Document

Rationale for
Body System
Diseases
Carly McCullough

Table of Contents
Introduction
Purpose, Target Audience, Document rationale .......3
Circulatory System Disease
Pericardial Disease, Constrictive pericarditis, Causes, Statistics.....5
Incubation period, Symptoms, Diagnoses...6
Risk Factors, Treatments.....7
Cure, Map........8
Immune System Disease
HIV, Causes, Statistics, Incubation Period, Symptoms.........10
Risk Factors..................................................................................................................11
Diagnoses, Treatments...12
Cure, Map..13
Respiratory System Disease
Bronchitis, Causes, Statistics15
Symptoms, Diagnoses...16
Treatments, Cure.17
Map...18
Digestive System Disease
Bacterial Gastroenteritis,Causes, Statistics....20
Symptoms, Diagnosis, Risk Factors, Treatment21
Prevention, Cure.22
Map...23
Excretory System Disease
Cystitis, Mode of Transmission.....25
Statistics26
Incubation Period, Symptoms, Risk Factors...27
Prevention28
Cure, Map....29
References.....31

Introduction

Purpose
2

The purpose of this communicable disease profile is to bring awareness to these viral,
bacterial, and parasitic infections faced by individuals across the world ranging from all
ages. Information will be provided about signs and symptoms, risk factors for
contracting these diseases, prevention and control measures, statistics, and a possible
cure. This is to assist in preventing and strategizing to conclude or minimize such
popular diseases that can be communicated through health organizations across the
nation.

Target Audience
The information in this document is specified for health organizations and/or workers in
the North American region but is also public to medical professionals in other areas
where these diseases are diagnosed.

Document Rationale
These infectious diseases have been selected in order to bring awareness to the
communicable diseases. Where the diseases are diagnosed, this document provides
guidelines for control and prevention. The document includes insight on how these
diseases can be diagnosed and visual display of what may occur.

Circulatory
System Disease

Pericardial Disease
What is Pericardial Disease?
Pericardial disease (pericarditis) is an inflammation of any layers of the pericardium
resulting from bacteria, virus, or a parasitic infection. The pericardium is a thin tissue

sac that surrounds the heart. This tissue consists of 2 different layers called the visceral
pericardium and the parietal pericardium. A middle fluid layer is between these two to
prevent friction. (Beckerman, 2016)
What is Constructive Pericarditis?
Constrictive pericarditis occurs when the pericardium becomes thickened and scarred.
This can make it difficult for the heart to expand with blood. (Beckerman, 2016)
What Causes Pericardial Disease?

Infections
Heart surgery
Heart attack
Trauma
Tumors
Cancer
Radiation
Autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or

scleroderma)
For some people, no cause can be found. Pericarditis can be acute or chronic.
(Beckerman, 2016)
Disease Statistics
Location

Cases

Men
Affected

Women
Affected

15-59 years
old

75+ years
old

England

15 713

11 156

4 557

9 585

1 728

(Healthgrades, 2014)

Incubation Period
Pericarditis often becomes recurrent after the initial episode and attacks can last over
many years. (Cleveland Clinic, 2016)
What are the Symptoms of Pericardial Disease?
Some present symptoms of pericarditis may include:

 Chest Pain - this pain is frequently sharp and located in the center of the
chest. The pain may be located in the neck and shoulders and sometimes in the
arms and back. It can be made worse when lying down, coughing, or swallowing.
Low-grade Fever
Increased Heart Rate
Shortness of breath
Fatigue (feeling over-tired)
Heart failure symptoms (swelling of legs and feet, unexplained weight
gain)
Atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat)
(Beckerman, 2016)
How is Pericardial Disease Diagnosed?
Your doctor can diagnose this disease based on:

Reported symptoms
Electrocardiogram results
Physical exam
Echocardiogram
Cardiac catheterization
MRI
CT scan

