Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
PATRONES BSICOS
DE CONSTRUCCIN GRAMATICAL
.
"
PRLOGO
\.
you wish
you wish
you wish
TO SPEAK
TOGET
TOGO
hablar
conseguir, obtener
ir
English?
a goodjob?
to the United States?
ENGLISH
A
GOOD
JOB
'.r_! .... :TO
THE
UNITED STATES
..
."
r~
tancUJ.
-, > ~
wish
wish
wish
TO SPEAK
TOGET
TOGO
ingls!
un, una
buen (o, a)
empleo, trabajo
a
yo deseo
English
a goodjob
to the United States.
"
-'.
1
1
1
DON'T
DON'T
DON'T
Vase
la
wish
wish
wish
POOR =
BAD
THAT
PLACE=
TO SPEAK
TOGET
TOGO
pobre, defectuoso
mal (o, a)
ese (a), aquel, aquella
lugar
a poor English
a badjob
to that place
CONVERSATION
YOU WISH
TIME?
-DO
I TO
I ENGLISH
SPEAK
-1 WISH
IN A SHORT
I I
GET
I ro
GET
I A GOOD JOB,
[LQ]
BECAUSE I WISH
MORE MONEY.
1 ro SPEAK 1
ENGLISH SOON.
-1 DON'T WISH
TO SPEAK
I A GOOD ENGLISH?
I ro
SPEAK
1 ENGLlSH
WELL.
I ENGLlSH
TO SPEAK
-1 WISH [
ro
TO GET
SPEAK
I ENGLlSH
ENOUGH MONEY ~
~
TO CHICAGO.
TO GO
I TO
ENGLA~D,
"
- YES, 1 WISH
ENGLISH.
I ro I
GO
TO GET
I A BAO JOB
TO GET
A GOOD .JOB?
10
GO ]
TOO?
I A GOOD JOB.
-1 DON'T WlSH
I ro
WELL?
I LITTLE MONEY.
-DO
-1 DON'T WISH
TO GET
...
l'
11
SPEAK
EJERCICIOS DE CONSTRUCCIN
VOCABULARIO
Do you wish?
to speak
to get
a
good
job
1 wisb
to go
to
the
United States
I don't wish
poor
bad
that
[du i uish)
(tuspcJ
(tu guet)
(ei)
(gud)
(yob)
(ai uish)
(tu gu)
(tu)
(di)
(iunited stits)
(ai dont uish)
(pur)
(bad)
(dat)
place
in
short
time
yes
(piis)
(in)
(short)
(tim)
(ies)
Sir
soon
of course
well
why
beguse
more
money
little
enough
England
too
much
many
when
(ser)
CON FONTICA
Desea Ud?
hablar
conseguir, obtener
un,una
buen (o, a)
empleo, trabajo
yo deseo
ir
a
1. 1 wish
{sun}
porque
ms
Desea Ud ...
. ,;1
4.
5.
(ov crs)
(ul]
(jui)
(bics)
(mor)
(mni)
(ltol)
(inf)
(ingland)
(tu)
(moch)
(mni)
(jun)
\.A..
Por qu
6. 1 wish --"-_
to the U. S. _'
ir
9.
'..,t..
to get abad
Yo no deseo
job '
1 wish
porque
e'-..;-\'\~().;;.;IJ;;.;I:l:::..!..'_
-
money
suficiente .
10. ]:. .......
1. < ""
to get a good job, becaus
Yo deseo
a
no deseo
little money.
NOTA IMPaR TANTE: No pase Ud. a la leccin siguiente sin haber
asimilado perfectamente esta leccin. Memorice primero el
vocabulario con fontica. Repita oralmente tres veces cada
palabra. Pase luego a la conversacin, repsela varias veces en
voz alta y posteriormente haga el ejercicio de prctica corres.
pondiente. Escriba esta leccin haciendo que otra persona se
la dicte. Efecte esta misma operacin en todas las lecciones y
obtendr resultados ptimos. Verifique hasta qu altura de
estructura inglesa puede Ud. fcilmente alcanzar, consultando
el con tenid o de esta obra (pginas 3 a 5).
Estudie media hora diariamente procurando orse a s mismo
y en cuestin de pocos meses estar Ud. hablando perfecto
ingls.
(afirmativo)
dinero
poco, pequeo
bastante, suficiente
Inglaterra
tambin
mucho (a)
muchos (as)
cuando
13
12
....
CONJUGACIN DE WISH
y LOS PRONOMBRES PERSONALES
to inmediatamente
despus de wish y wis~ES.
las letras ES en la forma verbal correspondIente
Observe la partcula
Advirtase asimismo
a he, she, it.
I
You
wish
wish
He
She
wishES
wishES
It wishES
We
You
They
wish
wish
wish
ro SPEAK
ro SPEAK
toyou
tome
in English.
in English too.
TOGO
TOGO
TOGO
to the
to the
with us
rOGET
ro GET
TO GET
a
a
a
Otras palabras
bsicas:
lt1
-DO
We
You
ru
They
l
ella
ello (impersonal)
YOU WISH
ellos o ellas
su, tu (adjetivo
pose
sivo)
negocios
ahora
hoy
maana
algunos (as), algo de
de (expresando
procedencia)
SPEAK
TO
ME?
us
me, mi, a m
you
them
nos, a nosotros
a Uds., a vos.
los, a ellos
la (a ella)
lo (impersonal)
-WHAT
DO
I TO
-HE
WISHES
SPEAK
TO
DO
-1 WISH
ABOUT?
acerca de negocios)
SPEAK
YOU W1SH
ABOUT BUSINESS,
I ro I
I TO I HlM
TOO.
tambin)
SEE
ME
(Cundo
14
-WHEN
r-'-ro-SP-E-A-Kj-' TO YOU.
- -1 WISH
Plurales
nosotros
ustedes, vosotros
objetivos
Singulares
her
TO
Ud. hablarme'!
(Ace~a
Pronombres
me
= (Adjetivo posesivo)
CONVERSATION
He
She
qu
acerca de, sobre
BUSINESS
NOW
TODAY
TOMORROW
SOME
FROM
(Desea
You
ver
dar
traer
Plurales
Singulares
yo
Ud. o
WHAT
ABOUT
MY
YOUR
good jobo
good joh
too.
job in New York.
Pronombres personales
ro SEE
TO GIVE
ro BRING
NOW.
15
THE MANAGER?
I TO SEE I
I TO
SEE
(ai)
(i)
(ji)
(shi)
(it)
(u)
(i)
(dei)
yo
me
you
him
ella
her
ello
it
nosotros us
ustedes
you
ellos (as) them
= Ud., t
= l
(mi)
(i)
(jim)
(jer)
(it)
(os)
(i)
(dem)
= me,mi
= le (a Ud.), te,
ti
lo (a l)
= la (a ella)
lo (impersonal)
= nos, a nosotros
les (a ustedes)
= los (a ellos)
I TO
GIVE
TO GIVE
I TO
GIVE
.,.
':.
I TO
BRING
I HER
50ME
HER FROM
FRUIT
FROM
THE
,
,
!
\
THE
with!
what
about
my
your
business
he wishes
to see
manager
now
office
today
Mary
tomorrow
to give
sorne
presents
to bring
things
from
market
fruit
[uiz]
= con
(juat)
= qu
(abut)
= acerca de, sobre
(mai)
= mi (adjetivo posesivo)
(ir)
su, tu (adjetivo posesivo)
(bfsnes)
= negocios
(ji ulshes]
l desea
(tu si)
= ver
(mnayer)
= gerente, administrador
(no)
ahora
(fis)
= oficina
(tudi)
hoy
(mri)
= Mara
(tumrrou) = maana
(tu guv)
dar
(som)
algunos (as), algo de
(prsents)
= regalos
(tu bring)
traer
(Zlings)
= cosas
(from)
de (expresando procedencia)
(mrquet)
= mercado
(frut)
= fruta.
MARKET.
(Yo deseo traerle a ella algo de fruta del mercado)
-1 DON'T WISH
I TO
BRING
1 HIM
...
1
16
17
(1)
him
us
them
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
me
(1)
him
her
it
us
them
(2)
( 3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
her
it
SEE
G 1V E
1. V ame, vme
2. Valo, vlo (a l)
3. V ala, vla ( a ella)
4. Valo, vlo (neutro)
5. V anos, vnos
6. V alos, vlos
L Dme, dame
2. Dle, dale (a l)
3. Dle, dale (a ella)
4. Dle, dale (neutro)
5. Dnos, danos
6. Dles, dales
me
THIS IS FOR
PRAY
J...
--
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
forme
for him
for her
for it
for us
for them
(1)
(2)
(3)
L Esto es para m
2. Esto es para ti (o Ud.)
(4)
(5)
3. Esto es para l
(6)
(7)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(3)
( 4)
(5)
(6)
5. Esto es para
6. Esto es para
7. Esto es para
8. Esto es para
L
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
18
Ruegue
Ruegue
Ruegue
Ruegue
Ruegue
Ruegue
por
por
por
por
por
por
VERBOS EN INFINITIVO
....
m
l
ella
ello (neutro)
nosotros
ellos o ellas
....
to
to
to
to
give
pray
go
work
(tu
(tu
(tu
(tu
giv)
dar
prei)
rogar, rezar
gu) = ir
uere)
trabajar
19
EJERCICIOS
Construya en ingls las siguientes oraciones:
EMPLEO DE DO Y DOES
PARA PREGUNTAR EN TIEMPO PRESENTE
Y DON'T y DOESN'T PARA NEGAR
I. Ellos me ven
2. Yo los veo
\
3. l lo ve(a Ud.)
4. Nosotros lo vemos (a l)
5. l nos ve
6. Ud. la ve
7. Nosotros desayunamos en la maana
...
DO
DO
you
wish
wish
ro SPEAK
ro SPEAK
English
to
fluently?
me?
DOES
DOES
DOES
he
she
itl
wish
wish
wish
ro SEE
1'0 SEE
1'0 SEE"
us
him
her?
today?
now?
DO
DO
DO
we
you
they
wish
wish
ro GIVE
ro GIVE
ro GIVE
wish
them
me
you
presents?
your card?
a present?
You
He
She
!tI
\
20
We
You
They
DON'T
DON'r
wish
TO SPEAK
ro SPEAK
a poor English
to
me
DOESN'T
DOESN'T
. DOESN'r
wish
wish
wisb
ro SEE
rOSEE
TOSEE
him
her
wish
TO GJVE
TO GIVE
TO GIVE
DON'T
DON'r
DON'T
wish
wish
wish
us
them
me
you
today
now
presents
your card
a present
21
-SHE WISHES
roEAT
TO DRINK
TO BUY
comer
beber (tomar)
comprar
I ro
EAT
A SANDWICH.
MEAT = carne
pescado
FISH
pollo
CHICKEN
huevos
EGGS
ensalada
SALAD
POTATOES
papas (patatas)
jitomates
TOMATOES
bistec
STEAK
jamn
HAM
agua
WATER
MILK := leche
caf
COFEE
t
TEA
I ?
WHAT KIND? := que. case.
nde
WHERE
pero
BUT
zapatos
SHOES
SOCKS := calcetines
TO EAT
f?
TO EAT
ro EAT
TO EAT
ANY MORE.
-NO,
CONVERSATION
-WHAT DO YOU WISH
WISH
I TO EAT I ?
I ro
DRINK
WISH ....
1 T-O-D-R-I-N-K"'"COFFEE.
THEY
SOME TEA.
(No, ellos no desean tomar caf. Ellos desean tomar [algo de] t)
( Qu desea Ud. comer? )
-1 WISH
I ro
EAT
-HE
WISHES
SALAD.
ro
I ro
I ro
EAT
EAT
-HE
PORKCHOPS
AND TOMATO
DOESN'T WISH
DRINK
I TO
DRINK
I ro
EAT
17
ro
23
22
TEA. HE WISHES ~
SOME COFFEE.
GO
I?
-HE WISHES
1 ro GO I
TO THE SHOE-STORE.
shoe store
where
but
socks
shirt
trousers
slippers
blouse
skirt
stockings
(l desea ir a la zapatera)
DOES HE WISH
I ro
BUY
SHOES?
HE WISHES
DOESN'r WISH
I ro
I ro
BUY
BUY
SOCKS.
,.
(shu str)
(jur)
(bot)
zapatera
dnde
pero
calcetines
camisa
pantaloneszapatillas
blusa
falda
medias
[socs]
(shert)
(trusers)
=:
[slipers]
(blus)
(squrt)
(stquings)
CON FONTICA
(fl-en-tli)
(du ai uish}
(dos ji uish]
(ji dsent uish)
(tu -it)
(m-it)
[fish]
(ehquen)
(egs)
(salad)
(fraid)
(potitous)
(tomitous)
(pare chops]
(eh-is)
(jam)
(stie)
(ni mor)
(dei dont uish)
(tu drine)
(uter)
(mile)
(efi)
(ti)
(juat eind)
(shus)
24
DE ,CONSTRUCCIN
1.
?
Qu
desea Ud?
2.
Yo deseo
ver
~>
3.
lo (a l)
to see me today.
El desea
,
4.
ua desea
to speak
business with_
acerca de
5.
Ella desea
ella
sorne things.
dar
nos
6. the manager
desea
ver
los (a ellos)
7.
Deseamos,
sorne presents,
traer
le (a ella)
8.
~Desea Ud.
ew York?
traer
sorne things __
me
9. Mary
desea
de
a present.
dar
le(a Ud.)
25
tomorrow.
10.
ver
Uds. desean
e)
nos
Patrones
no
quiere (comprar)
HE DOESN'T WANT
[buy] == l no
quiere que nosotros compremos
us ro
tomorrow'!
ll.
Desean
ver
Uds.
nos
the United
12.
Ellos desean
ir
States
soon.
1
1
WANT TO y WANT ME TO
a) Patrones afirmativos:
TO [buy} == l
[ WANT
TO (eat) == quiero (comer)
1 WANT IlIM TO (eat) == quiero que l
He
He
DON''1'
DON'T
want
want
her
DOESN'T
DOESN'T
want
want
them
patrones
ro
ro
ro
ro
y los verbos
WORK
WORK
at night
at night
PLAY
PLAY
in the street
en
in the street
(coma)
Obsrvese la posicin de '1'0 en ambos
infinitivo (to eat, to go).
He
He
want
want
him
wants
wants
you
TO
TO
ro
TO
patrones
y los verbos
EA'1'
EA'1'
sorne fruit.
sorne fruit
GO
GO
to school
to school
en
Ms verbos bsicos:
Palabras interrogativas
TO(go)?
ro (go)?
==
==
quiere
quiere
patrones
Ud. ir?
Ud. que yo vaya?
y los verbos
ro SWIM
ro TRAVEL
1'0 DO
ro STAY
ro SEE
ro COME
1'0 WRITE
ro READ
==
jugar
nadar
viajar
hacer
permanecer,
ver
venir
escribir
leer
en
WHOM
DO
DO
you
you
want
want
DOES
DOES
she
want
want
she
ro
me
BUY
TO BUY
a car?
a car?
us
TO
TO
English?
English?
STlJDY
STUDY
Otras palabras
qu?
dnde?
cundo?
a qu hora?
por qu?
cmo?
cunto (s)?
;,cunto
tiempo?
a quin'
bsicas:
ANYTHING
NOTHING
26
quedarse
bsicas:
WHAT
WHERE
WHEN
AT WHAT TIME
WHY
HOW
HOW MUCH (MANY)
HOWLONG
b) Patrones interrogativos:
DOYOUWAN'1'
DO YOU WAN'1' ME
1'0 PLAY
27
==
alguna
cosa,
nada
(cuando
se emplea despus de una forma negativa)
nada
ANYWHERE
NOWHERE
ANYBODY
NOBODY
SOON
EVERY DAY
EACH
HERE
THERE
WANl'S
YOU WANT
WANTI
1 ro
EAT
THEY
@I ro co I
BUT
1 WANT
SOME FRUIT.
BUT HE WANTS
I ro
PLAY
81 ro
BASE-BALL
PLAY]
SOCKER
NOW, BUT
1'HEM
WITH
ImSWIM_1
'!
DON'T
Iro
WANT
81 ro
SWIMI
SWIM
1 TODA Y,
BUT WE WANT
EVERY DAY
I ro
\.
;.
-HE
DOESN'T
WANTS
WANT
@ Iro
Iro
'IR AV EL
TRA VEL]
l'HIS
YEAR,
ALL
BUT HE
NEXT SUMMER.
(l no quiere viajar este ao, pero l quiere que yo viaje el prximo verano)
-HOW DO YOU WANT
,,
28
WANT
WANl'
BASE-BALL?
(No queremos nadar hoy, pero queremos que l nade todos los
das)
I?
