Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
It differs from the Brinell test in that the indenter and the loads are smaller, and the Rockwell hardness
number is read directly. The Rockwell hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with
a diamond cone or hardened steel ball indenter. The indenter is forced into the test material under a
preliminary minor load F0 (Fig. 1A) usually 10 kgf. When equilibrium has been reached, an indicating
device, which follows the movements of the indenter and so responds to changes in depth of
penetration of the indenter is set to a datum position. While the preliminary minor load is still applied
an additional major load is applied with resulting increase in penetration (Fig. 1B). When equilibrium
has again been reached, the additional major load is removed but the preliminary minor load is still
maintained. Removal of the additional major load allows a partial recovery, so reducing the depth of
penetration (Fig. 1C). The permanent increase in depth of penetration, resulting from the application
and removal of the additional major load is used to calculate the Rockwell hardness number.
HR = E - e
F0 = preliminary minor load in kgf
F1 = additional major load in kgf
F = total load in kgf
e = permanent increase in depth of penetration due to major load F1 measured in units of 0.002 mm
E = a constant depending on form of indenter: 100 units for diamond indenter, 130 units for steel ball
indenter
HR = Rockwell hardness number
D = diameter of steel ball
Scale Indenter
Diamond cone 10
50
60
100
90
100
130
Diamond cone 10
140
150
100
Diamond cone 10
90
100
100
10
90
100
130
50
60
130
140
150
130
10
50
60
130
10
140
150
130
10
50
60
130
10
90
100
130
10
140
150
130
10
50
60
130
10
90
100
130
10
140
150
130
HR = E - e
F0 = preliminary minor load in kgf
F1 = additional major load in kgf
F = total load in kgf
e = permanent increase in depth of penetration due to major load F1, measured in units of 0.001 mm
E = a constant of 100 units for diamond and ball indenters
HR = Rockwell hardness number
D = diameter of steel ball
Indenter Type
HR 15 N N Diamond cone 3
12
15
100
HR 30 N N Diamond cone 3
27
30
100
HR 45 N N Diamond cone 3
42
45
100
12
15
100
27
30
100
42
45
100
12
15
100
27
30
100
42
45
100
12
15
100
27
30
100
42
45
100
12
15
100
27
30
100
42
45
100
F= Load in kgf
d = Arithmetic mean of the two diagonals, d1 and d2 in mm
HV = Vickers hardness
The area of of the pyramidal impression is calculated from the mensuration formula:
A = 4a S/2
Where S is the slant height of the impression.
From above fig:
d2 = 2a2 or a = d/ 2
Thus
A = (4d/2) (S/2) = 2dS
S = a /2 sin 136/2 = d / 2 / 2 sin 68
Substituting the values of S we get A = d2 / 2 sin 68
Hardness number HV or D.P.H. = 2 F sin 68 / d2
== 1.854 F / d2
When the mean diagonal of the indentation has been determined the Vickers hardness may be
calculated from the formula, but is more convenient to use conversion tables. The Vickers hardness
should be reported like 800 HV/10, which means a Vickers hardness of 800, was obtained using a 10
kgf force. Several different loading settings give practically identical hardness numbers on uniform
material, which is much better than the arbitrary changing of scale with the other hardness testing
methods. The advantages of the Vickers hardness test are that extremely accurate readings can be
taken, and just one type of indenter is used for all types of metals and surface treatments. Although
thoroughly adaptable and very precise for testing the softest and hardest of materials, under varying
loads, the Vickers machine is a floor standing unit that is more expensive than the Brinell or Rockwell
machines. Very high degree of polishing of the metal surface is required so that the impression can be
perfectly focused and viewed and the diagonal accurately measured. Very careful handling of the
indenter is recommended, besides periodic checking of the instrument against the standard steel blocks
supplied alongwith.
Enter value
Enter value
HV
Result
Clear
There is now a trend towards reporting Vickers hardness in SI units (MPa or GPa) particularly in
academic papers. Unfortunately, this can cause confusion. Vickers hardness (e.g. HV/30) value should
normally be expressed as a number only (without the units kgf/mm 2). Rigorous application of SI is a
problem. Most Vickers hardness testing machines use forces of 1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 50 and 100 kgf and
tables for calculating HV. SI would involve reporting force in newtons (compare 700 HV/30 to
HV/294 N = 6.87GPa) which is practically meaningless and messy to engineers and technicians. To
convert aVickers hardness number the force applied needs converting from kgf to newtons and the
area needs converting form mm2 to m2 to give results in Pascals using the formula above.