(Beckerman, 2016)
Risk Factors of Pericardial Disease
Even young, otherwise healthy individuals can develop pericarditis following what
initially appears to be a routine viral illness. Viruses such as those that cause flu,
mumps and mononucleosis, as well as HIV, hepatitis, and varicella, have all been
associated with pericarditis. Typically, one to three weeks after a viral illness, patients
begin to experience fever, chest discomfort, cough, shortness of breath, and general
malaise. Another potentially serious risk factor of pericarditis, especially that caused by
a bacterial infection, injury, or tumor, is cardiac tamponade(stoppage of the flow of
blood) which is caused by an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, resulting in
excessive pressure on the heart. If untreated,blood pressure will drop along with cardiac

output. This is an emergency situation that is treated by puncturing the pericardial sac to
remove the fluid. (Healthcentral, 2015)
What is the Treatments for Pericardial Disease?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents to decrease the pain and
inflammation
Steroids, used occasionally for severe attacks
Antibiotics if the pericarditis is due to infection
Colchicine particularly if symptoms last for several weeks or occur on a
repetitive basis
Analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents to treat pain or inflammation
Diuretics to treat heart failure symptoms
Antiarrhythmics to treat any abnormal heart rhythms
Pericardiectomy (the surgical removal of the stiff pericardium from the
heart) (Beckerman, 2016)

Cure
There is no cure to fully stop pericardial disease but there is very efficient treatments.
Most cases of pericarditis are mild. They clear up on their own or with rest and simple
treatment. Other times, more intense treatment is needed to prevent complications.
Treatment may include medicines and, in some cases, procedures or surgery.
(National Institutes of Health, 2012)
Map

(World Heart Federation, 2016)

Skip to 2:15

Immune System
Disease

Human Immunodeficiency Disease (HIV)

What is HIV?
HIV is a virus spread through certain body fluids that attacks the bodys
immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, often called T cells. Over time,
HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body cant fight off infections
and disease. These special cells help the immune system fight off infections.
Untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells (T cells) in the body. This
damage to the immune system makes it harder and harder for the body to
fight off infections and some other diseases. (Centers for Disease Control and
prevention, 2016)

What Causes HIV?

You can get HIV from contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids. Most people
get the virus by having unprotected sex with someone who has HIV. Another common
way of getting it is by sharing drug needles with someone who is infected with HIV.
(WebMD, 2016)
HIV Statistics

Cases

Current Cases

15 and under

Deaths

Daily Infected

78 million

37 million

2.6 million

39 million

5 600

(UNAIDS, 2015)
Incubation Period
The time between infection with the virus and the onset of symptoms of AIDS (the
incubation period) ranges from a few months to ten years or more. Infected persons can
spread the virus during the incubation period. (Arkansas Department of Health, 2011)
What are the Symptoms of HIV?

Belly cramps, nausea, or vomiting

Diarrhea
Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, and groin
Fever
Headache
Muscle aches and joint pain
Skin rash
Sore throat
Diarrhea or other bowel changes
Fatigue
Loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss
Dry cough or shortness of breath
Nail changes
Night sweats
Pain when swallowing
Confusion, trouble concentrating, or personality changes
Repeated outbreaks of cold sores or genital herpes sores
Tingling, numbness, and weakness in the limbs
Mouth sores or a yeast infection of the mouth (thrush)
10

(WebMD, 2016)
Risk Factors of HIV
Having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who is
infected with HIV or whose HIV status is unknown.
Having many sexual partners.
Having sex with a sex worker or an IV drug user.
Sharing needles, syringes, or equipment used to prepare or inject drugs
with someone who is HIV infected.
Using needles for piercing or tattooing that are not sterile. (An accidental
needle stick with a contaminated needle or medical instrument, however, is a
very rare cause of HIV transmission.)
Having another sexually transmitted disease (STD), such as herpes,
chlamydia, syphilis, or gonorrhea. STDs may cause changes in tissue that make
HIV transmission more likely.
Having sex after drinking alcohol or taking drugs.
Having a mother who was infected with HIV before you were born.
Having had a blood transfusion or received blood products before 1985.
Since that time, however, all blood in the United States has been tested for HIV.
Having fewer copies of a gene that helps to fight HIV. Although not yet
available, a screening test might one day be able to identify those who are more
likely to get HIV and develop AIDS.
(Derrer, 2014)
How is HIV Diagnosed?
HIV infection is commonly diagnosed by blood tests. There are three main types of tests
that are commonly used. HIV antibody tests, RNA tests, and a combination test that
detects both antibodies and a piece of the virus called the p24 protein. (Tran, 2015)

What are the Treatments for HIV?