11'0 CO I ANYWHERE,
I ro co I
SHE
(.
BUl'
NEXl' SATURDAY.
(Ellos no quieren jugar beisbol ahora, pero ellos quieren que t
juegues futbol con ellos el prximo sbado ).
(Yo no quiero comer nada, pero quiero que ella coma algo de
fruta)
PLAY
-ATWHATTlMEDOYOUWANT
ANYTHINC,
I ro co
DON'T
-THEY
-WE
I THERE,
ro EAT I?
r-r-O-E-A-T~I
CO
I ro
co
@Im
11'0
WANT
(No, ella no quiere ir ah, pero ella quiere que yo vaya a una fiesta
con ella).
CONVERSATION
-WHATDO
SHE DOESN'l'
-NO,
I ro
SPEAK
29
ENCLlSH?
-1 WANT
TO
81
SPEAK
I ENGLlSH FLUENTLY
TO SPEAK lIT
AND 1 WAN'f
WANTS
FLUEN1'LY TOO.
(Quiero hablar ingls con soltura y quiero que ellos lo hablen con
fluidez tambin).
TO
BUY
(Ellos no quieren comprar nada, pero quieren que Ud. compre una
docena de cada uno).
SHE WANT
TO
DO
I ?
-SHE
DOESN'T
WANT
81
WANTS
TO
DO
DOES
HE WANT
TO
STAY
DOESN'T
WANTS~
WANT
,sTAY
TO
DOES
JOHN WANT
-JOHN
DOESN'T
TO
SEE
S 11'0
YOU WANT
LET'!'ER?
-DO
'1'0 ME
COME
TO MEXICO SOON.
YOVR
SECRETAR Y
1 -TO-W-R-IT-E
.......
I A
r-
..
-VES, 1 WAN'!'
YORK.
G
11'0
V
WRITE
1 MR.
-WHATDO YOUWANT
-1 WANT
-DO
FOR
SI
TO
YOU WAN'!'
YOV?
I-
A LETTER TO NEW
DAVIES
11'0
DO
WRITE
A SALES REPORT.
fii\ TO
v::::J .
READJ
:.J
- VES, 1 WANT
81
TO
READ
IT
FOR
ME.
-WHATDOYOUWANT
@ITOREAD
I?
-1 WANT
81
TO
READ
THE NEWSPAPER.
-WHOM
COME
TO
HERE?
-HE
I
I
-DO
(Ella no quiere hacer muchas cosas, pero ella quiere que l haga su
trabajo).
-HOW LONG
I THE MANAGER.
IHlSWORK.
TODO
SEE
(Juan no quiere ver a nadie, pero l quiere que ella vea al gerente)
TO
WANT
SI
31
TO READ
things
to do
his
work
how long
to stay
THE NEWSPAPER?
-HE
DOESN'T
@I
WANT
TO READ
TO READ lIT,
BUT HE WANTS
I A GOOD BOOK.
...
(tu uant)
(niZing)
(nZing)
(libreri)
(mvis)
(der)
(prti)
(tu plei)
next
when
Saturday
at what time
to swim
every day
(next)
(jun)
to travel
allover
world
brother
this
year
Summer
how
how much
to buy
one
dozen
of
each
how many
(tu trvel)
(01 ver)
(urld)
(sterdei)
(at juat taim)
(tu sum)
(vri dei)
(brder)
(dis)
[i-or]
querer
alguna cosa, nada
nada
biblioteca
cine
ah, all
fiesta
jugar (o tocar un instrumento musical)
prximo, siguiente
cundo
sbado
a qu hora
nadar
todos los das (cada
da)
viajar
por todo
mundo
hermano
== este
(Zings)
(tu du)
(js)
[urc]
jao long)
(tu sti)
long;
month
whom
John
to see
Jimmy
to come
secretary
to write
letter
sales
report
to read
for
newspaper
father
book
(long)
(monZ)
(jum)
(yon)
(tu si)
(ymi)
(tu com)
(screteri)
(tu rit)
(lter)
[sils}
(riprt)
(tu rid)
(for)
[nis-piper]
(fder)
==
para
peridico
padre, pap
libro
(buc)
cosas
hacer
su (de l)
trabajo
== cunto tiempo
permanecer,
que
darse
largo, mucho 'tiemp<l
mes
a quin
Juan
ver
Jaime, Jaimito
venir
secretaria
escribir
== carta
ventas
informe
leer
EJERCICIOS DE CONSTRUCCIN
ao
(smer)
(jao)
(jao moeh)
verano
cmo (interrogativo)
cunto (a)
comprar
uno, una
docena
de
cada
cuntos (as)
(tu bi)
(un)
(dsen)
(ov)
(ieh)
(jao mni)
32
n.
What
c\~,
1'5. '~~,"'\
,/
~.
i\.
Where ,'\ Q
~7. We (,,'-",'
.4>',~~
......
Zo.
v.
\.
.i~father...l}..""""--"'_'
They-'-''''_'.1...:;......;._~_
wish to drink tea.
Henry
.J
t .wish
,<'
,,<, ',,",'
You
;12. Alice
A ...,s..'l\!s:'Yish
"
to eat a sandwich.
p.
-.l.
__
~
no quiere
/.
I
f
'
6. He doesn t want.
~~
vayamos
c... <..:."
\"""'<~
Cuanto
_""~~,,:(:,,-.
/'
parte
/'
don't
He
doesn't:
1
he
.. late at home.
veas
a nadie
he want
.;
tiempo
_
que
DRINK
DRINK
.coffee
rnilk
every morning.
every day.
DRINK
DRINK
coffee
milk
every morning?
every day?
ilustrativos:
34
every morning.
every morning.
every morning?
nosotros
here?
A quin
en tiempo
every morning.
every day.
;., t.
"pc-,
does
hbito
coffee
milk
. o
Do
Does
permanezcamos
J..\N~o~.,,)
DRINK
DRINKS
He
Otros ejemplos
8!~t'\0 ,
to para expresar
venga
'lO\)
que t
every day,
nade
ninguna
'_-::-_
que ella:
_
ellos
a letter now,
..J/
7. 1 don t want
que ella
to go
'J u'
que Uds.
want _ ...\.._
que
PATRONES DE CONSTRUCCIN
PARA EXPRESAR EL TIEMPO PRESENTE
to the market.
5. ~~'ey ~ant ~
haga
\, " 1< , \
escriba
'" 'que l
you
"-- __ ""~'\....:.._
__
_____
No queremos
~SJ?
__-'-_
vaya
que Ud.
Mary want~
indicadas
\
que yo
2:/1 want_--,Y:;'_;'h;l...;.<
_
(.
o palabras
do
p(mpren
\N~ <
to drink coffee.
palabra
book.
salad.
EJERCICIOS DE CONSTRUCCIN
en ingls-la
'-that
leamos
-\----_"_iapples
Cuntas
12. ""
Escriba
us
many letters
many letters
many letters
""_"_DOW?
vea
35
every day.
every day.
every day?
Thirteen
nitive.
TO
SPEAK
TOBUY
TOWORK
TOWALK
TO FINO
TOEAT
TO ORINK
TO REAO
TOSEE
TO GET
TOWRITE
TO SLEEP
TO LEAVE
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
TO
Emplase
basic actions
(tuspc)
(tu bai)
(tu urc)
(tu uc)
(tu find)
(tu -it) .
(tu drinc)
You
He
She
lt
We
You
They
caminAR
encontrAR
comER
= bebER
leER
vER
(tu
(tu
(tus
(tu
conseguIR
escribIR
guet)
rit)
l-ip)
l-iv)
en la accin inmediata
= querer
SPEAKS
SPEAKS
SPEAKS
SPEAK
SPEAK
SPEAK
English
Spanish
to me
to you
. to jne
English
Spanish
to me
a los siguientes
=
=
=
=
EJERCICIOS
saliR, dejAR
verbos:
Tomando
como gua los patrones
que aparecen arriba en la grfica
gativo.
Construya
las siguientes
in the office
in.school
every day.
every day.
in the factory
in school
at home
every day.
every day.
every day.
in school
at home
in English
every day.
every day.
every day.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 ..
u.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
anteriores,
cambie
al (l) interrogativo
oraciones
L Ricardo
=
=
36
[vri dei)
(nglish)
(spnish)
(in di fis)
(in di fctori)
(in scl)
(at jum)
(tu mi)
(tu i)
=
= dormIR
SPEAK
SPEAK
VOCABULARIO CON,FONTICA
Every day
English
Spanish
in the office
in the factory
in school
at home
to me
to you
hablAR
comprAR
trabajAR
(tu r-id)
(tu s-i)
To want
to (tu uanf tu)
To like
to (tu lic tu)
T a have
to (tu jav tu)
To intend to (tu intnd tu)
To need
to (tu ni-id t)
To expect to (tu expct tu)
To wish
to (tu wish tu)
Observe
in infi-
las oraciones
y (2) al neo
en ingls.
37
Advierta ahora que con el sujeto he, John, she o Mary, todas
las acciones en presente terminan en S cuando se afirma.
Observe ahajo, el uso de DOES para preguntar, as como
tambin la omisin de la S en los verbos, ya que sta pasa a
dicho
auxiliar.
DO
DO
DO
DO
no
eat
drinl
buy
. get
write
work
walk
sleep
read
see
leave
find
you
you
you
you
you
two eggs
some coffee
some clothes
some goods
some letters
in the office
to the office
in a bed
the newspaper
the people
home early
English
eat
drink
buy
get
write
two eggs
some coffee
some clothes
some goods
some letters
every day.
every morning.
every month.
every week.
every month.
every day.
every morning.
every nigh t.
every night.
every day.
every morning.
interesting.
every
every
every
every
every
day?
morning?
month?
week?
month?
He
John
She
Mary
He
John
She
Mary
DOES
DOES
DOES
DOES
DOES
DOES
DOES
DOES
eatS
drinkS
buyS
getS
writeS
workS
walkS
sleepS
he
John
she
Mary
he
John
she
Mary
eat
drink
buy
get
write
work
walk
sleep
two eggs
some coffee
some clothes
sorne goods
some letters
in the office
to the office
in a bed
two eggs
some coffee
some clothes
some goods
some letters
in the offi ce
lo the office
in a bed
every day,
every moming.
every month.
every week.
every month.
every day,
every morning.
every night.
every day?
every moming?
every month?
every week?
every month?
every day?
every morning?
every night?
..
Observe en estas oraciones negativas el empleo de DON'T
despus de 1, you, we, they y DOESN'T despus de he, she,
it. Advierta tambin any en lugar de sorne para negar y cuya
traduccin es: nada o ninguno(S).
I
You
We
They
You
He
Robert
She
Mary
John
DON'T
DON'T
DON'T
DON'T
DON'T
DOESN'T
DOESN'T
DOESN'T
DOESN'T
DOESN'T
eat
drink
buy
get
write
two
any
any
any
any
eat
drink
buy
get
write
eggs
coffee
clothes
goods
letters
two eggs
any coffee
any clothes
any goods
any letters
in
in
in
in
every day.
the morning.
New York.
Chicago.
the office.
every day.
in the morning.
in New York.
in Chicago
in the office
l.
2. ---_
3. -----
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. -
9. ---_
10.
Ll.. 1
14. Richard --
16. He ---17. 1
15. You --
NOTA:
__
__
18. You
19. Mary
20. 1
41
COLOR S
white
black
brown
green
blue
gray
yellow
pink
red
violet
(juit)
(blac)
(brun)
(griin)
(blu)
(grei)
(ilou)
(pinc)
(red)
(violet)
blanco
negro
caf
verde
azul
gris
= amarillo
rosado
rojo
morado
,.
He
They
AM
IS
. 'Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
(sondi)
(mondi)
(tisdei)
(unsdei)
(rrsde)
. (fridei)
(sturdei)
Spring
Summer
FalI
Autumn
Winter
(smer)
(foI)
(tom)
(unter)
primavera
verano
otoo
otoo
invierno
VERBOS EN INFINITIVO
to do
tu know
to come
to play
to stay
(tu
(tu
(tu
(tu
(tu
du)
nou)
com)
ple)
stei)
hacer
saber, conocer
venir
= jugar tocar un instrumento
p:rm'anecer, quedarse
ARE
IS
ARE
he
they
a student?
a teacher?
students?
Observe la posicin de AM, IS, ARE en la grfica de la izquierda, o sea en las afirmaciones, y comprese con la de la
derecha, es decir en las preguntas. Ntese en dicha comparacin que 1 y 2 (afirmaciones) se invierte a 2 y 1 (preguntas).
IS se emplea con he, she, it y ARE con you (singular), we,
you (plural), they .
, .....
...... (
He
They
is
are
NOT
NOT
NOT
despus de am,
a student.
a teacher.
students.
COMENTARIOS
Pueden asimismo emplearse las siguientes formas contradas:
I'm NOT, you're NOT, he's-N'I', she's NOT, it's NOT, we're
NOT, you're NOT (plural) y they're NOT.
En la forma afirmativa se emplean tambin dichas contracciones pero, claro est, prescindiendo de la partcula negativa
NOT: I'm, you're, he's, etc.
COMENTARIOS
AM
a siudent
a teacher
students
43
}
"
.l
busy.
My friend
Mary
Mr. Davies
Henry
IS
IS
from Chicago
friendly
busy
happy
My friends
Mary and Alice
Mr. Davies and 1
Henry and you
ARE
ARE
ARE
ARE
from Chicago
friendly
busy
happy
15
15
....
{
I
COMENTARIOS
Aqu se utiliza IS cuando el sujeto es uno y referente a una
tercera persona o cosa. En cambio, si hay ms de un sujeto
debe emplearse ARE.
NURSE
enfermera
TYF'JST
mecangrafa (o)
LAWYER
abogado
ENGlNEER = ingeniero
THESAME = lo mismo
DIFFERENT
diferente
FRIENDS
amigos
NElGHBORS
vecinos
RELATIVES
parientes
THIS
esto, ste
THAT
eso, aquello
ONLY
slo, solamente
Otrosejemplos ilustrativos:
Mary is my friend
She's a nurse
She's not a typist
(Mara es mi amiga)
(Ella es enfermera)
(Ella no es mecangrafa)
Is John a lawyer?
He's not a lawyer
He's an! engineer
Are we neighborsl
We're not neighbrs
WeJre friends-
(Somos vecinos? )
(No somos vecinos)
(Somos amigos)
PRCTICA
Con el objeto de forzar una alternativa entre el uso de AM,IS y
ARE; frmense afirmaciones y preguntas con las palabras que a
continuacin hemos enumerado. Ejemplo: 1.- 1, a studentt 1 AM a
.student, AM 1a student?
1..
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1, a student
y ou, my friend
Mr. Davies, my teacher
The student, busy
Americans, friendly
They, busy
Henry, from Chicago
'" .
An apple
una lWImana
45
'.
VOCABULARIO CON FONTICA
Mexican
American
European
man
men
woman
women
boy
girl
handsome
pretty
good-Iooking
beautiful
nice
young
old
tall
short
fat
thin
wide
narrow
expensive
cheap
nurse
typist
lawyer
engineer
the sarne
different
friends
friendly
neighbors
relatives
this
that
only
happy
from
.(mxican)
(amrican)
(iropean)
(man)
(men)
(uman)
(umen)
(boi)
(guerl)
(jndsom)
(prti)
(gud lquing)
(bitiful)
(nis)
(ing)
(old)
(tal)
(short)
(fat)
(Zin)
(uid)
(nrrou)
(expnsiv)
(chip)
(ners)
(tipist)
(lier)
(nyinir)
(di seim)
(dferent)
(frnds)
(frndli)
(nibors)
(rlativs)
(dis)
(dat)
(onli)
(jpi)
(from)
= mexicano (a)
= americano (a)
= europeo (a)
= hombre
= hombres
= mujer
= mujeres
= muchacho
= muchacha
= bien parecido, guapo
= bonita (o)
= agraciado (a), bien parecido
= bello (a), hermoso (a)
= agradable, simptico (a)
= joven (es)
= viejo (a) (s)
= alto (a) (05)( as)
= bajo (a)(os) (as)
= gordo (a) (os) (as)
= delgado (a) (os) (as)
= ancho (a) (os) (as)
=: angosto (a)( os)( as)
= caro (a) (os)( as)
= barato (a) (os) (as)
= enfermera
= mecangrafa (o )
= abogado
= ingeniero
= lo mismo
= diferente
= amigos
= amigable, amistoso
= vecinos
= parientes, familiares
= esto, este
AM
IS
ARE
3
spealtING
eatING
readlNG
AM
IS
1
he
they
ARE
3
speaklNG?
eatlNG?
readlNG?
COMENTARIOS
(a)
46
i..