To convert HV to MPa multiply by 9.807
To convert HV to GPa multiply by 0.009807
The Brinell and Vickers hardness values are similar in their nature from the basic principles. The two
values will tally up to the hardness number 400, and thereafter, the Vickers values are found to be
more. However, in this range, i.e., above 400 Vickers hardness values are more reliable.
The Knoop indenter is a diamond ground to pyramidal form that produces a diamond shaped
indentation having approximate ratio between long and short diagonals of 7:1. The depth of
indentation is about 1/30 of its length. When measuring the Knoop hardness, only the longest diagonal
of the indentation is measured and this is used in the above formula with the load used to calculate
KHN. Tables of these values are usually a more convenient way to look-up KHN values from the
measurements.
Enter value
Enter value
KHN
Result
Clear
There is now a trend towards reporting Vickers and Knoop hardness in SI units (MPa or GPa)
particularly in academic papers. Unfortunately, this can cause confusion. Vickers hardness (e.g.
HV/30) value should normally be expressed as a number only (without the units kgf/mm 2). Rigorous
application of SI is a problem. Most Vickers hardness testing machines use forces of 1, 2, 5, 10, 30, 50
and 100 kgf and tables for calculating HV. SI would involve reporting force in newtons (compare 700
HV/30 to HV/294 N = 6.87 GPa) which is practically meaningless and messy to engineers and
technicians. To convert a Vickers hardness number the force applied needs converting from kgf to
newtons and the area needs converting form mm 2 to m2 to give results in pascals using the formula
above.
To convert HV to MPa multiply by 9.807
To convert HV to GPa multiply by 0.009807
BRINELL SCLEROU.T.S.
BHN
SCOPE
HV/10
Kpsi MPa
1865
92 80 87 97
92
87
1787
92 79 86 96
92
87
1710
91 78 85 96
91
86
1633
91 77 84 96
91
85
1556
90 76 83 96
90
84
1478
90 75 83 95
89
83
1400
89 74 82 95
89
82
1323
89 73 81 95
88
81
1245
88 72 80 95
87
80
1160
87 71 80 94
87
79
1076
87 70 79 94
86
78
101
1004
86 69 78 94
85
77
99
940
86 68 77 93
84
75
97
900
85 67 76 93
84
74
95
865
85 66 75 93
83
73
92
832
84 65 75 92
82
72
739
91
800
84 64 74 92
81
71
722
88
772
83 63 73 91
80
70
705
87
746
83 62 72 91
79
69
688
85
720
82 61 72 91
79
68
670
83
697
81 60 71 90
78
67
654
81
320 2206
674
81 59 70 90
77
66
634
80
310 2137
653
80 58 69 89
76
64
615
78
300 2068
633
80 57 69 89
75
63
595
76
290 1999
613
79 56 68 88
74
62
577
75
282 1944
595
79 55 67 88
73
61
560
74
274 1889
577
78 54 66 87
72
60
543
72
266 1834
560
78 53 65 87
71
59
523
71
257 1772
544
77 52 65 86
70
57
512
69
245 1689
528
77 51 64 86
69
56
496
68
239 1648
513
76 50 63 86
69
55
481
67
233 1606
498
75 49 62 85
68
54
469
66
227 1565
484
75 48 61 85
67
53
455
64
221 1524
471
74 47 61 84
66
51
443
63
217 1496
458
74 46 60 84
65
50
432
62
212 1462
446
73 45 59 83
64
49
421
60
206 1420
434
73 44 59 83
63
48
409
58
200 1379
423
72 43 58 82
62
47
400
57
196 1351
412
72 42 57 82
61
46
390
56
191 1317
402
71 41 56 81
60
44
381
55
187 1289
392
71 40 55 80
60
43
371
54
182 1255
382
70 39 55 80
59
42
362
52
177 1220
372
70 38 54 79
58
41
353
51
173 1193
363
69 37 53 79
57
40
344
50
169 1165
354
69 36 52 78
56
38
336
49
165 1138
345
68 35 52 78
55
37
327
48
160 1103
336
68 34 51 77
54
36
319
47
156 1076
327
67 33 50 77
53
35
311
46
152 1048
318
67 32 49 76
52
34
301
44
147 1014
310
66 31 48 76
51
33
294
43
144 993
302
66 30 48 75
50
31
286
42
140 965
294
65 29 47 75
50
30
279
41
137 945
286
65 28 46 74
49
29
271
41
133 917
279
64 27 45 73
48
28
264
40
129 889
272
64 26 45 73
47
27
258
39
126 869
266
63 25 44 72
46
26
253
38
124 855
260
63 24 43 72
45
24
247
37
121 834
254
62 23 42 71
44
23
240
36
118 814
248
62 22 42 71
43
22
234
35
115 793
243
61 21 41 70
42
21
228
35
112 772
238
61 20 40 69
42
20
222
34
109 752
HV/10
VICKERS
ROCKWELL
DPH
Kpsi MPa
BRINELL SCLEROU.T.S.