HIV is treated using a combination of medicines to fight HIV infection. This is called
antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART isnt a cure, but it can control the virus so that you can
live a longer, healthier life and reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to others. ART
involves taking a combination of HIV medicines (called an HIV regimen) every day,

11

exactly as prescribed. These HIV medicines prevent HIV from multiplying (making
copies of itself), which reduces the amount of HIV in your body. Having less HIV in your
body gives your immune system a chance to recover and fight off infections and
cancers. Even though there is still some HIV in the body, the immune system is strong
enough to fight off infections and cancers. By reducing the amount of HIV in your body,
HIV medicines also reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to others. ART is
recommended for all people with HIV, regardless of how long theyve had the virus or
how healthy they are. If left untreated, HIV will attack the immune system and eventually
progress to AIDS. (Health and Human Services, 2015)

Cure
There is no functional cure for HIV or AIDS, meaning that there is no procedure or
medication which has been scientifically proven to reliably eliminate the virus from a
person's body or reverse the damage to the immune system. (AIDS Foundation, 2016)

Map

(Wikipedia Contributors,

2016)

12

Respiratory
System Disease
13

Bronchitis
What is Bronchitis?
Acute bronchitis is a shorter illness that commonly follows a cold or viral infection, such
as the flu. It consists of a cough with mucus, chest discomfort or soreness, fever and
sometimes shortness of breath. Acute bronchitis usually lasts a few days or weeks.
Chronic bronchitis is a serious, ongoing illness characterized by a persistent, mucusproducing cough that lasts longer than three months. People with chronic bronchitis
have varying degrees of breathing difficulties and symptoms may get better and worse
during different parts of the year. If chronic bronchitis occurs with emphysema, it may
become chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
(McIntosh, 2016)
What Causes Bronchitis?
Acute bronchitis is normally caused by viruses, typically those that also cause colds and
flu. It can also be caused by bacterial infection and exposure to substances that irritate
the lungs, such as tobacco smoke, dust, fumes, vapors and air pollution.
Chronic bronchitis is caused by repeated irritation and damage of the lung and airway
tissue. Smoking is the most common causes of chronic bronchitis, with other causes
including long-term exposure to air pollution, dust and fumes from the environment, and
repeated episodes of acute bronchitis.
(McIntosh, 2016)
Bronchitis Statistics
Year 2011
Race

Number of People

14

Americans

10 million

non-Hispanic whites

7.5 million

non-Hispanic blacks

1.3 million

Hispanics

943 000

Americans 2011
Age

Number of People

45+

7 000 000

65+

6 420 000

18-44

2 860 000

Americans 2011
Gender

Number of people

Women

6.8 million

Men

3.3 million

(Pietrangelo, 2015)
What are the Symptoms of Bronchitis?

Persistent cough, which may produce mucus

Wheezing
Low fever and chills
Chest tightening
Sore throat
Body aches
Breathlessness
Headaches

Blocked nose and sinuses.

(McIntosh, 2016)
How To Diagnose Bronchitis
15

If an individual has recently suffered from a cold or flu, if they smoke or if they have
recently been exposed to substances such as dust, fumes, vapors or air pollution are
good indicators of them having bronchitis.
Also using a stethoscope to listen for any abnormal sounds in the lungs, examining
mucus or test the oxygen levels in the blood, and having a chest X-ray, pulmonary lung
function test or blood tests can detect if an individual has bronchitis.
(McIntosh, 2016)
Treatments for Bronchitis

Antibiotics - these are effective for bacterial infections, but not for viral

infections. They may also prevent secondary infections

Cough medicine - although coughing should not be completely

suppressed as this is an important way to bring up mucus and remove irritants from
the lungs

Bronchodilators - these open the bronchial tubes and clear out mucus

Mucolytics - these thin or loosen mucus in the airways, making it easier to

cough up sputum

Anti-inflammatory medicines and glucocorticoid steroids - these are for

more persistent symptoms to help decrease chronic inflammation that may cause
tissue damage

Oxygen therapy - this helps improve oxygen intake when breathing is

difficult

Pulmonary rehabilitation program - this includes work with a respiratory

therapist to help improve breathing.

(McIntosh, 2016)
Cure

Acute bronchitis can be cured. In most cases, this type of bronchitis is mild enough to
be treated at home and will probably last no longer than 10 days, though the cough

16

might linger for several weeks. Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is a more serious,
long-term condition. The bronchial tubes, which are the airways that connect your
windpipe (trachea) and your lungs, might be permanently damaged. Though the
symptoms of chronic bronchitis can be managed and may improve with lifestyle
changes and treatment, the bronchial tubes are irreversibly scarred.
(Honor Society of Nursing, 2016)
Map

per 100 000

(Wikipedia Contributors, 2016)

17

Digestive
System Disease

Bacterial Gastroenteritis
What is Bacterial Gastroenteritis?
Bacterial gastroenteritis occurs when bacteria causes an infection in your gut. This
condition causes inflammation in your stomach and intestines, and such unpleasant
experiences may include vomiting, severe abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.