JI>.
Observe el cambio de posicin de los factores 1 y 2 del afirmativo a 2 y 1 del interrogativo, o sea que en este ltimo,
AM, IS, ARE, se anteponen a 1, he, they.
Ntese asimismo en el factor 3 de ambas formas, que a los
verbos en su forma simple [speak, eat, read), se agrega la terminacin ING la cual equivale en castellano a las desinencias
ando o iendo: hablando, comiendo ..
1
~
1
'"
Observe en esta forma negativa la partcula not inmediatamente despus de las formas contradas I'm, he 's, they re,
etc.
1'M
He'S
They'RE
not
not
not
speaklNG.
eatlNG.
readlNG.
COMENTARIOS
Advierta tambin la terminacin ING (ando o iendo) aadida
a speak, eat, read, etc,
47
CONVERSATION
-WHAT ARE YOU DOING NOW?
( Qu est Ud. haciendo ahora? )
-1 AM DOING MY HOMEWORK
(Estoy haciendo mi tarea)
-YES, IT IS
(S)
-HE IS PLAYING
(l est jugando)
Prctica 1
Cambie las siguientes oraciones a la forma lNG.
1.
2.
3.
4..
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
lO.
n.
12.
13.
14.
15.
I speak English.
You work in the office.
George writes letters.
We Iisten.to the teacher,
It rains very hard,
The students read the lesson.
Richard plays in the yard.
y ou drink sorne coffee,
They sleep in the bedroorn.
Alice eats an apple,
1 run in tite yard.
The girl sweeps Lhefloor.
You huy shoes,
John comes here.
Peter and Rohert do their home-work,
49
$
I
Prctica 2
Ahora cambie cada una de estas 15 oraciones a la forma
tiva y despus a la negativa. Emplee la forma [NG_
interroga-
!
'lo
!,
grand-son
daughter
grand-daughter
brother
sister
uncle
aunt
cousin
husband
wife
brother-in-law
"sister-in-law
father-in-law
mother-in-law
son-in-law
daughter-in-law
(mmbers)
(fmili)
(fder)
(grand-fder)
(mder)
(grand-mder)
(son)
(grand-son)
(dter)
(grand-dter)
(brder)
(sister)
( ncol)
(ont)
( csin)
(jsband)
(uif)
(brder-in-l)
(s ster -in-l )
(fder-in-I)
(mder-in-l)
(son-in-l)
( dter -in-I )
miembros,
familia
padre
abuelo
madre
abuela
hijo
nieto
hija
nieta
hermano
hermana
to
ta
primo (a)
esposo
esposa
cuado
cuada
suegro
suegra
yerno
nuera
socios
(frend)
(nemi)
(bo i-frend )
(guerl-frend)
(fians)
(fians)
( suit-jarts)
==
::::
(rnrrid)
(sngol)
( divorst)
50
amigo (a)
enemigo (a)
novio (no oficial), amigo
novia (no oficial), amiga
prometido
prometida
(pronnciese
novios
casado, casados
soltero, solteros; sencillo
divorciado (a)
( spareited)
(tuguder)
( eich)
(okiupshien)
(rilyien)
( czolic)
(prtestant)
(yish)
(uld)
(Iier)
(Io-fis}
( tecnshians)
(emplies)
(emplier)
( vsitors)
(brding-jaus)
(fin)
(sic)
(juat part)
(juats)
(amrican)
(concm)
(alun)
(born)
what's
American
concem
alone
bom
==
=
=
=
=
=
==
==
==
==
=
==
=
=
=
separados (as)
juntos (as)
edad
ocupacin
religin
catlico (a)
protestante
judo (a)
viejo (a)
abogado
bufete
tcnicos
empleados
el que d empleo
visitantes
casa de huspedes, pensin
fino, bien de salud
~nfermo(a)
CW parte
what is (qu es o est)
americano (a)
compaa, firma
solo (a)
nacido
EXPRESIONES IDIOMTICAS
years.old
SEGUNDO VOCABULARIO
Friend
enemy
boy-friend
girl-friend
fianc
fiance
sweet-hearts
married
single
divorced
separated
together
age
occupation
religion
catholic
protestant
jewish
old
lawyer
law-office
technicians
employees
employer
visitors
boarding-house
fine
sick
what part
----rwas
igual)
-.::
y ou were
She was
We were
They were
born
.
bom
.
born
.
horno ..
born ...
=
=
Cuntos
aos tiene Ud? (Literal:
cmo viejo es Ud?
yo tengo veinte aos (Lit: soy veinte
aos viejo)
~C~ntO&. aos tiene l?
el llene diez aos
~Dnde naci Ud.? (Lit:
dnde
fue Ud. nacido? )
Yo nac (Lit: yo fui nacido.' .. )
T naciste
Ella naci
Nosotros nacimos
Ellos (as) nacieron
En qu ao naci l?
En qu da nac yo?
51
Adjetivos posesivos
frends
Pronombres posesivos
MY
(mai)=mi
YOUR (ir) = tu o su
HIS
HER
ITS
\,
I
MINE (min)=mo
YOURS (irs) = tuyo, suyo (de
usted)
= suyo (de l)
= suyo (de ella)
= suyo (del neutro)
OURS (urs) = de nosotros
YOURS (irs) =de vos. o de
ustedes.
THEIRS (ders) =de ellos(as)
(jis) = su (de l)
HIS
(jer) = su (de ella)
HERS
(its) = su (del neutro) ITS
(jis)
(jers)
( its)
COMENTAR]OS
Artculos determinados
Artculos indeterminados
la, lo (sing) A
( ei)
=un, una
unas
(algo, algn,
algunos( as)
PRACTICA
Practique el posesivo sajn traduciendo al ingls las siguientes oraciones:
1. El libro de mi padre.
11. La cuada de mi hermana.
2. La madre de mi esposa.
12. La suegra de mi primo.
3. Los amigos de mi hermano.
13. El yerno de mi padre.
4. El auto de Juan.
14. La nuera de mi madre.
5. El hermano de Elena.
15. El sobrino de Mara.
6. La hermana de Pedro.
16. La sobrina de Ricardo.
7. Un da de trabajo.
17. El nieto de mi hermano.
18. La nieta de mi hermana.
8. La ta de Carlos.
9. El to de Alicia .
19. Los nietos de mis padres.
10 . EI suego de mi hermano.
20. La casa de Pedro.
52
Adjetivos demo.,trativos
,
1
'1.
THIS
(dis)
= este, esta,
esto
Singu-
lares
THOSE = esos(as)
(dat)
(dus)
esa o aquella.
53
aquellos( as)
EJERCICIOS
WHOSE (jus)
Le-a primeramente cada una de las siguientes oraciones en voz alta y
a continuacin cmbielas oralmente a las formas negativas, e interrogativas.
This is my book.
These are my books.
These books are mine.
ste es mi libro.
stos son mis libros.
Estos libros son mos,
That is my pencil,
Those are my pencils.
Those pencils are mine.
se es mi lpiz.
tj:sos son mis lpices.
Esos lpices son mos.
ste es tu cuaderno.
stos son tus cuadernos.
Estos cuadernos son tuyos.
de quin, de quines
de quin es este libro?
de quines son estos libros?
CONVERSATION
Aqul es su habitante,
Aqullos son sus habitantes.
Aquellos habitantes son de la
ciudad de Mxico.
City,
,Jes
t"
k }\::-K?Q-t\\
'}\.. \ (j_"I_
o; ~09~
54
t.C:;?
/zfJ--
r) (v?-.::-V'>ln<2
-THAT'S YOURS
(Es tuyo)
1 Pronnciese irriser.
2 Pronnciese injbitant.
'v"\..,(q,
) :'OSE'=J
)0
. J
-IT'SMINE
(Es mo)
JE(j.J[~
{J)
S5
pI
\.....(,.'1
\\";''-\
I
/:,1, / I(-ro
u.:.
(., '\.11 O \.'JI
.,
-TRAT'S YOURS
(Es de ustedes)
You
He
We
They
WAS
WERE
WAS
WERE
WERE
3
sick
rich
busy
here
poor
2
WAS
WERE
WAS
WERE
WERE
yesterday
before
yesterday
yesterday
before
1
1
you
he
Wf'
they
3
sick?
rich?
busy?
here?
poor?
-THEY'RE THEIRS
(Son de ellos)
-WHOSE CAR IS THAT?
(De quin es ese auto? )
COMENT ARIOS
.....
-IT'S HENRY'S
(Es de Enrique)
-WHOSE THINGS ARE THOSE?
(De quines son aquellas cosas? )
-THEY'RE SUSAN'S AND MARY'S
(Son de Susana y Mara)
You
He
They
-IT'S MY FATHER'S
(Es de mi padre)
was
were
was
were
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
sick
rich
busy
here
yesterday;
before.
yesterday.
yesterday.
COMENTARIOS
Pueden asimismo emplearse las siguientes formas contradas:
1 wasN'T, you wereN'T (singular y plural), he wasN'T, she
wasN'T, it wasN'T, we wereN'T, they wereN'T.
En la forma afirmativa no existen contracciones.
56
57
.\,
1
My friend
Mary
He
Mr. Davies
WAS
WAS
WAS
WAS
WAS
very tired
very sick
very happy
veryangry
very busy
yesterday.
yesterday.
yesterday.
We
My friends
Mary and Alice
They
Henry and you
WER,E
WERE
WERE
WERE
WERE
very tired
very happy
yesterday:
EMPLEO
1
You
He
They
WAS
WERE
WAS
WERE
speaklNG
sleepING
eatING
readlN6
WAS
WERE
WAS
WERE
you
he
they
3
speakING?
sleepING?
eatING?
readlNG?
yesterday:
yesterday:
COMENTARIOS
very sick
veryangry
very busy
Observe el cambio de posicin de los factores 1 y 2 del afirmativo a 2 y 1 correspondientes al inte.rrogativo, o sea que en
este ltimo WAS y WERE se anteponen a los sujetos 1, you,
sesterday.
yesterday:
yesterday,
he, tkey.
I\tese asimismo
yesterday.
COMENT ARIOS
Aqu se emplea W AS en tiempo pasado cuando el sujeto es
uno o referente a una persona o cosa. En cambio, si hay ms
de un sujeto debe emplearse WERE.
Prctica
Con el objeto de forzar una alternativa entre el empleo de WAS o
WERE, frmense afirmaciones y preguntas que a continuacin hemas enumerado. Ejemplo: 1, a student before: I WAS a student
before. WAS 1a student before?
L
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1, student befare.
8. We, in fue office yesterday.
you, my friend before.
9. Mary, tired yesterday,
Mr. Davies, my teacher before. 10. Mary and Alice, friends before,
The students, busy yesterday. "11. 1, in fue office yesterday,
American, friendly yesterday.
12. y ou, an English teaeher hefore.
They, busy before,
13. It, cold yesterday.
Henry, happy yesterday.
14. Susan, pretty befare.
58
J.
Observe en esta forma negativa la contraccin N'T (not) inmedia.tamente despus de los verbos en pasado WAS y
JfERE:
u;.asn'f
1
You.
Re
They
were not.
speaklNG.
sleepING.
.eatlNG.
readlNG.
COMENTARIOS
(ando o iendo) aadida
59
CONVERSATION
l.
-YES,lT
(S)
WAS
-1 WAS RESTING
(Yo estaba descansando)
WAS
60
ti
Prctica 1
Cambie estas oraciones en presente progresivo al pasado progresivo.
Agregue la palabra yesterday al final de cada oracin.
L Mary is sleeping.
2. What is Mary doing?
3. What are the boys doing?
61
4, 1 am reading a book,
5,
6.
7.
8.
9.
lO.
ll.
12.
13.
14.
15.
ro
Hay agua
Hay mucha gente
Prctica
No hay agua
No haba gente
Maana no habr juego de pelota
sick yesterday.
you
5. I
Q.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ll.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1f
17.
18
19:
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
2t).
62
ro
THERE---
63
100S
CONVERSATION
There are not many people here } No hay mucha gente aqu
[There aren 1; many people here)
There Wll$ not a boy in school
(There wasn't a boy in school)
There were not many boys in school
(There weren 't many boys in school)
t No
haba un muchacho en la
r escuela
Sin embargo existen algunos casos en que la part cul~ NO.se e~plea
en lugar de NOT, ocurriendo esto cuando un sustantivo sigue mmediatamente despus de la negacin. Ejemplos:
There is NO sugar today
There are NO houses here
No haba telfono
No haban telfonos
ro
= Hubo un ac
cidente aqu?
= Haban muo
chos nios en clase ayer?
64
I Usase el artculo indeterminado an (en vez de 'a] en los sustantivos que empiezan con vocal: an apple (una manzana), an orange
(una naranja), an accident (un accidente), etc.
EJERCICIOS
(Presente) -::-_---,
__
.
Mexico?
the re many
sch 00 l s an d universities
in
(Futuro)
There
(Presente)
There
(Pasado)
.
there an Aztec temple where the Metropolitan Cathedral is standing now?
(Futuro)
(Pasado)
There
(Presente)
There
(Presente)
There
(Pasado)
There
(Pasado)
There
(Presente)
There
(Futuro)
There
l
l'
-THERE WILL BE
A BIRTHDAY
PARTY
(Pasado)
(Presente)
(Presente)
(Futuro)
(Pasado)
(Pasado)
66
There
Advierta ahora en estas preguntas que AM, IS, ARE se anteponen a los sujetos I, you, he, etc.
Note tambin que la forma
COINC TO no vara de posicin
con respecto a las afirmaciones.
AM
You're
He's
She's
1t's
We're
You're
They're
I'm
ARE
1
you
GOING TO sleep?
GOING TO work?
GOlNG TO eat
GOING TO read
GOING 2'0 rain
IS
IS
IS
he
she
it
GOING TO eat?
GOING TO read?
GOING TO rain?
GOING TO dance
GOING TO rest
study
GOING
ARE
ARE
ro
we
GOING TO dance?
you GOING TO rest?
ARE they GOING TO study?
CONVERSATION
i
~
t
-'
,
Ntese ahora la partcula NOT inmediatamente despus de
las contracciones l'm, he 's, we're, they're, etc. para formar las
negaciones. La forma going to y los verbos en su forma smple conservan su misma posicin.
I'm
He's
It's
We're
Theyre
NOT
NOT
NOT
going to
going to
going to
sleep.
eat.
rain.
NOT
NOT
going to
going to
dance.
study.
I
\
COMENTARIOS
Asimismo pueden emplearse las contracciones negativas isn't
y aren't antes de going too
I'm going to sleep = Voy a dormir (Estoy yendo a dormir:
literal)
2 You're going to work ::::Ud. va a trabajar (Ud. est yendo
a trabajar: literal)
1
68
ro
EAT FOR
69
\
-1 AM GOING TO STAy THREE MONTHS
(Voy a permanecer tres meses)
-WHAT IS MR. MURRAY GOING TO SPEAK ABOUT IN THE
MEETING?
(De qu va a hablar el Sr. Murray en la junta? )
Prctica 1
Cambie las siguientes oraciones a la forma GOING TO. Aada la
palabra now al final de cada oracin.
L
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
ro WORK TOMORROW?
(Va Ud. a trabajar maana? )
i1
l
v
f
l
,.
70
\_
\
71
MODO IMPERATIVO
Prctica
Formule preguntas que contesten a las cuatro afirmaciones abajo
enumeradas y de acuerdo con las palabras interrogativas aqu em-
plearlas.
-------------
Infinitivo
Who
__
Where.
__
When
, ?
Wbrt
___
~bo
~nen
---------
To speak
to eat
to come
to wait
to read
to write
to walk
to look
Imperativo
(hablar)
(comer)
(venir)
(esperar)
(leer)
(escribir)
(caminar)
(mirar)
~h~
___
~no
__
~nrt
?
?
-1. The boys are going to play base-hall in the yard now.
~o
What
Where
When
~
~~
------------------------_
72
__
(hable, habla)
(coma, come)
(venga, ven)
(espere, espera)
(lea, lee)
( escriba, escribe)
( camine, camina)
(mire, mira)
~nen
SPEAK
EAT
COME
WAIT
READ
WRITE
WALK
LOOK
speak
No hable
eat
No coma
come
No venga
wait
No espere
read
No lea
write
No escriba
walk
No camine
look
No mire
DON'T
?
73
USO DE LET'S
speak
Hablemos
eat
Comamos
come
Vengamos
wait
Esperemos
read
Leamos
write
Escribamos
walk
Caminemos
look
Miremos
LET'S
Prctica
Practique el Modo Imperativo construyendo
oraciones.
