ohescen pial hing, whether tia matter of Svat s known or unknown about tH isexclusively a mate ofthe Chef race of auch concatenation: which, with repect tall ‘hei passives, can be made the objects ofa purely eeteexpl= "ation I inherent in the esence that anything whatever which (sini sn reality but isnot yee actualy experienced can become given “ind hat hiemeansthat the hing inquestion belongs tothe andere mined but derma horizon ef eny experiential actuality at the pasiula time. Thishorion, however, ithe correlate ofthe compo- ‘ents of undeterminatenesesenvally attached to expenences of Dhsial things themselves: a thone components agnn, een fly — leave open possibile of flllment which are by no mets “completely undetermined but are, onthe contrary, motivated posi Uikies prrdneatd ele reper te ther eel pe Any actual ‘experience points beyonditselfto possibleexperences which, nur, point qonen posible experiences and sod infinitum, And al ofthat Reflected involving speie and regulative forms vestseed ta certain 2 pi pes ‘Any hypothetial formulation in practical fe or in empirical science relates to this changing but always eo-posted horizon Thereby the posting ofthe world recive essential sense step mn A acy maid “itt imme Snr Hie ashi penne sa saan sehen ppm i apg aa eee ine ‘eight aman nen ne ‘Sa pene tn a cy100 orseRAL wrrooucrion To Pune PHENOMENOLOGY $48. The Lope Posty and the Mati tide Owe esse of @ Weld ‘The hypothetical asmpsion ofvomething real out his worlds cof cour, “logically” publ; abniouly it involves no! formal eon tradition. But when we ak about the esenil conditions on whic it validity would depend, about the mde of demonstration de- ‘manded by itrseme, when we ask about the mode of demonstration taken universally esentally determined by the posting ofsomething Uanucendent —nomatterhow wemight legitimately univeralzets essence — we recogaize’ that something transcendent necessarily ‘mustbe experinceabletnot merely by an Ego conceived arsiempsy logical pony but by? any ata! Ego as a demonstrable unity relative torts! concatenationsafexperience.Butonecansce (ere 0 hesure,weare mo yet advanced enough ost tin detail ony ‘ur lateranalysesean provide ll the premies or doings) that what iscogaizable by one* Ego must of sata mca be cognizable by {any Ego Eventhough tis notre deca that each and, orca Stand, na relationship of"empathy,” of mutual understanding with every other, a, eg, not having such relationship to mental Hives Iiving on the planes ofthe remote stars, neverteles there exist, cietically regarded, etl phi f fetinge mata wae ‘ing and therefore posibiites alo thatthe worlds of experience separated in fet" become joined by concatenation of actual Experience to makeup theone intersubjective world the coreelate of “he unitary world of mental lives (the universal broadening ofthe ‘omni ofhuman beings). When that taken into account the ‘Tee Dr mrp hep pe eng in, "abn ama omsurcs beng eontne anise ene sare “iSawpouewe vate taber gee, ant 6a resect pcemsinatatstad ong rsenat ietropucrion To rune PHENOMENOLOGY — 108 Formal-logical posibitiy of realities outside the word the one spac tinernporal world which fed by our arta experience, materially provertobeacountenenseITthere are any worlds, any ral physical {hinge whatever then the experienced mociasons constating them trust be aleoestend ito my expsience sn int that ofeach Hg in the general maaincr characterized above. Obsiously there are pyseal thing and worlds of physical things which do nt admit of | Frsng definitely demonstrated in any humax experience but that has prey factual grounds which lie within the fctaa! mie of rach Experience 509 Abate Consors th Resa Aft he Annan ofthe Wont (On te ther hand, ll ofthat dors no mpy that there mast be some ‘world or some phyial thing or oer. The existence of world isthe Cnrelate of certain multplicitis of experience distinguished by fertain essential formations. But it cama Be seen that actual txperence can flew any in such concatenated forms nothing like “area beeen purely onthe basso the exence of perception taken liverally, and of the exences of other collaborating kinds of xperiental intuition. I instead quite conceivable that experience, because of confit might dale ito lusion not only detail and that it might not be the case, abt defacto that every llasion ‘manifesta deeper uth and that every contin he place where it tecurs is precise what demanded by more incasvecontextures {onder to preserve the total harmon in Our experiencing it onceivable that here tight bea ost of iveconclabe confict not jst for us but in themscves, that experience might suddenly show elf tobe refractory tothe demand thai carry on is postings ‘hysical things harmoniously tha ts context might lowe is fixed Feular onganizations of adumbrations, apprehensions, ane apr Pearance'*— in short, that dere might no Tonger be any word siy epwm Neverthe in that cae could be tat to some extent, crude unity-Zrmations become comttutdy rnsent uppers nt fons which were mere analogues of intuons of pial things because quite incapable of cosstutngconervable tele e ring unis "whieh ex thence whether of mat ey se poche ‘Now et usadd the esultsrached at thee of he lst chapel us eal the posblty of aon-eig of everything pysealy a sccrdnt it den Becomes vient hail igen of ny steam of mena proces whatever, wld be sey ede an omhatne th worl thins tac tc weld ‘mt dete. Mie tobe sure Fora aan ofthe world ‘ean, comelaively, nothing ea but that in cach seam of ena sce the lam —talsam, en ene rections, which compris the mental proses fan Bo), erate fordered concatenation af experience ad there" certain complexes horzing ran ovtented according ots ones ‘ations of experience, would be excded. But that does