BHN
SCOPE
ROCKWELL SCALES
BRINELL
A B
BHN BHN
500kg 3000kg
C D E
92
80 87
92
79 86
91
78 85
91
77 84
90
76 83
90
75 83
89
74 82
89
73 81
88
72 80
87
71 80
87
70 79
86
69 78
86
68 77
85
67 76
85
66 75
84
65 75
84
64 74
83
63 73
83
62 72
82
61 72
81
60 71
81
59 70
80
58 69
80
57 69
79
56 68
79 120 55 67
78 120 54 66
78 119 53 65
77 119 52 65
92
92
91
91
90
89
89
88
87
87
86
85
84
84
83
82
81
80
79
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
87
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
64
63
62
61
60
59
57
739
722
705
688
670
654
634
615
595
577
560
543
523
512
SCLEROU.T.S.
SCOPE
Kpsi Mpa
101
99
97
95
92
91
88
87
85
83
81
80
78
76
75
74
72
71
69
320
310
300
290
282
274
266
257
245
2206
2137
2069
2000
1944
1889
1834
1772
1689
528
513
498
484
471
458
446
434
423
412
402
392
382
372
363
354
345
336
327
318
310
302
294
286
279
272
266
260
254
248
243
238
234
230
226
222
217
213
208
204
200
196
192
188
184
77 118 51 64
76 117 50 63
75 117 49 62
75 116 48 61
74 116 47 61
74 115 46 60
73 115 45 59
73 114 44 59
72 113 43 58
72 113 42 57
71 112 41 56
71 112 40 55
70 111 39 55
70 110 38 54
69 110 37 53
69 109 36 52
68 109 35 52
68 108 34 51
67 108 33 50
67 107 32 49
66 106 31 48
66 105 30 48
65 104 29 47
65 104 28 46
64 103 27 45
64 103 26 45
63 102 25 44
63 101 24 43
62 100 23 42
62 99 22 42
61 98 21 41
61 97 20 40
60 97 19
59 96 18
59 96 17
58 95 16
58 95 15
58 94 14
57 93 13
57 92 12
56 92 11
56 91 10
56 90 9
55 89 8
54 88 7
91
91
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
81
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
73
71
70
69
68
66
64
63
86
86
85
85
84
84
83
83
82
82
81
80
80
79
79
78
78
77
77
76
76
75
75
74
73
73
72
72
71
71
70
69
100
100
100
99
98
97
69
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
42
56
55
54
53
51
50
49
48
47
46
44
43
42
41
40
38
37
36
35
34
33
31
30
29
28
27
26
24
23
22
21
20
93
93
93
92
92
92
92
92
92
91
91
91
91
90
90
90
90
82
82
81
81
80
80
80
79
79
79
78
78
77
77
76
76
75
72
71
70
69
69
68
68
67
67
66
66
65
64
64
63
62
61
201
195
189
184
181
179
177
175
171
169
167
163
162
160
157
154
151
496
481
469
455
443
432
421
409
400
390
381
371
362
353
344
336
327
319
311
301
294
286
279
271
264
258
253
247
240
234
228
222
218
214
210
208
205
203
200
195
193
190
185
180
176
68
67
66
64
63
62
60
58
57
56
55
54
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
44
43
42
41
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
35
34
34
33
33
32
31
31
30
30
29
28
27
26
26
239
233
227
221
217
212
206
200
196
191
187
182
177
173
169
165
160
156
152
147
144
140
137
133
129
126
124
121
118
115
112
109
107
106
104
102
100
99
98
96
95
93
91
88
86
1648
1607
1565
1524
1496
1462
1420
1379
1351
1317
1289
1255
1220
1193
1165
1138
1103
1076
1048
1014
993
965
945
917
889
869
855
834
814
793
772
752
738
731
717
703
690
683
676
662
655
641
627
607
593
180
176
172
168
164
160
156
152
148
144
141
139
137
135
132
130
127
125
123
120
118
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