1. Venga ac.
2. Practiquemos ms ingls.
3. Ve a la escuela ahora.
4. Cierre la puerta.
5. Abra la puerta.
6. Sentmonos aqu.
7. Esprame un momento.
8. Esperemos nuestro autobs aqu
9. Sintese, por favor.
.
10. No fume, por favor.
11. No comas demasiado.
12. No comamos en ese restaurant.
13. No manejes demasiado rpido.
14. No juguemos en la calle.
15. No hables en la clase.
16. No hablemos en la clase.
17. No vayas a ese lugar.
18. No vayamos al cine esta noche.
19. No me esperes, por favor.
20. No corramos en la casa.
LE T' S N01'
speak
No hablemos
eat
No comamos
come
No vengamos
wait
No esperemos
read
No leamos
write
No escribamos
walk
No caminemos
look
No miremos
74
75
Observe ahora en esta forma negativa la partcula NOT despus de con, as como la carencia de to en los verbos en
infinitivo drive, read, swim, etc.
b
EMPLEO DEL VERBO AUX ILIAR CAN
PARA EXPRESAR HABILIDAD EN TIEMPO PRESENTE
Observe aqu que CAN denota po~er o ~obilidad .. ~tese
tambin que inmediatamente despues de dicho a~xlhar,.los
verbos estn en su forma simple (drive
manejar, sWlm
= nadar) etc., pero sin la partcula "to": 1 con speak
yo
puedo hablar.
. .
.
En las preguntas solamente se invierte el sujeto (1) con el
auxiliar (con). Vase.la grfica de la derecha y comprese con
la de la izquierda.
You
CAN drive
CAN read
CAN
CAN you
now
now
drioe
reod
now?
now?
He
She
CAN swim
CAN sing
now
now
CAN
CAN
he
she
swim
sing
now?
now?
They
CAN
write
now
CAN
they
write
now?
COME 'TAR.lOS
El auxiliar CAN se emplea con todos los sujetos o pro~ombres personales. Adems es muy importan~e que se ad.Vle.rta
que despus de este auxiliar se omite la partfcula to del infinitivo, as como tambin que no lleva S en las tres terc~ras
personas del singular: he, she, it, por ser un verbo defectivo.
con
can
NOT
NOT
drive
reod
now.
now.
He
She
can
can
NOT
NOT
swim
sing
now.
now.
They
can
NOT
write
now.
COMENTARIOS
Se puede emplear asimismo CAN'T que es la contraccin de
can noto Ejemplos: we CAN'T speak English, John CAN'T eat
fish, etc.
Observe la posicin de CAN (poder) en las preguntas y note las
respuestas breves. Compare adems el empleo de can con el de do y
does.
DO
you
Yes, 1
DO
CAN
CAN
you
you
speak
see
Yes, 1
No, I
CAN
CANNOT
CAN
John
come
Yes, he
CAN
CAN
CAN
Mary
1
go
see
CAN
CAN
CAN
we
you
they
leaoe
arrice
arrice
CAN
CAN
CAN
CAN
CAN
they
work
you
work
1
eat
the boybuy
the girl leaue
later?
DOES John
76
You
earIy todoy?
here soon?
in the office
on time?
efficiently?
efficiently?
pork-meat?
cigarettes?
the house alone?
smoke pipe?
they
we
you
he
she
No, he
77
CAN
CAN
CAN"!'
CAN'T
cAN"T
DOESN'T
COMPARANDO
ro
Observe la partcula
despus
WANT, as como la S de wants
he, she, it.
Patrones:
yOIi
tell me how
Puede
Ud:' decirme
dn
de ... ?
Puede
Ud.
decirme
como ... ?
Puede
Ud. decirme a qu
hora ... ?
You
WANT
WANT
He
She
WANTS togo
to Florida
WANTS to come to Mexico
It
WANTS to eat
We
WANT
You WANT
They WANT
ro co
to speak English
to travel a lo!
ro
Note la carencia de
despus de CAN y la supresin
de la S correspondiente
a
he, she, it.
1
You
He
She
CANgo
home now
CAN come here every
day
Jt
CAN eat
meat every
day
We
CAN drink some rnlk
You CAN get
ajob now
They CAN buy
cothes
now
CONVERSATION
=.
de
en
CAN I do
CAN [go
CAN[get
CAN Lsee
CAN Lsee
CAN I come
CAN I Ieeue
leam that?
down town?
to
there 800n1
you tomorrow?
you again?
here lomorrow?
here?
over there?
in Chicago?
Y ou CAN
You CAN
You CAN
'y ou CAN
Y ou CAN
You CAN
y ou CAN
it
take a bus
toke a taxi
see me here
see me tomorrow
come al five
leove through
there
y ou CAN buy a dozen
y ou CAN stoy a month
practice
a encontrar
una calle)
78
79
r -----I
-YOU CAN CATCH IT AT THE NEXT CORNER
(Ud. puede tomarlo en la esquina prxima)
80
Formule preguntas que contesten a las cinco afirmaciones enurneradas abajo y de acuerdo con las palabras interrogativas aqu empleadas,
L Henry is writing a letter to his parents now.
What
__
Who
__
81
?
?
Towhom
When
t..
Where
)-
When
"
What
Who
}.
What
Who
Where
When
COULD
COULD
COULD
COULD
before
before
before
before
swim
drive
sing
dance
COULD
COULD
COULD
COULD
1
he
we
they
swim
drive
sing
dance
before
before
before
before
COMENTARIOS
El auxiliar COULD se emplea con todos los sujetos o pronombres personales cuando se quiere expresar la forma en
pasado de can. Adems, despus de dicho auxiliar nunca se
emplea la partcula to en el verbo en infinitivo que a continuacin le suceda.
Who
Where
What
When
Observe ahora en esta forma negativa la partcula NOT despus de COULD, as como la carencia de to en los verbos en
infinitivo swim (nadar), drive (manejar), sing (cantar), dance
(bailar).
1
He
We
They
What
Who
Where
!
\
82
could
could
could
could
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
swim
drive
sing
dance
before.
before.
before.
before.
COMENTARIOS
asimismo COULDN'T que es la forma contrada de
could noto Ejemplos: 1 COULDN'T speak English before,
Mary COULDN'T dance very well hefore, we COULDN'T
travel before, etc.
Emplase
83
CONVERSATION
-WHAT COULD YOU DO YES1'ERDA Y?
( Qu pudo Ud. hacer a-yer? )
- YES, HE COULD
(S)
-YES, 1COULD
(S, s pude)
-NO, HE COULDN'T
(No, no pudo)
Prctica
>
85
2. 1
3.
4. Mary
\ ..
'1.He
5. My father
6. ____
7. We
8. 1
9. They
10. ____
11. --_-
14. ____
17. The
day
Mary
-They
_____
_____
1..
.J ohn
.Alice
19. ----
every
_____
yOU.
'
r
,
.1
not drive a car yet.
__
secretary
Alice
18. ____
20. Henry
15. \Ve
16. 1
....,
12. Susan
13. 1
"
_____
j"
86
IF
\~
(ynueri)
(fbrueri)
(march)
(iprol)
(mei)
(yun)
(yuli)
(gost)
(septmber)
(octber)
(novmber)
(dismber)
= Enero
= febrero
= marzo
= abril
= mayo
= junio
= julio
= agosto
= septiembre
= octubre
= noviembre
= diciembre
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
He
We
They
herself
itself
(maiseIf)
(iorself)
(jimself)
(jerself)
(itself)
WILL
WILL
WILL
WILL
BE
BE
BE
BE
2
at home
rich
in Chicago
of age '
soon
soan
soon
soon
WILL
BE?
WILL he
BE?
WILL we
BE?
WILL they BE?
COMENTARIOS
1,
Singulares
Myself
Yourself
himself
= yo mismo
= Ud. mismo
= l mismo
== ella misma
= ello mismo (impersonal
1.
Plurales
Ourselves
yourselves
themselves
NOTA: Themselves
( aurselvs)
(iorselvs)
(demselvs)
1
He
They
= nosotros mismos
= Uds. mismos
= Ellos (as) mismos
will
will
will
NOT
NOT
NOT
be
be
be
at home
rich
of age
S'OOR_.
soon.
soon.
!1\
COMENTARIOS
.,
1. of age
88
89
(literalmente: de edad)
CONVERSATION
EMPLEO
CONSTRUIR
SE'
1
You
WILL
WILL
speak
eat
WILL
WILL
1
you
speak?
eat?
He
We
They
WILL
WILL
WILL
go
come
travel
WILL
WILL
WILL
he
we
they
go?
come?
travel?
l
1.
COMENTARIOS
El verbo auxiliar WILL se emplea con todos l~s su~eto~ o
renombres personales y para formar el futuro
e to ,os os
~erbos en ingls, exceptuando por supuesto a los d)emas ver..
bos auxiliares,
t al es como can (poder) , must (deber,
d 1'11etc.
(1 will)
Asimismo pueden emplearse las formas contra! a~
you'U; he'l/, she'U, it'll, v:e'l/, you'l1, they'll. Ejemplo: It 11
rain (it will rain) = llover.
t
\..
will
will
will
will
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
speak
go
come
traoel
COMENT ARIOS
Asimismo se puede emplear WON T, forma contrada dewil1
not con todos los sujetos o pronombres personales. Ejemplo~: I WON T speak (no hablar), you WON T eat (no co.mers), he WON T go (l 110 ir), they WON T traoel (no VIajarn), etc.
90
'
Advierta ahora en esta grfica la partcula NOT inmediatamente despus del auxiliar will para construir la forma negativa..
J
She
We
They
-,
91
VERBOS REGULARES
WILL
Denomnanse
"VERBOS
REGULARES"
aquellos cuyo Pasado y
Participio Pasado se construye aadiendo ED al infinitivo exento de
la partcula to, o sea el verbo en su forma original, ejemplo:
O'CLOCK
BUY A CAR?
un auto? )
INFINITIVO
guIares.
WILL NOT
WORK
+ ED
goes to school.
= WORKED(trabaj),
grficamente
cmo
WORKED (trabajado)
al futuro
que
variacin
es caraclerstica
especial de todos
alguna con ninguna de las personas
>
lt
estos
o su.
interrogativo
WORKED
We
You
'.
92
ED
He
She
They
Prctica 2
oracin
(Y O trabajo)
(Yo trabaj)
(yo he trabajado)
You
cada
y observemos
1-
cambie
NOTA:
La terminacin
verbos no sufre
jetos
Despus
Ejemplo:
Pasado y Participio
work
worked
1llave worked
Practique
el auxiliar wi/l cambiando
al futuro las oraciones siguientes. Aada al final de cada oracin palabras como tomarraw, next
week, next year, next Saturday, etc.
J ohn
WON'T)
(YOU
Prctica 1
3.
+ ED
-WILL
-NO, YOU
(No)
sin to
y negalivo:
Obsrvese en la pronunciacin
de WORKED que la e es muda (como
en la mayora de los verbos regulares) y la d adquiere el sonido de t.
El cambio de sonido en esta consonante
es con el fin de dar a la
palabra ms eufona y al mismo tiempo facilitar su pronunciacin.
Repita varias veces la palabra WORKED pronuncindola
urct.
93
to come
toget
tobuy
to tell
to leave
to hear
toknow
lo sleep
lo have
todo
to read
lo write
togive
to bring
lo take
tofind
to be
Pasado
Afirmativo
Pasado Interrogativo
SPOKE (spuc)
SAW (so)
ATE (eit)
DRANK (dranc)
WENT (unt)
CAME (kim)
GOT (got)
BOUGHT (bot)
TOLD (tuld)
LEFT (Ieft)
HE ARO (jerd)
KNEW (ni)
SLEPT (slpt)
HAO (jad)
DIO (did)
REAO (red)
WROTE (rut)
GAVE (guiv)
BROUGHT (brot)
TOOK (tuc)
FOUNO (fund)
was
were
Pasado
Negativo
Observemos primeramente que el verbo se emplea en su forma en pasado nicamente en el pasado afirmativo, tanto en
los verbos regulares como irregulares.
dd not see
did not eat
did not drink
dd nolgo
did not come
did notget
dd not buy
dd not tell
did not leave
dd not hear
dd not know
did not sleep
dd not have
dd notdo
did notread
did not write
did notgive
did not bring
did not take
di notfind
I
You
SPOKE
SAW
to Mary
Richard
yesterday
yesterday
He
She
ATE
WROTE
chicken
a letter
yesterday
yesterday
They
WORKEO
hard
COMENTARIOS
Las terceras personas del singular he, she, it nunca llevan s en
los verbos en pasado, ya sean regulares o irregulares. Ejemplos: It RAINED yesterday = llovi ayer; J ohn DRANK
some coffee last night = Juan bebi caf anoche; Alice
SLEPT five hours last night
Alicia durmi cinco horas
anoche; We WENT to the theater last night = Fuimos al teatro anoche, etc.
;
lf
could
can
could (someone)?
could not
l
I
!.\.
.1:
i.
94
yesterday
s,
95
speak to Mary.
DID T
DID you see Richard?
You
chcken?
DlD he eat
DID she write a letter?
He
She
chicken.
DIDNOT eat
DID NOT write a letter.
COMENTARIOS
Tambin se puede emplear DIDN'T, que es la contra~cin de
did not en la forma negativa. Ejemplos: John DIDN T buy a
car last week = Juan no compr un auto la semana pasada;
we DIDN'T go to the theater last night = No fuimos al teatro anoche, etc.
What
What
What
What
What
What
DID
DID
DID
DID
DID
DID
you
buy?
John eat?
Mary see?
they read?
1
write?
get?
Joe
1
He
She
They
You
He
BOUCHT
ATE
SAW
READ
WROTE
COT
a caro
a banana.
a picture.
the news.
a leUer.
ajobo
Where
Where
Where
Where
DID
DID
DlD
DID
Frank
you
Lucy
you
go? .
work?
live?
study?
He
l
She
We
WENT
WORKED
LIVED
STUDIED
to the movies.
in the bank.
in New York.
in London,
When
When
When
When
When
When
DID
DID
DID
DID
DID
DID
John
they
1
Mary
we
Frank
come?
finish?
pay?
arrive?
call?
he
They
You
She
You
He
CAME
FINISHED
PAID
LEFT
ARRIVED
CALLEO
yesterday.
last week.
last month.
last Monday.
last Sunday.
one hour ago.
Whom
Whom
Whom
Whom
Whom
DID
DID
DID
DID
DID
you
he
they
Frank
John
speak?
give it?
bring it.
love?
kiss?
1
He
They
He
He
SPOKE
CAVE
BROUCHT
LOVED
KISSED
to Charles.
it to me.
it to Helen.
Alice.
his mother
leaue?
Prctica
Cmbiense estas preguntas y respuestas en pasadg,a)a forma negativa, tambin en tiempo pasado. Use la contracin de DID NOT.
Ejemplos:
1 DIDN'T buy a car
He DIDN'T eat a banana, etc.
Despus lalas en voz alta.
97
96
Tobuy
to bring
to Ihink
to seek
lo fighl
(tu
(tu
(tu
(tu
(tu
lo
lo
to
to
(bol)
(brot)
(zol)
(SOl)
(fol)
comprar-compr
traer -trajo
pensar-pens
buscar-busc
pelear-pele'
(Iuspic)
(tu brc)
(tuslil)
(tu chus)
SPOKE
BROKE
510LE
CHOSE
(spuc)
(bruc)
(stul)
(chus)
hablar -habl
lowrite
todrive
to ride
(tu rit)
(tu driv)
(tu raid)
WROTE
DROVE
RO DE
(rut)
(druv)
(rud)
escribir-escribi
manejar-manej
montar-mont
to sleep
to keep
to sweep
to feel
to leave
lomeel
(tuslip)
(tu kip)
(tu suip)
(tu fiil)
(Iu liv)
(Iu mil)
SLEPT
KEPT
SWEPT
FELT
LEFT
MET
(slpt)
(kpt)
(supl)
(fell)
(left)
(mel)
dormir-durmi
guardar-guard
barrer-barri
sentir-sinti
salirsali
encontrarse-se encontr
lodrink
lo begin
toswim
lo sing
lo ring
tu run
lo sil
(Iu drinc)
(Iu bigun)
(Iusum)
(Iu sing)
(tu ring)
(tu ron)
(Iu sil)
DRANK
BEGAN
SWAM
SANG
RANG
RAN
SAT
(dranc)
(bign)
(sum)
(sang)
(rang)
(ran)
(sal)
beber-bebi
empezar-empez
nadar-nad
cantar-cant
.toear-toe (timbre o campana)
correr-corri
lo know
lo grow
to throw
loblow
lo fly
(tu
(tu
(tu
(Iu
(Iu
KNEW
GREW
THREW
BLEW
FLEW
(ni)
(gr)
(zr)
(bl)
(f1)
losend
lo spend
(Iu send)
(Iuspnd)
SENT
SPENT
(senl)
(spenl)
enviar-envi
gastar-gast
nu)
gru)
zru)
blu)
flai)
romper-rompi
robar-rob
escoger-escogi
sentarse-se sent
GAVE
FORGAVE
FORBADE
(guiv)
(forguiv)
(forbid)
dar-dio
perdonar-perdon
prohibir.prohibi
loget
to forget
(Iuguel)
(Iu forgut)
GOT
FORGOT
(gol)
(forgl)
conseguir-consigui
olvidar-olvid
lo leU
lo seU
(tu
TOLO
SOLO
(Iuld)
(suld)
decir-dijo
vender-vendi
lo wear
to tear
(tu uar]
(Iu lar)
WORE
TORE
(uor)
(Ior)
lo stand
lo undersland
(Iuslnd)
(tu onderstand]
5100D
UNDERS.