18

Viruses cause many infections of the gastrointestinal system, but bacterial infections are
also quite common. Some people call this type of infection food poisoning.
(Colledge, 2015)
What Causes Bacterial Gastroenteritis?
Bacterial gastroenteritis can result from poor hygiene. Infection can also occur after
coming in close contact with animals or consuming food or water that has been
contaminated with bacteria (or the toxic substances they produce).
Numerous kinds of bacteria can cause gastroenteritis, including:
yersinia, which is found in pork
staphylococcus, which is found in dairy products, meat, and eggs
shigella, which is associated with water and found in swimming pools
salmonella, which is found in meat, dairy products, and eggs
campylobacter, which is found in meat and poultry
E. coli, which is found in ground beef and salads
An outbreak of bacterial gastroenteritis can happen when restaurants serve
contaminated food to many people. An outbreak can also trigger recalls of produce and
other food products.
(Colledge, 2015)
Disease Statistics
2011
cases

deaths

Deaths age 5 and under

1.7 billion

0.7 million

450 000

cases

deaths

Deaths age 5 and under

200-375 million

10 000

150-300

Annually in the United States

(Health and Human Services, 2012)

Symptoms of Bacterial Gastroenteritis
The symptoms may include:

loss of appetite

nausea and vomiting

19


diarrhea

abdominal pains and cramps

blood in your stools

fever
(Colledge, 2015)
Risk Factors of Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Having a weak immune system due to an existing condition or treatment, can make an
individual have a higher risk of bacterial gastroenteritis. The risk also increases with
taking drugs that decrease the acidity in your stomach.
Handling food incorrectly can also can raise the risk of bacterial gastroenteritis. If food is
undercooked, stored at room temperature for too long, or insufficiently reheated,
bacteria can survive and multiply quickly. Bacteria can produce harmful substances
known as toxins. These toxins may remain after the reheating process.
(Colledge, 2015)
Diagnosing Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Check for signs of dehydration and abdominal pain. To determine which type of bacteria
is causing the infection, you may be required to give a stool sample for analysis. Blood
samples may also be taken to check for evidence of dehydration.
(Colledge, 2015)
Treating Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Drink fluids regularly throughout the day, especially after an episode of

diarrhea.

If possible, eat little and often, and include some salty foods.

Consume foods or drinks containing potassium, such as fruit juice and

bananas.

Dont take any medication without consulting a doctor.

If an individual cant keep any fluids down, they may need hospital
treatment.
(Colledge, 2015)
Preventing Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Avoid preparing food for other people until symptoms improve
Avoid close contact with others during illness
Wait 48 hours after the symptoms stop before returning to work
Avoid unpasteurized milk, raw meat, or raw shellfish

20

 Use separate cutting boards and utensils for raw and cooked meats when
preparing meals
Thoroughly wash salads and vegetables
Make sure temperatures are either very hot or very cold if youre storing
foods for more than a couple of hours
making sure kitchens are kept scrupulously clean
washing your hands after using the toilet, before handling different foods,
after touching animals, and before eating
drinking bottled water when traveling abroad and taking any
recommended vaccines
(Colledge, 2015)
Cure
Because most infectious diarrhea is self-limited, medical care is primarily supportive in
nature. Oral rehydration therapy is the cornerstone of diarrhea treatment, especially for
small bowel infections that produce a large volume of watery stool output. Studies
confirm that early refeeding hastens recovery. Many commercial oral rehydration
formulas are available and have been designed to promote optimal absorption of
nutrients. Young infants and neonates are at high risk for secondary complications and
require close monitoring, as do older individuals.
(Medscape, 2015)

Map
Per 100 000

21

(Wikipedia Contributors, 2016)

22

Excretory
System Disease

Cystitis
What is Cystitis?
Cystitis is the medical term for inflammation of the bladder. Most of the time, the
inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and it's called a urinary tract infection
(UTI). A bladder infection can be painful and annoying, and it can become a serious
health problem if the infection spreads to your kidneys. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015)

23

Mode of Transmission
UTIs typically occur when bacteria outside the body enter the urinary tract through the
urethra and begin to multiply. Most cases of cystitis are caused by a type of Escherichia
coli (E. coli) bacteria.
Bacterial bladder infections may occur in women as a result of sexual intercourse. But
even sexually inactive girls and women are susceptible to lower urinary tract infections
because the female genital area often harbors bacteria that can cause cystitis.
Although bacterial infections are the most common cause of cystitis, a number of
noninfectious factors also may cause the bladder to become inflamed. Some examples
include:

Interstitial cystitis- The cause of this chronic bladder inflammation,

also called painful bladder syndrome, is unclear. Most cases are diagnosed in
women. The condition can be difficult to diagnose and treat.