ot mean ‘hat other mena process and concatenation ef mena proce would be exeludel. Comsat) mal big, no bing which Brent and legitimated nconclosnest by pentane me Sythe bang of oui linte roadeat eee saa mental proces) mana ing i erent eile bing in ees that by sotalol bong aio" ge a tenon ‘ncn te wr of tranny ered ey dm prey meal ome ne "insofar ass most univers senses concerned hat has already een made leat by the expt above inthe preceding ection) something transcendent gn y viru of ceainconcatens, Sons ofexperience Asgiven direct nd with erasing pret inpecepalcontinen which how themehes wb harmatiossnd in cerian methodical forme of thinking based om experience 3 someting rascendentseqies, mote lem tomedy in Shu, connuallyprogrenive determination. et ws ase at Consciousness, with cnt! alpen ad wih the ea THO ne shah emt ey oh ‘rns x actually och amature that the conscious subject, in hiseee [cin of theoreieal experiencing and of hiking oriented sceord- ing to experience cl effet all sch coneatenatons (in which ‘connection we should alo have to ake nto account the reinforce tment received by mutual understanding with other Egos and other iveams of mental proces) Met ur assume, furthermore, thatthe pevinent regularities of eonscousnes are actually maintained * thats inthe curse of conssousnear ken niverally, nothing what- ter lacking which i requite for dhe appearance of a unitary (ror and forthe rational theoretical cognition a sich word All that being assumed, we now ask itt emcee and not rather a ‘ountertens tha the coreesponding transcendent world stat xs? Thur me see that consciourest (mental procen) and eel being are anything but coordinate kinds of being, which dwell peaceably side by side and occasionally become "elated to” or “connected with” fhe another. Only things which are ewentally akin, the respective proper esences of which have ike sense, cam become connected in the ve sense ofthe word, can make upa whole. An immanent of bsolute being and «transcendent being ate, ofcourse, both ealed “enstent"an “objec,” ata have, more particularly, their objective ‘determining contents, But tiseviden chat what iecalled “an object” tnd “an objective determination” in the one ease and what icalled by thesame name inthe other case, are called so ony with ference {Othe empty logical categories. Insofar as their respective senses are ‘Concerned a veritable abyss yawns between consciousness ad real- ty, Here, an adumbrated being, no capable of ever becoming given Absolutely merely seckental and relatives" there, a necesary nd abwote being, esentilly incapable of becoming wiven Dy inte of adubration and apprearance ide comin fae spa mam gee, a112 Gewrmar rwreooucrion 70 PURE PHENOMENOLOGY ‘hs x Becomes clear that, inspite of all our assuredly well founded statements about the real being of the faman Ego tn ts ‘conscious mental process srthe worl! an about everything nthe way of “prychophysical” interconnection pecaning to them ‘ha inspite of al that, consiournes considered ints pert” must bce bea seaman camplr of bing a comple felt bing into which nothing can penetate and out of which nothing en sip, ‘0 which nothing is spatioemporally extemal and which cannot be ‘within any spatiomporally complex, which cannot be afeted by any physical ding and cannot exercise causation upon any phic ‘alhing sheng preuppn haath henna of cmay pening 84 lationship of dependence ‘On the other hand, she whole spatitpiral worl, which neues hhuman being and the human Ego as subordinate single realises cording see, 0 mr intentional eng thas one has the merely secondary sense of bring fora consciousness Ita being posted by consciouses ints experiences which, a exental neces, can bb determined and intuted only a something identical belonging to motivated multiplicities of appearencs: bond hat itis nothing $30. The Phenomenological Ande: Pee Consus asthe Fido bi he Fd of Thu thesense commonly expresedn speaking being teed ‘hebeingwhich strstr asherond nial esitswhat tise dn “rlao” othe net nna though hee were sad regulary such thatthe ord et connera term nee a ‘Tete amyngyn it cmin e ci a petty i en cy ee Seige ‘orwrmattwemonvcrion 10 ORF suENOMNOLOCY 119 fxmel othe od cnn ear” Realty ee ofthe al hing kenny and te reality the woe wel, ks (94) tEfouiceny niu oa eaene nurse a te word Keay ot il sting sate wich becomes se. early osomething cere, nse sbsteseae nothing Tai hase sabsobtcenenee" whatever thar the ental of “imeiing whic, of mecey aly inentonl on an object of Sioux something preted [Vonage iv the manner rent conconneny something parent as apparen.™ ‘Wernow tumour tought ack ga to thet chapter 0 out teva concerning the phenomenologial reduction. Tow seesmes lath in cons ote natura torte! atta, the ete af which is the work, new atte mun in fat be fol which, pte othe venlon’ ft pryhophyscal liven of Naar, leaves wr omehing: the whole Rell of absolute omeiosnessTnsead, ten of ving nae a experience and theoretealy exploring what experienced, anscenent Nature, Ateevet the phenome! eso.” Inher wordy, istead “ately etenng see peraining to oor Naturecosung someone” wih nc pons emebing transcendent, and ieting ounles be induced, by osves impli in them, o eet ‘Ser nem psn of something ranscendem— ten of hat we fra ese posting out of aco” we do ot “patat in Them" we dict our seizing sd theory nguiting egal 1 posses neue bog. That, he, hat seas he senator plnmangva rata hough we have “xcae™ Theol word wl phys hig, ig being and bunny Sunher inladd: Seiyepeaking ne hve not tating ut father have gained he wle ofabte ng whith ihay under Sod, contain with el, onattter™ within ell all wordy transcendence eam cee ne npc ip ame i a ‘Sten yD: hte ey be cia a wih dln pe "fant ie tes er pti) et bs thay ata hn