TOOD
(std]
(onderstd)
lo leaeh
lo catch
(tu tich)
(Iu eateh)
TAUGHT
CAUGHT
(101)
(col)
ensear-ense
atrapar-atrap
lo lake
(tu tie]
TOOK
(Iuc)
tomar-tom,
lo shake
lo wake
(tu shic)
(tu uie)
SHOOK
WOKE
(shuc)
(uc)
agilar.agil
despertar-despert
tosay
to pay
(tu sei)
(Iu pei]
SAID
PAID
(sed)
(pid)
decir-dijo
pagar-pag
lohang
to swing
(tu jang)
(Iu sung)
HUNG
SWUNG
(jong)
(sung)
colgar-eolg
balancear -balance
lo hold
lo fall
(Iujuld)
(tu fol)
HELD
FELL
(jeld)
(fel)
sostener-sostuvo
caer-cay
to
win
lo shine
(Iu un)
(tu shin)
WON
SHONE
(un)
(shon)
ganar-gan (compelencia)
brillarbrill
lo come
to become
to eat
(tu com)
(tu bicm)
(tu it)
CA ME
BECA ME
ATE
(kim)
(bikim)
(eil)
venir-vino
llevar a ser-lleg a ser
comer-comi
1l
tofmd
to lose
(tu find)
(tu lus)
FOUND
L051
(fund)
(lOSI)
encontrar-encontr
perder-perdi
lo have
tomake
lo do
to see
(Iujav)
(tu mic)
tu du)
(tu si)
HAD
MADE
DID
SAW
(jad)
(mid)
(did)
(so)
lo put
lo let
(IU pul)
(tu let)
PUT
LET
[put)
(Iet)
poner-puso
permitirpermili,
"-
..
t
t
,1-
(tu
lel)
sel)
98
Traduccin de
ambas formas
(tuguiv)
(tu forguv)
(tu forbid)
Traduccin de
ambas formas
BOUGHT
BROUGHT
THOUGHT
SOUGHT
FOUGHT
speak
break
steal
choose
bai)
bring)
zinc)
sc)
fail)
Pasado
Pasado
lo give
lo forgive
lo forbid
1..
k
Infinitivos
Infinitivos
f
.J.
99
llevar-llev
dejar-dej
Pasado
Infinitivos
to set
to C08t
to cut
toqut
to hurt
(tu
(tu
(tu
(tu
(tu
set)
C08t)
cot)
cuit)
jert)
SET
COST
CUT
QUlT
HURT
(set)
(cost)
(cot)
(cut)
(jert)
Traduccin de
ambas formas
fijar.fij
costar-cost
eortar-cort
renunciar-renunci
lesionar -lesion
Prctica
Cambie las siguientes oraciones al tiempo pasado. Agregue al final de
cada oracin palabras como yesterday, last week, Iast Sunday, etc.
1. We are busy.
2. Betty can play the piano
3. John is in New York.
4. You see him in school.
5. My father eats caviar.
6. Susan writes many letters.
.
7. The manager speaks in the meeting.
S. They go to the theater.
9. Charles reads a book,
10. 1 drink coffee.
11. You drive a caro
12. Helen does her home-work
13. We sing that songo
14. Robert sleeps in a hotel.
15. Alice buys some presents.
16. You keep money in the Bank ..
17. lt works well.
lS. They forget their umbrella
19. Youwearahat.
20. We choose nice colors.
21. He breaks hs leg.
22. Paul swims in a lake.
23. Mary brings you flowers.
24. 1 gel good percentage.
25. 1 hear a noise.
26. We know Paris.
27. Richard meets with Susano
100
Prctica
Haga preguntas que contesten a las siguientes afirmaciones de acuerdo con las palabras interrogativas enumeradas a continuacin.
Ejemplo:
(afirmacin) John goes to the movies every Saturday.
1. What
2. When
3. Where
1. Where
----.,
101
2. What
3. When
4. Who
2. Who
3. When
4. Where
S. What
USETO
USETO
USETO
USETO
speak it?
go?
travel?
work?
t,
1. Who
2. Where
"-
3. What
4. When
COMENT ARIOS
La forma USED TO se emplea con todos los sujetos o pronombres personales y denota como ya expresamos un pasado remoto
de acciones que solamos efectuar pero que al presente ya no las
realizamos ms.
102
DIDN'T
DlDN'T
DlDN'T
DIDN'T
USETO
USETO
USETO
USETO
103
speak
go
travel
work
English
to school
very much
overtime
CONVERSATION
105
Prctica
ro
.
I f
'U.SED
las siguientes oraciones. Aada pala.
CambIe a a orma
d
.,
bras como before, many yeors ogo, etc. al final de ca a oracion.
1. 1 work in Chicago.
2. Do you live in New York?
3. They don't play base-hall.
4. John goes to picnics.
5 . Susan doesn't cook dinner
Does Henry speak English fluently?
7. We eat chicken on Sunday.
8. Mary writes many letters..
?
9. Does the secretary type qUlckly.
10. 1 don't read quickly.
..'
.
n. The children drink orange juice m the morrnng.
12. My mother drives slowly.
13. My ather doesn't swim slowly.
14. They dance very well.
15. Does Robert come here?
6:
IL
1
t
i
=
=
that car?
inN. Y.?
English?
Observe ahora en el negativo la partcula NOT inmediatamente despus de WOULD y los verbos en su forma simple:
buy, live, speak,
l
I
1
He
They
would
would
'would
NOT
NOT
NOT
buy
live
speak
that car
in New York
English
COMENTARIOS
Asimismo se puede emplear con todos los sujetos o pronombres personales la contraccin WOULDN'T (would not)
Ejemplos: 1 WQULDN'T buy that car = Yo no comprara
ese auto. He WOULDN'T live in New York = l ne vivira en
Nueva York.
107
CONVERSATION
..
(
i
\
l
1
1
1
1
f
108
109
Prctica
Llene los espacios en blanco, empleando.,WILL
acuerdo con el complemento de cada oracin.
L 1
2. 1
il
4.
6.
7. Mary
8.
9. We
10. 1
11. Charles,
12. Susan
13. We
14. 1
15. We
Observe que MA Y expresa dos significados diferentes. En el afirmativo,posibilidad; pero en el interrogativo denota permiso.
Ejemplo: May 1 go? = Puedo irme?
had money.
3..
5. We_---
o WOULD de
it were new.
.l
!
t
il
il
.l
t-
1"
1.
t
l
to Europe soon
English soon
here soon
at night
MAY
MAY
MAY
MAY
1
we
J ohn
they
go
speak
come
study
home now?
English?
here?
at night?
may
may
may
may
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
go
speak
come
study
J.
COMENTARIOS
1.
1
t
no
go
speak
come
study
you be happier
MAY
MAY
MAY
MAY
COMENTARIOS
1
We
John
They
III
I
-1 THINK HEMAY
(Creo que s pueda)
CONVERSATION
-WHAT DO YOU THINK PAULMAYDO NOW?
(Qu cree Ud. que Pablo pueda hacer ahora?)
-MA Y I GO NOW?
(Puedo irme ahora? )
-YES, YOUMAY
(Si, s puede)
-YES, YOUMAY
(Si, s puede)
1
t
MY EN-
113
EN FUTURO
Observe primeramente; MIGHT tfltpresando posibilidad en futuro en la forma afirmativa: I might go to New York next
year = Yo podra ir a Nueva ,York el a~ prximo.
En el negativo, note la parteula NOT inmediatamente despus de might. Ejemplo:
,
.
[ might NOT go to New York next year = Yo podria no Ir a
Nueva York el ao prximo.
1
MIGHT go
He
MIGHT .tay
They MIGHT come
CONVERSATION
Observe ahora MIGHT expresando permiso en pasado (poda). En este caso might es la forma en pasado de mayoc~~ndo
este ltimo expresa permiso concedido, mas no pO~lb/I~.ad.
Note asimismo el pasado del verbo to soy (decir, said (dijo).
My father
said that l
MIGHT go
lo that place.
Her mother said that she /lfIGHT lIay In Chicago another week
Mr. Oavis
said that Ihey MIGHT come here lomorrow
1
A,
11
i,
COMENTARIOS
Para expresar permiso denegado ~n tiempo pasado, bast~ colocar la partcula negativa NOT inmediatamente despues de
might. Ejemplos:
Her mother said that she might NOT stay in Chicago lo_nger
~u madre dijo que ella no poda permanecer en Chicago mas tiempo
My father said that 1 might NOT go to that place
Mi padre dijo que yo no poda ir a ese lugar
Asimismo might se puede emplear en todos los casos y con
todos los sujetos o pronombres personales,
114
115
AUTHORITIES
Prctica
f
\
,
1
(Permiso)
. l.go now?
(Posibilidad presente)
It
(Permiso pasado)
My father said 1
(Posibilidad futura)
____
(Deseo)
(Habilidad pasado)
-HER FATHER SAlO SHEMIGHT GO DANCING
(Su padre dijo que ella poda ir a bailar)
(Permiso)
-WHO SAID THE BOYS MIGHT GO SWIMMlNG?
(lo Quin dijo que los muchachos podan ir a nadar? )
-THEIR MOTHER SAID THE BOYSMIGHT GO SWIMMING
(Su madre (de ellos) dijo que los muchachos podan ir a nadar)
(Permiso pasado)
t
"J
we smoke here?
They said we
smoke here.
(Habilidad presente)
(Posibilidad futura)
(Habilidad pasado)
Lucy
(Deseo)
(Posibilidad presente)
(Habilidad presente)
____
go swimming today.
Richard
116
go to the party.
117
despus de
must
You
must
NOT
NOT
work
rest
on Sunday
on Monday
John
Alice
must
must
NOT
NOT
study
cook
at night
every day
They
must
NOT
practice
today
COMENTARIOS
MUST work
MUST test
daiJy
daily
MUST
MUST
work
rest
daiJy?
daiJy?
daily
daily
daily'?
daily'?
You
They
MUST
you
they
practice daily?
..
COMENTARIOS
MUST se emplea con todos los sujetos o pronombres personales. Por ser un verbo defectivo no llevan s en must las'
terceras personas he, she, it.
Ejemplo: She must cook daily = ella debe cocinar diariate.
mr
t
,
l
118
119
CONVERSATION
-WHATMUST YOU DO EVERY DAY?
( Qu debe Ud. hacer todos los das? )
-1 MUST DO MY WORK
(Debo hacer mi trabajo)
-SHEMUST
(N o, no debo)
-YOU MUSTWAIT
FIFTEEN MINUTES
120
121
1
EMPLEO DEL VERBO AUXILIAR SHOULD PARA
EXPRESAR DEBER DE CONVENIENCIA
O REQUISITO A LLENAR
SHOULD
SHOULD
buy
se.
a car
a docto
SHOULD
SHOULD
buy
you
se.
a C:Ir'~
a doctor',
SHOULD
SHOULD
.. ve
Mary
4pend money
SHOULD
SHOULD
R iehard .fJCIve
4pend
Mary
money"
money"
Women
SHOULD
morry young
SHOULD
women
marry
young'~
Richard
money
):
should
should
should
NOT
NOT
NOT
that car
saue
money
spend
COMENTARIOS
Tambin se puede emplear SHOULDN'T que es la forma contrada de should noto Ejemplos:
Richard SHOULDN'T save money = Ricardo no debera ahorrrar dinero; Mary SHOULDN'T spend too much money =
Mara no debera gastar tanto dinero; women SHOULDN'T
marry twice = las mujeres no deberan casarse dos veces.
122
despus de
buy
El auxiliar SHOULD se emplea con todos los sujetos o pronombres personales. Advierta asimismo cmo las terceras personas he, she, it no llevan S en dicho auxiliar por ser ste un
verbo defectivo.
You
Richard
Mary
COMENTARIOS
CONVERSATION
123
EMPLEO DE OUGHT TO
PARA EXPRESAR DEBER DE CONVENIENCIA
ANO JACKET
\
1
.~
Observe el empleo del verbo auxiliarOUGHT (TO) para expresar deber, pero no moral, es decir, es ms dbil que must y
should. Ms bien expresa lo que equivale en espaol a ES
CONVENIENTE. Recurdese que must implica necesidad o
tener que y should expresa es preciso, tambin implica requisito alIenar.
Advirtase asimismo que OUGHT es el nico auxiliar que va
seguido de la partcula TO. De ah que la forma negativa es
OUGHT NOT TO, no existiendo contraccin alguna. Ejemplos:
Richard ought NOT to spend too much money
(Ricardo no debiera gastar tanto dinero)
What you ought to know
I OUGHTTO
He OUGHTTO
We OUGH1'TO
huy
practice
learn
= Lo que es conveniente
that book
sports
Engltsh
I ought
He ought
We ought
NOT
NOT
NOT
towork
spend
to ea'
lo
.1 nighl
that money
pork meat
.
1
COMENTARIOS
]24
125
Prctica
Llene los espacios en blanco con MUST, SHOULD O OUGHT TO
segn convenga al caso.
1. You 2. Henry_....:..:.__
OUGHT
OUGHT
OUGHT
OUGHT
John
you
Mary
they
3. We ..;;;-_-
...
to practice
base-hall?
4. You .....
O..;...... t _....;.._
learn to drive.
to work
over-time?
to New York?
during the winter?
togo
to travel
COMENTARIOS
Aunque los auxiliares MUST, SHOULD y OUGHT (TO) expresan deber, ntese que los tres implican diferentes significados.
Para mejor comprensin del correcto uso de ellos, comprense las tres grficas y construya oraciones empleando estos
tres auxiliares en el afirmativo, negativo e interrogativo.
t
,
6. Y OU
_1'"
7. 1 lU "
8. They ....
<.~'
9. We ..L...
marry young.
love our parents.
10. We..::S",,-,-~1
..;:__not
n. He
\'\ )"
12. You~"..-:
13. Robert
14. You
15. Susan_---'
126
to practice sports.
steal money.
127
tooth
teeth
forehead
(bdi)
(jed)
(fis)
(arms)
(jands)
(Iegs)
(fut)
(fiit)
(jer)
( irs)
(is)
(nus)
(muz)
(tuz)
( tiz)
(fred)
eye-lids
eye-lashes
( ai.lids)
eye-brows
temples
cheeks
eheek-bone
jaws
chin
neck
back
( ai-brus)
(tmpols)
ehest
shoulder
elbow
wrist
finger
finger -nails
finger-tips
toe( s)
toe-nails
waist
(ai-Ishes)
( chiics)
( chiic-boun)
(yos)
( chin)
(nec)
(bac)
( chest)
(shlder)
(lbou)
( rist)
(fnguer)
(nils)
( tips)
(tu( s)
( tu-nils)
(uist)
= cuerpo
= cabeza
= cara
= brazos
= manos
= piernas
= pie
= pies
= pelo, cabello
= odos
= ojos
= nariz
= boca
= diente
= dientes
= frente
= prpados
= pestaas
= eejas
= sienes
= mejillas
= pmulo
= quijadas
= mentn, barbilla
= cuello
= espalda
= pecho
= hombro
= codo
= mueca
= dedo de la mano
= uas de la mano
= yemas de los dedos
= dedo(s) de los pies
= uas de los dedos de los pies
= cintura
128
= .Para qu es esto?
=
ojos son para ver
tos
emplear, utilizar
respirar
= oler
= sostener, sujetar
patear, dar puntapis
]29
upper
the upper one
lower
the lower one
tojoin
joint
type
belIy
hips
knee
tigh
ankle
(jiman)
(divided ntou)
(tronc)
(limbs)
(tu compris)
(it comprises)
(ro)
(per)
(ler)
(tu yin)
(yint)
(tip)
(beli)
(jips)
(nii)
(tai)
(nkol)
eye-Iashes)
humano
= se divide en
= tronco
= miembros, extremidades
= comprender, abarcar
= ello comprende
= hilera, fila
= dos hileras de dientes
= superior
= la de arriba
= inferior
= la de abajo
= unir
= articulacin
= tipo, elase categora
= barriga, estmago
= caderas
= rodilla
= pantorrilla
= tobillo
= el tacto
= el olfato
= el gusto
EJERCICIOS
Escoja la palabra adecuada de las que estn entre parntesis y llene
los espacios en blanco.