Drug-induced cystitis- Certain medications, particularly the

chemotherapy drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, can cause
inflammation of your bladder as the broken-down components of the drugs
exit your body.

Radiation cystitis- Radiation treatment of the pelvic area can cause

inflammatory changes in bladder tissue.

Foreign-body cystitis- Long-term use of a catheter can predispose

you to bacterial infections and to tissue damage, both of which can cause
inflammation.

Chemical cystitis- Some people may be hypersensitive to

chemicals contained in certain products, such as bubble bath, feminine
hygiene sprays or spermicidal jellies, and may develop an allergic-type
reaction within the bladder, causing inflammation.

Cystitis associated with other conditions- Cystitis may sometimes

occur as a complication of other disorders, such as diabetes, kidney stones,
an enlarged prostate or spinal cord injuries.
(Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015)
Disease Statistics

24

State
cytosis

number of people with cytosis

State

number of people with

(Interstitial Cystitis Association, 2015)

25

Incubation Period
Mild cystitis will often clear up on its own after 2-4 days, but over-the-counter painkillers
like paracetamol or ibuprofen can be taken to reduce discomfort, and a trusty carton of
cranberry juice can often relieve the symptoms of an attack.
(Embarrassing Bodies, 2016)
Symptoms of Cystitis
Cystitis signs and symptoms often include:

A strong, persistent urge to urinate

A burning sensation when urinating
Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
Blood in the urine (hematuria)
Passing cloudy or strong-smelling urine
Pelvic discomfort
A feeling of pressure in the lower abdomen
Low-grade fever

(Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015)

Risk Factors of Cystitis
Some people are more likely than others to develop bladder infections or recurrent
urinary tract infections. Women are one such group. A key reason is physical anatomy.
Women have a shorter urethra, which cuts down on the distance bacteria must travel to
reach the bladder.
Women at greatest risk of UTIs include those who:

Are sexually active- Sexual intercourse can result in bacteria being

pushed into the urethra.

Use certain types of birth control- Women who use diaphragms are

at increased risk of a UTI. Diaphragms that contain spermicidal agents further

increase your risk.

Are pregnant- Hormonal changes during pregnancy may increase

the risk of a bladder infection.

Have experienced menopause- Altered hormone levels in

postmenopausal women are often associated with UTIs.

Other risk factors in both men and women include:
26

Interference with the flow of urine- This can occur in conditions

such as a stone in the bladder or, in men, an enlarged prostate.

Changes in the immune system- This can happen with certain

conditions, such as diabetes, HIV infection and cancer treatment. A

depressed immune system increases the risk of bacterial and, in some cases,
viral bladder infections.

Prolonged use of bladder catheters- These tubes may be needed in

people with chronic illnesses or in older adults. Prolonged use can result in
increased vulnerability to bacterial infections as well as bladder tissue
damage.
In men without any predisposing health issues, cystitis is rare.
(Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015)
Prevention of Cystitis

Drink plenty of liquids, especially water. Drinking lots of fluids is

especially important if you're getting chemotherapy or radiation therapy,

particularly on treatment days.

Urinate frequently. If you feel the urge to urinate, don't delay using
the toilet.

Wipe from front to back after a bowel movement. This prevents

bacteria in the anal region from spreading to the vagina and urethra.

Take showers rather than tub baths. If you're susceptible to

infections, showering rather than bathing may help prevent them.

Gently wash the skin around the vagina and anus. Do this daily, but
don't use harsh soaps or wash too vigorously. The delicate skin around these
areas can become irritated.

Empty your bladder as soon as possible after intercourse.Drink a

full glass of water to help flush bacteria.

Avoid using deodorant sprays or feminine products in the genital

area. These products can irritate the urethra and bladder.
(Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015)
Cure
Antibiotics work for most cases with mild cystitis but there is no guaranteed cure to
make sure the disease does not return.

27

(Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015)

Map

Per 100 000

(Profil, 2009)

28

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Retrieved JUNE 4, 2016 from http://www.world-heartfederation.org/cardiovascular-health/global-facts-map/

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