100
100
99
98
97
96
95
95
94
54 87
53 86
53 85
52 84
51 83
51 82
50 81
50 80
49 79
49 78
48 77
47 76
47 75
46 74
46 73
45 72
45 71
44 70
44 69
43 68
43 67
42 66
42 65
42 64
41 63
41 62
40 61
40 60
39 59
39 58
38 57
38 56
38 55
37 54
37 53
36 52
36 51
35 50
35 49
35 48
34 47
34 46
33 45
33 44
32 43
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
61
59
58
56
54
53
51
49
48
46
44
43
100 41
99 39
99 38
98 36
100 98 35
100 97 33
99 96 31
98 96 30
98 95 28
97 95 27
96 94 25
96 94 24
95 93 22
95 92 21
94 92 19
93 91 18
93 91 16
92 90 15
91 90 13
91 89 12
90 88 10
90 88 9
89 87 7
88 87 6
88 86 4
87 86 3
87 85
86 85
85 84
85 83
84 83
84 82
83 82
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
91
90
89
88
87
86
85
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
58
89
89
89
88
88
88
87
87
87
86
86
86
85
85
85
84
84
84
83
83
83
82
82
82
81
81
81
81
80
80
80
79
79
79
78
78
78
77
77
77
76
76
76
75
75
75
74
74
73
72
72
71
70
70
69
68
68
67
66
66
65
64
64
63
62
62
61
60
60
59
58
57
57
56
55
55
54
53
53
52
51
51
50
49
49
48
47
46
46
45
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
148
145
142
140
137
135
133
130
128
126
124
122
120
118
116
114
112
110
109
107
106
104
102
101
99
98
96
95
94
92
91
90
89
87
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
79
78
77
172
169
165
162
159
156
153
150
147
144
141
139
137
135
132
130
127
125
123
121
119
117
116
114
112
110
108
107
106
104
102
101
99
26
25
25
25
24
24
24
84
83
81
79
78
76
75
73
579
572
558
545
538
524
517
503
93
92
91
90
90
89
88
88
87
87
86
86
85
85
84
84
83
83
82
82
81
81
80
80
79
79
78
78
77
77
76
76
75
75
74
74
73
73
72
72
71
71
70
DPH
HV/10
32 42
31 41
31 40
31 39
30 38
30 37
29 36
29 35
28 34
28 33
28 32
27 31
27 30
26 29
26 28
25 27
25 26
24 25
24 24
24 23
23 22
23 21
22 20
22 19
21 18
21 17
21 16
20 15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
A B
82
82
81
80
80
79
79
78
77
77
76
76
75
74
74
73
73
72
71
71
70
70
69
68
68
67
67
66
65
65
64
64
63
62
62
61
61
60
59
59
58
58
57
C D E
81
81
80
79
79
78
78
77
77
76
75
75
74
74
73
73
72
71
71
70
70
69
69
68
67
67
66
66
65
65
64
64
63
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
58
58
57
F
58
57
56
55
54
53
100 52
100 52
99 51
99 50
99 49
98 48
98 47
98 46
97 45
97 45
97 44
96 42
96 42
96 41
95 40
95 39
95 38
94 38
94 37
93 36
93 35
93 34
92 33
92 32
92 32
91 31
91 30
91 29
90 28
90 27
90 26
89 26
89 25
88 24
88 23
88 22
87 21
75
74
74
74
73
73
73
72
72
72
71
71
71
70
70
70
69
69
69
68
68
68
68
67
67
67
66
66
66
65
65
65
64
64
64
63
63
63
62
62
62
61
61
44
44
43
42
42
41
40
40
39
38
38
37
36
36
35
34
33
33
32
31
31
30
29
29
28
27
26
26
25
24
24
23
22
22
21
20
20
19
18
17
17
16
15
15
14
13
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
76
75
74
74
73
72
71
71
70
69
68
68
67
66
66
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
56
56
56
55
55
55
54
54
53
53
BHN BHN
G H K 15N 30N 45N 15T 30T 45T
500kg 3000kg
Kpsi Mpa
VPN
ROCKWELL SCALES
BRINELL
SCLEROU.T.S.
SCOPE