(eyes, hair, teeth)
(mouth, nose, eyes)
(toes, fingers, elbows)
(legs, hands, shoulders)
(cheek-bone, forehead,
We have
on our head.
We can see with our
_
Each hand has five
_
We walk with our
_
130
_
protect
our
pro-
Reading
= la vista
= el odo
(sait)
(jirring)
(toch)
(smel)
( tist)
DESCRmING A HOUSE
The
protect our eyes
from the sun, the bright Iight and many
other things.
The teeth are in the
_
We use our
to speak and
also to taste the food.
We touch things with our
=_
We use our
to play
the guitar, the piano and some other
musical instruments.
We breathe through our
and we can use it also to smell things.
J..
wall
roof
ceiling
FURNITURE
Furniture
bed
CON FONTICA
(porch)
(lving rum)
(dining rurn)
(ktchen)
(brcfast)
(bac yard)
(bed-rums)
(buz-rum)
( tic)
(bisment)
(slar)
(dor)
(undou)
(flor)
132
terraza
sala
comedor
cocina
desayunador
patio trasero
dormitorios
cuarto de bao
tico, desvn
stano, cuarto bajo
sM~no, bodega
puerta
= ventana
piso
pared
tejado, azotea
techo interior, cielo raso
AND OTHER THINGS
locker
dressing-table
mirror
closet
table
chair
(frnichur)
(bed)
(urdrob)
(lker)
(drsing tibol)
(mrror)
(clset)
(tibol)
(cher)
easy-chair
(Isi-cher)
arrn-chair
(arm-cher)
wardrobe
rocking-char
(rking)
so fa
hed-cloth
table-cloth
curtains
rug
( sufa)
(bed-eles]
(tbol-clos)
(krtens)
(rog)
(ul)
(ruf)
(sling)
=
=
=
=
=
muebles, mobiliario
cama
ropero
ropero
tocador, coqueta
espejo
ropero empotrado
mesa
silla
silln, butaca
silln de brazos
sill~ mecedora, balance
sofa
colcha, cobertor
mantel
cortinas
alfombra
( inclding)
(tu cunt)
(stri)
(stris)
(bijind)
(instd)
(fluers)
(gruing)
( opsters)
(dun-sters)
mam floor
(rnin-flor)
by the end of the hall
incluyendo
cuarto de criados
contar, tomar en cuenta
piso
pisos
enfrente
= atrs
en lugar de
= flores
creciendo
arriba
= abajo
planta baja
al ~xtremo del pasillo
donde est situada la
sala?
entrance
( ntrans)
entrada
133
Qu tan largo? o
cunto tiempo?
suficientemente largo
inodoro, servicio sanitario
balcn
halcones
dominando, que da a
'qu tan grande?
ts tan grande como ...
rea
ocupada( do)
la casa misma
escalera
conectando,
comunicando, que comunica
= alto (de dimensin o
tono en el sonido)
= bajo ( de dimensin o
_,Ino en el sonido)
alto (fuerte en sonido)
How long?
long enough
toilet
(long inf)
( tilet)
balcony
halconies
overlooking
How big?
It is as hig as...
area
occupied
the house itself
stair-way
connecting
(blconi)
(blconis)
(overluking)
( rea)
(kiupaid)
(ster-uei)
(concting)
high
(ji)
low
(lu)
loud
(lud)
stout
thick
(stut)
(zic)
grueso
espeso, grueso
wide
narrow
long
(uid)
ancho, amplio
angosto, estrecho
largo
cold
cool
wann
(kuld)
(kul)
(Iuc-uorm)
(uorm)
hot
(jot)
(nrrow)
(long)
Abordemos primeramente los adjetivos largos, o sean, los que constan de dos o ms slabas como:
IMPORTANT
INTERESTING
INTELLlGENT
USEFUL
fro
fresco
tibio
caliente (agradablemente caliente)
caluroso (calor intenso)
Grado Positivo:
Grado Comparativo:
Grado Superlativo:
USEFUL
(til)
USEFUL than (ms til que)
the most USEFUL of
(el ms til de)
more
more~
( cludi)
(undi)
(superlativo)
the most_.--'"
nublado
ventoso, con aire
lluvioso
nevado, con nieve
soleado, con sol
hmedo
( reini)
(snui)
(sni)
(damp)
134
.-
..-A than
Positivo
USE'FUL
(importante)
( in teresan te)
(inteligen te)
(til)
Tom,em?s ahora u.no de ell~s para ilustrar sus tres grados, ya que los
dems siguen el mismo patrono
,
(comparativo)
TEMPERATURAS
Iuke-warm
135
o[
EL GRADO COMPARATIVO
y SUS DISTINTAS FORMAS
taUER
shortER
quickER
easiER
narrowER
widER
El comparativo tiene tres variantes, a saber: comparativo de igualdad, comparativo de superioridad y comparativo de inferioridad.
Comparativo de Igualdad
aL)
neg)
not
as
so
USEFUL
USEFUL
as
as
u S E FU L
than
the tallEST
the shortEST
the quickEST
the easiEST
the narrowEST
the widEST
alto)
corto)
rpido)
fcil)
angosto)
ancho), etc.
Comparativo de Superioridad
more
(ms
(ms
(ms
(ms
(ms
(ms
(el
(el
(el
(el
(el
(el
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
ms
alto)
corto)
rpido)
fcil)
angosto)
ancho), etc.
Comparativo de Inferioridad
less
USE F UL
tha,l
(2)
not
T.enemo~ ahora ~no de los adjetivos arriba expuestos, a fin de suministrar ejemplos Ilustrativos de cada uno de sus grados.
as
as
(1)
so
as
(2)
dige-
USEFUL
(3)
more
than
(3)
(4)
less
than
(4)
136
Positivq:
Comparativo:
Superlativo:
137
Tanto en el Comparativo como en el Superlativo los adjetivos terminados en y, como easy (fcil), pretty (bonito), dirty (sucio), etc.
cambian dicha consonante por la vocal i:
Observemos en el siguiente esquema la explicacin grfica y
condensada de lo anterior.
..,
Positivo
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
tJ)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
1) viejo
2) joven
3) nuevo
4) rpido
5) fuerte
6) dbil
7) largo
8) pequeo
9) rico
10) pobre
11) limpio
12) duro
13 suave
14 fro
easy
pretty
dirty
old
young
new
fast
strong
weak
long
small
rich
poor
clean
hard
soft
cold
easier
prettier
dirtier
easiest
prettiest
dirtiest
than
(Comparativo)
EST
of
(Superlativo)
big
fat
thin
hot
bigger
fatter
thinner
hotter
biggest
fattest
thinnest
hottest
ms viejo
ms joven
ms nuevo
ms rpido
ms fuerte
ms dbil
ms largo
ms pequeo
ms rico
ms pobre
ms limpio
ms duro
ms suave
ms fro
que
que
que
que
que
que
que
que
que
que
que
que
que
que
el ms viejo
el ms joven
el ms nuevo
el ms rpido
el ms fuerte
el ms dbil
el ms largo
el ms pequeo
el ms rico
el ms pobre
el ms limpio
el ms duro
el ms suave
el ms fro
de
de
de
de
de
de
de
de
de
de
de
de
de
de
':' eamos las tres formas del grado Comparativo en este tipo de adjetivos.
Comparativo de Igualdad
Af.)
AS
tall AS
SO
tall AS
Neg)
not
Comparativo de Superioridad
tallER
than
Comparativo de Inferioridad
LESS
B8
tall
than
139
l
t
SUPERLATIVO
DE SUPERIORIDAD
E INFERIORIDAD
,~
old
Comparativo
more
1. (superioridad)
less
2. (inferioridad)
ADJE'J::_IVOS IRREGULARES
EN CUANTO A LA
FORMACION
DE SU COMPARATIVO
Y SUPERLATIVO
than
(1)
than
(2)
.~
1
J..
Los adj~tivos good (bueno), bad (malo), muc (mucho), many (muchos),. little (poco) y/ew (pocos) se apartan totalmente del patrn
que siguen los dems para formar su Comparativo y Superlativo,
toda vez que poseen una forma especial e independiente en cada uno
de sus grados.
CUADRO COMPARATIVO DE LAS TRES CLASES DE ADJETIVOS
Compranse a continuacin los adjetivos que presentan dicha irregularidad con los adjetivos largos y cortos.
Positivo
Superlativo
eOOD
BAD
BETTER
WORSE
than
than
the
the
BEST
WORST
(of')
(of)
MUCH
MANY
MORE
MORE
than
than
the
the
MOST
MOST
(of)
(of)
LITTLE
FEW
LESS
FEWER
than
than
the
the
LEAST
FEWEST
(of)
(of)
COMFORTABLE.
Superlativo
importara
3. (superioridad)
the
most
oI
(3)
4. (inferioridad)
the
least
of
(4)
L
2.
3.
4.
Comparativo
Ms cmodo que
Menos cmodo que
El ms cmodo de
El menos cmodo de
HO
difficult
omplicated
new
old
young
late
more important
more
difficult
more complicated
newER
oIdER
youngER
IatER
than
than
than
than
than
the
the
than
the
than
the
141
newEST
oIdEST
youngEST
latEST
(of)
(of)
(of)
(of)
(of)
(of)
(01)
COMFORTABLE
COMFORTABLE
COMFORTABLE
than mine
of
the three
COMFORTABLE
COMFORTABLE
than ours
al!
of
Traduccin
Mi casa es cmoda
Tu casa es ms cmoda que la ma
La casa de l es la ms cmoda de las tres
1
Observe grficamente la formacin del comparativo de igualdad, as
como su forma negativa. Lea los siguientes ejemplos ilustrativos en
voz alta.
",....
J
....
1 am
My father is
the
YOUNG
YOUNGER
YOUNGEST
tOOn I
of
the family
less
the least
YOUNG
YOUNG
than my brother
of
al! the family
the
OLDER
OLDEST
AS
SO
comfartable
comfortable
AS
AS
yours
hers
Frank is
She is
not
AS
SO
old
old
AS
AS
lam
you are
Traduccin
EJERCICIOS
1. Sustituya de la grfica el adjetivo comfortable
(caro) y old por strong.
tt
J
142
por expensive
11. Haga que alguien le dicte en espaol las oraciones de estas tres
ltimas grficas para que Ud. las traduzca por escrito al ingls.
Despus rectifquelas guindose por su libro.
Traduccin
not
tOOn my brother
of
the three
Yo soy joven
Mi hermano es menor que yo
Mi hermana es la menor de mi familia
Our house is
Their house is
143
Observe grficamente la formacin de los grados Positivo, Comparativo y Superlativo en los adjetivos irregulares como goad y bad.
Lea en voz alta cada una de las oraciones que ilustran las tres grficas siguientes:
My pronunciation is
eOOD
y our pronunciation is
BETTER
The teacher's pronunciation is the BEST
than mine
of
the three
Mi pronunciacin es buena
La pronunciacin de Ud. es mejor que la ma
La pronunciacin del maestro es la mejor de las tres
John
is a
BAD
student
Henry s
WORSE than John
Paul
is the WORST of
all students
Juan es un mal estudiante
Enrique es peor que Juan
Pablo es el peor de todos los estudiantes
His pronunciation
Frank's pronunciation
is
AS
is not SO
good
good
AS hers
AS Helen's
your brother is
AS bad student AS you
y our sister is nat SO bad student AS your brother
Prctica
Traduzca al ingls las siguientes oraciones:
1. Mi hermano es ms alto que yo
2. La casa de Juan es ms grande que la casa de Pedro
3. Este es el edificio ms alto de la ciudad
4. Ricardo es tan alto como Roberto
5. Jorge es el ms alto de todos mis amigos
6. Yo soy menos alto que Enrique
7. Enrique es mayor que yo
8. Mara es menor que su hermana
9. Mi padre es el mayor de toda mi familia
10. Mi padre es ms fuerte que yo
11. Tu auto es tan nuevo como el mo
12. Mi casa es tan vieja como la tuya
13. La casa de Juan es menos vieja que la ma
14. Esta iglesia es la menos vieja de la ciudad
15. Carlos es ms inteligente que Jorge
16. Jorge es menos inteligente que Carlos
17. Carlos es tan inteligente como Juan
18. Enrique es el ms inteligente de todos
19. Jorge es el menos inteligente de todos
20. Esta casa es ms cmoda que la ma
21. La casa de Roberto es tan cmoda como la de Enrique
22. Mi casa es menos cmoda que la tuya
23. La casa de mi to es la ms cmoda de todas
24. El idioma alemn es ms difcil que el ingls
25. El idioma rabe es el ms difcil de los tres
?6. El idioma italiano es el menos difcil de los cuatro
EJERCICIOS
Haga que alguien le dicte en espaol las oraciones de estas tres
grficas para que Ud. las traduzca por escrito al ingls. Despus
rectifquelas guindose por su libro.
144
145
Cardinales
quick
more quick
the most quick
LY
slow
more slow
the most slow
LY
LY
LY
easi
more ea si
the most ea si
LY
perfect
more perfect
the most perfect
exact
more exact
the most exact
LY
LY
LY
than
than
than
LY
LY
LY
than
LY
LY
LY
than
LY
COMENT ARIOS
Al grado comparativo y superlativo de los adverbios, se les da
el mismo tratamiento, bien sea si stos provienen de adjetivos
cortos o largos. Ejemplos:
146
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty
21 twenty-one
22 twenty-two
23 twenty-three
24 twenty-four
25 twenty-five
26 twenty-six
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventv
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 one hundred
101 one hundred
102 one hundred
103 one hundred
Ordinales
(un)
(tu)
(zri)
(for)
( fiv)
(six)
(sven)
( eit)
(nin)
(ten)
(ilven)
( tulv)
(zertn)
(fortn)
(fiftn)
(sixtn)
(seventn)
(eitn)
(naintn)
( tunti)
(zrti)
(frti)
(ffti)
(sxti)
( sventi)
(iti)
(ninti)
(un jndred)
and one
and two
and three
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
101st
102nd
103rd
147
first
(ferst)
second
(scond)
third
(zerd)
fourth
(forz)
fifth
(fifz)
sixth
(sixz)
seventh
(sevenz )
eighth
( eitz)
ninth
(ninz)
tenth
(tenz)
eleventh
(ilvenz)
twelfth
(tulfz)
thirteenth
(zertnz )
fourteenth
(fortnz)
fifteenth
( fiftnz)
sixteenth
(sixtnz)
seven teen th
(seventnz)
eighteenth
(eitnz)
nineteenth
(naintnz )
(tuntiez)
twentieth
twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
twenty-fourth
twenty-fifth
twenty-sixth
(zrtiez )
thirtieth
fortieth
(frtiez)
fiftieth
(fftiez)
(sxtiez)
sixtieth
(sventiez)
seventieth
(itiez)
eightieth
ninetieth
(nintiez)
. one hundredth (jndredz)
one hundred and first
one hundred and second
one hundred and third
Cardinales
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
two hundred
three hundred
four hundred
five hundred
six hundred
seven hundred
eight hundred
nine hundred
one thousand
(zusand)
2,000 two thousand
1.000,000 one million
(mlion)
2.000,000 two million
Ordinales
200th
300th
400th
500th
600th
700th
800th
900th
1,000th
two hundredth
three hundredth
four hundredth
five hundred th
six hundredth
seven hundredth
eight hundredth
nine hundredth
one thousandth
(zusandz)
2,000th two thousandth
LOOO,OOOth onemillionth
(mlionz)
2.000,_OOOth two millionth
Observe el empleo de los auxiliares HA VE y HAS para expresar lo equivalente en espaol a he, ha, hemos, han. Advierta
asimismo q.ue HAS se utiliza nicamente con las terceras personas d~1 smgular he, she, it y HA VE con los dems sujetos.
En el afirmativo la forma verbal que les sigue a ambos auxiliares es el participio pasado: spoken (hablado),eaten (comido)
written (,:scrito Ejemplos: 1 have spoken (yo he hablado):
he has wntten (el ha escrito).
En el interrogativo HA VE y HAS se anteponen a los pronombres personales o sujetos.
J.
SPOKEN
EATEN
H.
HAS
II'IlITTEN
She
/fAS
IlEAIl
'l'bey /fA VE DIIIVEN
You
HA VE
/fA VE
tollim
fish
HA VE I
/fA VE you
a leller
the news
HAS
SPOKEN
lo him?
EATEN
f,h"
WRITTEN a letterv
she REAO
the news"
thev ORIVEN
a truck?
HAS
a truck
NAVE
he
COMENTARIOS
You
He
It
They
have
have
has
has
ha ve
-
.. -
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
SPOKEN
~AT~N
WRITTEN
RAINED
DRIVEN
tohim
fish
that letter
loday
a truck
yet
this week
yet
yet
COMENTARIOS
Tambin puede sustituirse la partcula NOT por la palabra
NEVER (nunca). Asimismo se pueden utilizar las siguientes
contracciones negativas: 1 HAVEN'T you HA VEN'T she
HASN'T, etc. Ejemplo:
'
,
ItHASN'T rained today (no ha llovido hoy).
148
1-19
'"
IV'....
('0('
'l~O
l,
..
..1
-:-l\
INFlNITIVE
clasi-
PAST
(third person
singular)
PASADO
PAST
PARTICIPLE
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
To buy
comprar
bought
compr
bought
comprado
to bring
traer
brought
trajo
brought
trado
to think
pensar
thought
pens
thought
pensado
to seek
buscar
sought
busc
sought
buscado
to fight
pelear
fought
pele
fought
peleado
to catch
coger
caught
cogi
caught
cogido
to teach
ensear
taught
ense
taught
enseado
To sleep
dormir
slept
durmi
slept
dormido
to keep
guardar
kept
guard
kept
guardado
to sweep
barrer
swept
barri
swept
barrido
....
, ...
...
"l
...
152
\
"
PAST
PARTICIPLE
INFINITIVO
PAST
(third person
singular)
PASADO
to feel
sentir
felt
sinti
felt
sentido
to leave
dejar, salir
left
dej, sali
left
dejado, salido
to meet
encontrar, conocer
met
encontr, conoci
met
encontrado,
To swing
mecer
swung
meci
swung
mecido
to stick
clavar, pegar
stuck
clav, peg
stuck
clavado, pegado
to strike
golpear
struck
golpe
struck
golpeado
to hangcolgar
hung
colg
hung
colgado
To spend
gastar
spent
gast
spent
gastado
to send
enviar, mandar
sent
envi, mand
sent
enviado, mandado
to build
construir
built
construy
built
construido
to bend
doblar, encorvar
bent
dobl, encorv
bent
doblado, encorvado
to lend
prestar
lent
prest
lent
prestado
To bleed
sangrar
bled
bled
sangrado
sangr
153
PARTICIPTO
PASADO
conocido
INFINJ1'lVE
to lead
conducir,
INFINITIVO
fed
alimentado
red
aliment
dirigir
-,
sped
acelerado
sped
aceler
to speed
acelerar
PAST
(third person
singular)
PASADO
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
PASADO
to fced
alimentar
INFINITIVE
PASl'
PARTlCIPLE
PAS1'
(third person
singular)
INFINITIVO
led
condujo,
dirigi
led
conducido,
dirigido
PAST
PAR11CIPLE
PARTICIPTO
PASADO
to make
hacer, manufacturar
made
hizo, manufactur
made
hecho,
To bite
morder,
picar
bit
mordi,
bit (o bitten)
mordido, picado
to slide
deslizar,
resbalar
slid
desliz', resbal
pic
manufacturado
"d
(o slidden)
deslizado, resbalado
to find
encontrar
found
encontr
found
encontrado
to hide
esconder( se)
hid
(se) escondi
hid (o hidden)
escondido
to bind
unir, atar
bound
uni, at
baund
unido,
to light
encender
lit
encendi
lit
encendido
to grind
moler
ground
moli
ground
molido
To say
decir
said
dijo
said
dicho
1'0 deal
deall
trat
dec lt
tratado
to pay
pagar
paid
pag
paid
pagado
to lay
colocar
laid
coloc
laid
To win
ganar, vencer
won
gan, venci
ganado,
vencido
to shine
brillar, lucir
shone
brill, luci
shone
brillado,
lucido
to wake
despertar
woke
despert
woke
despertado
To tell
decir, contar
told
told
dijo, cont
dicho, contado
to sell
vender
sold
vendi
vendido
tratar
to lean
apoyar,
leant
recostar
to mean
significar
apoy,
recost
atado
leant
apoyado,
recostado
meant
significado
meant
signific
dwelt
habit
dwelt
habitado
sal
se sent
sat
sentado
to spit
expectorar
spat
expector
spat
expectorado
to have
haber, tener
had
hubo,
had
habido,
to dwell
habitar
1'0
tt
sentarse
tuvo
]54
tenido
colocado
wan
sold
155
PAST
INFJNITIVE
PAST
PARl'ICIPLE
(third person
singular)
1'0 stand
quedarse, estarse
.._ to understand
entender
......_
INFJNITIVf:
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
PASADO
INFINITIVO
1.
stood
se qued, se estuvo
stood
quedado, estado
understood
entendi
understood
entendido
PAST
PAR1'ICIPLE
PAST
(third person
singular)
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
INFINITIVO
PASADO
to choose
escoger
chose
escogi
chosen
escogido
to freeze
congelar
froze
frozen
congelado
congel
1'0 read
leer
rcad
ley
read
ledo
to tread
pisar
trod
pis
trodden
pisado
to hear
oir
heard
oy
heard
odo
to weave
hilar
wove
hil
woven
hilado
1'0 hold
sostener
heId
sostuvo
held
sostenido
To write
escribir
wrote
escribi
written
escrito
to withhold
retener
withheld
retuvo
withheld
retenido
to drive
manejar
drove
manej
driven
manejado
1'0 lose
perder
lost
perdi
lost
perdido
to ride
cabalgar
rode
cabalg
ridden
cabalgado
shot
dispar
shot
disparado
to rise
levantarse
rose
to shoot
disparar
se levant
risen
levantado
to strive
esforzarse
strove
se esforz
striven
esforzado
il@;(V
UO)<Ir"";V
a?
~j
to speak
hablar
6: S
Co
C:on el!
'\ t'o.Y'
{'n-t
('
Y'Q e
..
~O,("l'V\~
e",
spoke
habl
spoken
hablado
to steal
robar
sto le
rob
sto len
robado
to break
romper
broke
rompi
broken
roto
156
1'0 begin
began
empezar, comenzar empez, comenz
'-
to drink
beber
drank
bebi
drunk
bebido
to sing
cantar
Inng
sung
cantado
cant
,
.~
.""
begun
empezado, comenzado
157
INFINITIVE
PAST
(third person
singular)
PASADO
PAST
PARTICIPLE
to sink
hundirse
f!ank
se hundi
sunk
hundido
swim
nadar
swam
nad
nadado
lo stink
apestar
stank
apest
stunk
apestado
to spring
brotar, saltar
sprang
brot, salt
sprung
brotado, saltado
to spin
hilar
span
hil
spun
hilado
to shrink
encoger
shrank
encogi
shrunk
encogido
to ring
sonar (el timbre)
rong
son
rung
sonado
to run
correr
ron
corri
ron
corrido
To know
conocer, saber
knew
conoci, supo
known
conocido, sabido
to grow
crecer
grew
creci
grown
crecido
INFINITIVO
10
i
"-
~
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
swum
to throw
lanzar
threw
lanz
thrown
lanzado
to blow
soplar
blew
sopl
blowl!
soplado
to fly
volar
flew
vol
flown
volado
...,"
~
....
.1.
1
.).'.
158
,
"
INFINITIVO
PAST
(third person
singular)
PASADO
To take
tomar, llevar
too k
tom, llev
taken
tomado, llevado
to mistake
errar, confundir
mistook
err, confundi
mistaken
errado, confundido
to undertake
emprender
undertook
emprendi
undertaken
emprendido
to partake
participar en
partook
particip en
to shake
sacudir
shook
sacudi
shaken
sacudido
to forsake
abandonar
forsook
abandon
forsrken
To give
dar
gave
dio
given
dado
to forgive
perdonar
fo rgave
perdon
forgiven
perdonado
to bid
ofrecer
hade
ofreci
bidden
ofrecido
to forbid
prohibir
forbade
prohibi
forbidden
prohibido
To wear
usar (prendas)
wore
us
worn
usado
to tear
desgarrar
tare
desgarr
torn
desgarrado
INFINITIVE
PAST
PARTICIPLE
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
\ partaken
participado de
abandonado
159
INF1NITIVE
PAST
INFINITIVO
(third person
singular)
PASADO
PAST
PARTICIPLE
INFlNITIVE
PAST
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
INFINITIVO
(third person
singular)
PASADO
PAST
PARTICIPLE
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
to swear
jurar, blasfemar
swore
jur, blasfem
swom
jurado, blasfemado
To eat
comer
ate
comi
eaten
comido
to bear
parir
bore
pari
born, borne
parido
to fall
caer
fell
cay
fallen
cado
1'0 get
conseguir
got
consigui
gotten, got
conseguido
To He
tenderse
lay
se tendi
Iain
tendido
to forget
olvidar
forgot
olvid
forgotten
olvidado
to slay
matar
slew
mat
slain
matado
to beget
engendrar
begot
engendr
begotten
engendrado
To be
ser, estar
was, were
fue, estuvo
been
sido, estado
1'0 draw
sacar, dibujar
drew
sac, dibuj
drawn
sacado, dibujado
to see
ver
saw
vio
seen
visto
to withdraw
retirar
withdrew
retir
withdrawn
retirado
To do
hacer
did
hiw
done
hecho
to overdraw1
excederse
overdrew
se excedi
overdmwn
excedido
togo
ir
went
fue
gone
ido
To come
venir, llegar
carne
vino, lleg
come
venido, llegado
to undergo
sufrir, padecer
underwent
sufri, padeci
undergone
sufrido, padecido
to become
llegar a ser
became
lleg a ser
become
llegad o a ser
to overdo
exagerar
overdid
exager
overdone
exagerado
to overcome
overcame
se sobrepuso
overcome
sobrepuesto
sobreponerse
160
..
let
dej, permiti
161
let
dejado, permitido
PAS1'
PARTICIPLE
PAST
INFIN111VE
(third person
singular)
INFINITIVO
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
PASADO
INFINITIVE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
(third person
singular)
INFINITIVO
PASADO
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
to cost
costar
cost
cost
cost
costado
upset
trastornado
To hurt
herir, lastimar
hurt
hiri, lastim
hurt
herido, lastimado
wet
moj
wet
mojado
to hurst
reventar
burst
revent
hurst
reventado
to bet
apostar
bet
apost
bet
apostado
to put
poner
put
puso
put
puesto
to spread
extender
spread
extendi
spread
extendido
To cast
tirar, fundir
cast
tir, fundi
oest
broadcast
difundi
broadcast
difundido
foreeest
predijo
foreosst
predicho
to set
fijar
set
fij
set
fijado
to upset
trastornar
upset
trastorn
to wel
mojar
To hit
pegar, golpear
hit
peg, golpe
hit
pegado, golpeado
to hroadcast
difundir
to quit
renunciar
quit
renunci
quit
renunciado
to forecast
predecir
to spit
escupir
spit
escupi
spit
escupido
to split
dividir
split
dividi
split
dividido
to cut
cortar
cut
cort
cut
cortado
to shut
cerrar
shut
cerr
shut
cerrado
to thrust
introducir
thrust
introdujo
thrust
introducido
162
tirado, fundido
163
CONVERSATION
~WHAT HA VE YOU DONE WITH YOUR OLD CAR?
~IHAVE SOLD IT
(Lo he vendido)
~HEHAS LOST IT
(l lo ha perdido)
~I HA VE BEEN WORKING
-1 HA VE
164
165
Prctica
Llene los espacios en blanco escogiendo entre HA VE o HAS.
___
____
____
____
She
We
___
The boys
He
___
Mary
t
1.
_.l
Prctica
Cambie a HA f/E o HAS las siguientes oraciones que estn en
tiempo presente. Al emplear HA VE o HAS estarn en el antepresente (present perfect).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
...
He - to be in New York.
Obsrvese el empleo del auxiliar HAD para expresar lo equivalente en espaol a haba, habas, IJabamos, haban. Advierta asimismo que HAD se utiliza con todos los sujetos o
pronombres personales y que la forma verbal que le sigue es
siempre un participio pasado: spoken (hablado), eaten (comido), written (escrito). Ejemplos:
1 had spoken (yo haba hablado), he had written (l haba
escrito).
En el interrogativo, HAD se antepone a los sujetos o pronombres personales. Comprese la posicin de HAD en la grfica
del afirmativo con la del interrogativo.
-,
I
liAD
tu hin!
liAD
SPOKEN
tohimJ
H.
HA 1) ~Ef:N
liAD WIHITEN
liAD RAINED
Ihal vidurr
a It:lt~'r
loo mua
nn
he
Ihal picturr:'!
a letter?
beforc'!
HAD
liAD
that di'"
that dish'~
Sh.
It
IVe
They
SPOKEN
EAn:N
IJKIVJ;N
a truck
liAD
liAD
sh.
It
SEEN
IVIIITTEN
KAINED
liAD
liAD
we
they
EATEN
IJIIIVJ;N
a trnek"
COMENT ARIOS
En el afirmativo pueden emplearse las contracciones sguientes:
(1 h~d), you'D (you had), he'd, she'D, it'D, you'D y
they D, seguidas de cualquier forma verbal en participio pa
sado: spoken.
rD
169
168
HAD PARA
(PAST PERFECT)
Who
Where
1
had
NOT
SPOKEN
tohim
before,
He
had
NOT
SEEN
that picture
before.
...
NOT
DRlVEN
a truck
before,
How
--------
They had
___
.' l
y alrp ane next month.
-------------
Where
__
Who
__
?
?
COMENTARIOS
?
What
When
---------------------------------
-----------------------
4. Christofer
ships,
Columbus had
WhO
__
When
__
Prctica
-----------------------------
What
Formule preguntas que contesten a las cuatro afirmaciones enumeradas abajo y de acuerdo con las palabras interrogativas aqu
empleadas.
1. Robert has spoken to the manager in his office ~sterday.
'1'0 whom
Who
....
Where
How
1._'
What
___
Where
When
'-
___
When
___
?
?
'?
170
171
?
?
?
?
?
Prctica
Db.eldequlivalente.en ingls a lo que aparece escrito entre parntesis
a ajo e os espacios en blanco.
That
That
That
That
That
That
That
That
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
MAY
MAY
MAY
MAY
MAY
MAY
MAY
MAY
speak
eat
see
write
rain
live
work
study
That
That
That
That
That
That
That
That
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
may
may
may
may
may
may
may
may
NOT speak
NOT eat
NOT see
NOT write
NOT rain
NOT live
NOT work
NOT study
r practice
English so -:----__
(que hable)
4. We work hard so
------(que compre)
--;-----__
(que ahorremos)
a new caro
money.
strong.
(que estn)
fluently.
COMENTARIOS
Recurdese que MA Y, adems de ser el auxiliar del presente
de subjuntivo, tambin puede expresar permiso, posibilidad y
deseo. Ejemplos:
(permiso)
MAY 1 speak to you?
Puedo hablar con
Ud?
MAY 1 go?
Puedo irme?
MAY 1 smoke?
Puedo fumar?
(posibilidad)
1MA Y go to Europe next year = Posiblemente vaya a
Europa el ao prximo.
HeMA Y arrive in Mxico tomorrow = Posiblemente llegue
a Mxico maana.
It MAY rain today
Posiblemente llueva
hoy.
(deseo)
MAY God bless you! = Que Dios te bendiga!
MA y Christmas bring you happiness!
Que la Navidad te
traiga felicidad!
MA Y you have a good time!
Que te diviertas!
better.
(que vea)
------(que se conserve)
healthy.
well.
(que descanse)
8. They huy very cheap so
at a good price.
(que vendan)
the news.
(que comente)
the conversation.
(que entienda)
11. He wears an ear-aid
so ----
__
(que oiga)
well.
-------(que adelgace)
1
172
173
soon
b7iee
EMPLEO DE ir (condicional)
CON EL PASADO DE LOS VERBOS
PARA CONSTRUIR
EL PASADO DE SUBJUNTIVO
Observe el empleo de la palabra condicionallF con los verbos
en pasado lo cual equivale en castellano a si yo hablara = if 1
SPOKE, si l viniera = if he CAME, si escribiramos = ifwe
WROTE, si ellos compraran = if they BOUGHT, etc.
Advierta tambin aqu que estas oraciones en el pasado de
subjuntivo se complementan con el auxiliar WOULD seguido
de verbos en su forma simple: go, buy, travel, etc.
II I D/DN"l'
1I he DIDN1'
'peak t::nglioh
come here
If I
If I
so
WEREN1'
COULDN"I'
poor
te London
dey
a caro
lo New York.
IF I
IF h.
IF we
SPOKE
CAME
BOUGHT
Ir Ihey WORKED
IF, I
IF he
IF she
IF it
WERE
WERE
JIIERE
WERE
IF you COULD
Englioh
her.lomorrow
the newspaper
evertime
I
we
we
lhey
JIIOULD
JIIOULD
JIIOULD
JIIOULD
lO
lo New Yorl ..
"Uir him,
Ieorn the n_o.
""'"
more money,
very rieh
my friend
in Me.xieo
euy
I
I
ohe
I
WOULD
WOULD
WOULD
WOULD
buy
a ranm.
help
_k
do
him~
speak Englioh
you
WOULD
tnwol
through gurcpe.
Spanoo,
t.
174
175
...
10. What places would you visit if you were in New York?
'.
I
l\;
.L
1
1
1
1
1
wish
wish
wish
wish
wish
1
you
he
Mary
we
HAD
CAME
SPOKE
WERE
COULD
a million dollars.
to the party tonight.
English very well.
my classmate in school.
travel every year.
),
15. How would you feel if you slept only two hours every night?
,,:....
...
"
~
I
\
19. What would you do f you went to China and you didn't speak
Chnese?
1 wish 1
1 wish you
1 wish he
DIDN'T
DIDN'T
DIDN'T
work
come
speak
1 wish Mary
1 wish they
WEREN'T
COULDN'T
go
COMENT ARIOS
I
J.
176
Emplase asimismo en el afirmativo el auxiliar WOULD segudo del verbo en su forma simple despus de 1 wish 1. .. etc.
Ejemplo:
1 wish 1 would have a million dollars.
Ojal yo tuviera un milln de dlares.
En el negativo tambin se puede utilizar WOULDN'T con
verbos en su forma simple. Ejemplo:
1 wish 1WOULDN'T uiork so much
Ojal yo no trabajara tanto.
177
Prctica
Exprese una opinin favorable empleando la forma 1 WISH (ojal)
en cada una de las siguientes oraciones. Ejemplo:
....
HAO
HAO
HAO
'she HAO
it
HAO
we
HAO
you
HAO
they HAO
you
he
SPOKEN
STUDIEO
WORKEO
WRI'M'EN
RAINEO
HUN
HELPEO
COME
wel!
more
hard
you
'aster
".
here
WOULO HAVE
WOULO HA VE
he WOULO HA VE
she WOULO HA VE
it
WOULO HA VE
we WOULO HA VE
we
WOULO HA VE
1
WOULO HA VE
CONE
LEARNED
EARNED
COTTEN
BEEN
CAUCHT
FlNlSHED
SEEN
loN.Y.
better.
money.
a lener.
cooler.
tm,
earlier.
bem,
COMENTARIOS
En ambos patrones compuestos pueden emplearse las siguientes formas contradas. Ejemplos:
.._\
178
179
L
Prctica
HAVE
Observe que la forma MUST HAV~ (WOllKED) expresa solamente suposicin en tiempo pasado y nunca deber moral.
I suppose he
thev
1 suppose he'
1 thlnk
MUST HA VE WORKED
J!UST HA "E LIVED
.lfUST HAVE SPOKEN
cmlENTARJOS
Asimismo se puede emplear la contraccin MUST'VE (worked,
lived, spoken, rained). Ejemplo:
1 suppose itMUST'YE rainED very much yesterday.
Supongo que debe haber llovido mucho ayer)
HAVE
..
r
You
He
SHOULD
SHOULD
SHOULD
Igualmente
puede usarse la contraccin SHOULD'VE
WORKED etc. Ejemplo:
John SHOULD'VE
slept more hours last night, but he only
slept four hours.
(J uan debera haber dormido m~ horas anoche, pero slo
durmi cuatro horas)
180
181
Prctica
S.aq.ue conclusiones hipotticas de acuerdo con las aseveraciones
a najo enumeradas. Para ese efecto emplee la forma MUST'VE
Anteponga a cada oracin las-palabras 1 suppose. Ejemplo:
.
1. John speaks English very well.
1 suppose he MUST'VE practiced -a lot.
1. J ohn speaks English very well.
2. He has a cut on his face.
3. Helen can't find her peno
4. 1 never see his old car anymore. 1 don't know what he did
wrth rt.
5. 1 saw Paul in a d~ug-stol'e. He has looking pale and tired.
6. 1 saw Alice runnmg. She ddn't stop. She only said: HelIo
7. 1 called Mary over the telephone. The phone rang but
nobody answered it.
8. 1 went to Paul's apartment, but he wasn't there.
9. 1 saw Betty getting many presents and congratulations
10. 1 saw Charles in a restaurant. He was eating very mucho
Prctica
Con el fin de que el uso de SHOULD'VE (SHOULD HAVE) se tome
automtico; emplelo en cada una de las frases abajo enumeradas,
anteponindolo
L
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
9.
182
10.
11.
12.
13.------
14..
15.
183
Prctica
Con el objeto de forzar una alternativa entre el empleo de
SHOULD VE o el negativo SHOULDN T HA VE, frmense oracio,
nes de acuerdo con los siguientes complementos. Note que todos
los verbos estn en participio pasado.
L ----
__
2. ----
__
3.
4.
5.
6. -
7.
8. --
9. -
TO HAVE
'-
ll. --
12. --
13. ------
spoken
15. --
__
"(
14. ----
OBSERVACIONES
l.-Note
I, -----_
J.
"'1
2.-Nole
184
185
t.
I sappose
I think
I guess
Henry
Mary
Alice
I suppose
I suppose
I guess
Ihey
he
she
Richard
Helen
They
MA Y HA VE been
MAY HAVE .een
MA Y HA VE .rrived
MIGHT HA VE known
MIGHT HA VE 60ne
MIGHT HA VE fini.hed
1. Think twice
BEFO RE
speaking.
AFTER
working.
3. He wenl away
WITHOUT
saying
4. Thank you
FOR
coming.
5. She persisted
IN
asking
6.
ON
leaving.
AT
making
watches.
buying
the house?
good-bye.
questions,
COMENTARIOS
7. They are experts
Las contracciones de estas formas compuestas son: MA Y'VE,
MIGHT'VE y COULD'VE. Ejemplos:
.::
9. He stays at home
INSTEAD OY going
to school.
10. 1 finished
IN SPITE OF
feeling
tired.
WHILE
waiting.
NOT
Prctica
1.. Construya
oraciones empleando
MIGHT'VE en afirmativo y negativo.
las formas
MAy'VE
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. Conteste con .varias afirmaciones a las siguientes preguntas:
a) What COULD you HAVE done last week that you didn't do?
b) Where COULD you HAVE gone yesterday that you didn't
go?
e) Whom COULD she HAVE se en last Sunday that she didn't
see?
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
18~
187
EJERCICIOS
Llene los espacios en blanco con la palabra abajo indicada, que est
parntesis, cambindola al gerundio. Traduzca despus esas
oraciones al castellano en forma oral.
entre
his work.
(finish)
2. She drinks coca-cola instead of
rnilk,
(lo drink )
lo my house,
Henry
often
ENJOYS
swimming
Peter
always
AVOIDS
fighting
finally
STOPPED
smoking
We
never
PRACTICE
reading
They
haven't
FINISHED
working
John
hasn't:
CONSIDERED
traveling
Alice
doesn't
MIND
waiting
(lo go)
4. Don't forget to brush your teeth after
_
(lo eat)
English.
(to learn)
chess,
(play)
the bus.
(get off)
COMENTARIOS
sick.
that house.
I,
anything.
continued
(to arrive)
started
Frank
(to eat)
began
to the radio.
liked
_
(to eat)
your lesson.
(to study)
188
189
Prctica
Con el objeto de que las formas WAN1' ME TO ... etc., se tornen
automticas" sustituya en la siguiente oracin: They want us to
finish the report on time, el verbo want por:
Emplanse los pronombres objetivos me, you, it, him, her, uso
them seguidos de infinitiuos, despus de estos verbos.
He
EXPECTS
me
to come
tomorrow
ORDERED
you
to go
home
ASKED
him
to study
everyday
He
INVITED
her
to go
down town
They WANT
us
to call
TOLO
you
to waitfor
me here
ADVISE
you
to send
We
WANTED
them to bring
She
ASKED
him
to write
He
PERMITTED
us
to wait
in the lobby
He
FORCED
us
to come back
to Chicago
PERSUADED
them to travel
He
CONVINCED me
URGED
hE!~ to speak
more English
ALLOWED
him
base-ball
to leam
to play
U!!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
telJ
ask
order
force
advise
persuade
convince
invite
urge
expect
permit
allow
(told)
(asked)
(ordered)
(forced)
(advised)
(persuad ed)
( convinced)
(invited)
(urged)
(expected)
(permitted)
(allowed)
many presents
Forme dos oraciones con cada verbo, una en presente y otra en
pasado. Ejemplo:
L
byairplane
English
COMENT ARIOS
Observe que la forma verbal en infinitivo no vara aunque los
verbos principales estn en presente o en pasado. En stos el infinitivo equivale en ePaol al presente y pasado de Subjuntivo.
Ejemplos:
,.
i
190
decir-dijo
pedir-pidi
ordenar-orden
obligar -oblig
aconsejar-aconsej
persuadir-persuadi
convencer-convenci
invi tar -invit
urgir -urgi ( apremiar)
esperar-esper
permitir-permiti
permitir-permiti
191
..
CASOS EN QUE SE EMPLEA EL TIEMPO PRESENTE
DE INDICATIVO EN VEZ DEL SUBJUNTIVO
DESPUS DE CIERTOS VERBOS
Prctica
D el equivalente en ingls a lo que aparece escrito entre parntesis
abajo de los espacios en blanco.
Emplase el tiempo presente en lugar del presente de subjuntivo despus de los verbos propose (proponer), recommend (recomendar), prefer (preferir), suggest (sugerir),
demand (exigir) y insist (insistir). La forma verbal en presente
que sigue a dichos verbos, no lleva S en las terceras personas:
he, she, it. Ejemplos:
1. 1 recornrnend
_
(que vengas)
2. Henry insisted
\.
..
propases
The
teacher
recommends'
prefers
suggests
that he practice
English
6. He dernanded
demands
insists
7. Mary suggets
COMENTARIOS
that caro
(que compremos)
that piano.
192
1-93
\
PRONOMBRES
OBJETIVOS E INFINITIVOS
DESPUS DE CIERTOS VERBOS
SIN TO
Prctica
ro
Advirtanse los verbos en infirtivo sin la partcula to, despus de let, help, have,. see, hear, make y feel, cuando entre
estos dos grupos se interponen los pronombres objetivos me,
him, us, etc. Ejemplo:
Let me go = Djame ir
Comprese esta grfica con el cuadro que aparece en la pgina
190.
1
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
HAD
the studen ts
HELPED
them
MADE
them
LET
them
'them
HEARD
SAW
them
WATCHED them
FEEL
my tongue
read
understand
discuss
read
laugh
talk
practice
move
1. have
2. help
3. see
the newspaper.
the news,
the editorial.
other articles too.
at the comics.
about sports.
sorne catching.
as I speak.
4.
4. let
5. made
6. saw
helped
3. watched
COMENTARIOS
c) Mary is going
Estos ocho verbos especiales pueden estar en cualquier tiempo o forma verbal, sin que el infinitivo (sin to) sufra alguna
modificacin.
Ejemplos:
He doesn't help me understand the lesson
(l no me ayuda a entender la leccin)
to help
4. to watch
5. to make
2. to let
3. to have
194
make
5. watch
6. hear
2.
195
Prctica 2
Para forzar una alternativa entre el empleo del. infinitiVt c~n ~::t:!
infinitivo sin to, eljase cul debe ser el apropiado en as Ig
oraciones:
a) My teacher asked me to talk about American History.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. invited
11. had
12. saw
13. convinced
14. urged
15. ordered
16. watched
17. expected
18. allowed
helped
told
wanted
made
advised
forced
let
persuaded
heard
7. ask
8. advise
9. persuade
10. help
11. see
12. force
expect
have
let
urge
permit
make
196
197
18. He was working last week too, but the doctor told him to rest.
He (couldn't have been) (shouldn't have been) (wouldn't have
been) working lasl week.
.'
19. Miss Brown wasn't in the office yesterday mormng, but it was
possible for her to be there. She (may nave been) (~ight have
been)( could have been) in the office yesterd ay mo rrung.
,
20. She wasn't al home when I went lo see her yesterday. She
(would have heen) (may have been) (should have been) DownTown yesterday.
21 I think she was buying clothes yesterday. She (must have been)
. (should have been) (ought to have been) buying clothes yesterday.
22. Mary avoided (to see) (seeing) (see) J ohn I~stweek ..
23. My cousin is very good (for) (by)(at) playlng the plano.
24. Please,listen (me) (to me) (at me).
25. llooked (at her) (her) when she went out,
26. She lives(at) (on) (in) 523 Hidalgo Street..
.
27. You .can learn more English (in) (on) (by) speaking and readl~.
28. 1 gave (to Robert) (Robert) (at Robert) a present last Christmas.
~ 29. They want (that we)(we)(us) to go to their rancho
30. 1 advised George (bought) (to buy) (will buy) a good. book,
31. You should hrush your teeth after (to eat)( eat)(eahng)
32. He told his secretary (that she not send)(not to send)(that she
doesn't send) that letter yet.
.
.
33. We have (strive) (striven) (strove) to learn more Enghsh during
this year.
..
34. We are interested (to) (for) (in) visiting the Umted States this
year.
35. Henry stopped (to gol (going)(gone) to schoollast year.
36. y ou should study instead of (playing) (to play)( p~ay).
37. I am tired (going) (of to go) (of going) to the movl~s.
38. He was sorry (for to have come late) (at commg late) (for
coming late).
39. [ asked Mary (that she carne) (that she would come) (to come)
to the party.
.
.
40. The students enjoy (to take) (of taking) (taking) vacations
every year.
41. I wish 1(can) (will) (could) go to Europe next year.
42. If [ had money 1 (will) (would) (can) huya car
43. 1 would help you if I (could) (can) (might).
44. My uncle (will not can) (could not) (will not be able) to go to
Europe next year.
45 If I (was) (were) (been) rich, I wouId travel around the word,
198
,,
l,
(obligacin)
He
have gone to the hospital for his
operation last week.
(Suposicin)
This dress
(Posibilidad
en presente)
It
(Habilidad
en pasado)
The student
rrectly.
be very expensive.
be raining in Toluca now.
----
(Posibilidad
en pasado)
1 thought 1 nutes:
co-
1 go horne now?
finish this test in twenty mi-
199
(Deseo)
(Futuro)
My parents
(Habilidad
en presente)
_____
RESPUESTAS
May
Could
Would
Might
Must
Can
7 Could
It May
I'll
my uncle tomorrow (telefonear)
I
a friend yesterday (encontrarse)
Since you
the days grow long (alejarse)
The girl is going to
the baby (cuidar)
1 am
of money because 1 spent too much of it last
week (acabarse, agotarse).
1 am going to
my cousing next Sunday (visitar)
He feels
because he was working too much [extenuarse).
Don't forget to
the book I lent you (devolver)
May you
soon! (ponerse bien)
A poor old man was
'_by a car(atropellar)
200
TEMA II
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
9. Might
39.
10. Should have
40.
11. Must have
41.
12. Could have
42.
13. Should have
43.
14. Might have
44.
15. May have
45.
16. Ought to have
46.
17. Musthavebeen
47.
18. Shouldn't have been
48.
19. Could have been
49.
20. May have been
50.
21. Must have been
51.
22. Seeing
52.
23. At
53.
24. Tome
54.
25. Ather
55.
26. At
56.
27. By
57.
2B. Robert
58.
29. Us
59.
30. 1'0 buy
60.
61.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
AL EXAMEN FINAL
..
201
DE INGLS
Eating
Not to send
Striven
In
Going
Playing
Of going
For coming late
To come
Taking
Could
Would
Could
Will not be able
Were
Being
Was given
Strode
flown
took
Blow
Shrunk
Chosen
Stolen
Broke
Lay
Go
Underwent
Do
To learn
Speak
TEMA III
(O bligacin)
Should
(Suposicin)
Must
(Posibilidad
en presente)
May
- Could
(Habilidad
en pasado)
(Condicional)
Would
(Permiso)
May
(Posibilidad
en pasado)
Might
(deseo)
May
(Futuro)
Will
(Habilidad en
presente)
Can
..
TEMA V
L
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Call up
Ran into
Went away
Look after
Running out
Call on
Rundown
Give back
get well
Run over
TEMA IV
L
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
lO.
202
203
..
EDITORIAL
r.