INTRODUCTIONOFDEEPSOIL

MIXING(DSM)&
TRENCHCUTTINGREMIXING
DEEPWALL(TRD)

RYOBIKISO(S)PTELTD
58ASungeiKadutLoop
RyobiIndustrialBuilding
Singapore729505
Tel:(65)65060000Fax:(65)65060001

CONTENTS
IntroductiononRyobiKisoExperience
Deep Soil Mixing (DSM)
DeepSoilMixing(DSM)
DSM&Usage
TypeofDSM
Applications
AdvantagesofDSM
DSMInstallationTechnique
InstallationSequence
QA/QC
CaseExample

CONTENTS
TRD(TrenchcuttingandRe
TRD(TrenchcuttingandRemixingDeepwall
I
IntroductionofTRD
d i
f TRD
InstallationSequence(TRD)
TRDandItsUsage
TRDApplications
AdvantagesofTRD
QA/QC OperationControl
QA/QC
CaseExample

IntroductiononRyobiKisoExperience

DSM which involves the mechanical mixing of in-situ soil with

binders such as lime, cement, bentonite and etc.

Developed in the 1950s and was introduced into Japan in 1970s.

Our founder Mr. Shuntaro Shiga developed and patented an
electric motor driven top drive auger in 1956. Since then, this
invention has being adopted and improved upon to arrived at
todays top drive technologies.
It is in Japan that this DSM technique was popularized and
developed.
It is estimated over 2 million cubic meters of soil were treated
yearly in Japan.
Increased popularity in Europe, North American and Asia.

IntroductiononRyobiKisoExperience
Ryobi Kiso (S) introduced DSM to Singapore in early 80s with
Obayashi Corporation for Treasury Building construction;
subsequently adopted for other projects like Outram MRT
project.
In 1997, DSM was actively being popularised to local
construction as temporary earth retaining (both reinfored and
non-reinforced).
Over 80 projects were successfully completed to date and
some of the projects include HDB projects, LTA projects and
private development.
In 2004, we were probably the first to use DSM as a ground
strut for a basement construction using CBP as retaining wall
(SIA-Lasalle College of Arts).

DSM&Usage

DSM can be installed in multiple configuration which includes:

i. Isolated column system (typically for low treated to
untreated ratio 40 ~ 50 %)
ii. Compound columns system (base grouting)
iii. Contiguous panel (wall system).
iv. Grids system

TypeofDSM
Grout Mix Pile Wall and
Soil Mix Wall

Base Grouting
Soft clay layer treated with base grouting

using 2.2m diameter GMP and

1.3m diameter x 2shaft of DSM

Formed by role of secant grout-mix piles

using 0.7m to 2.2m diameter

H- beam inserted to increase wall stiffness
Ground level

Ground level

Applications

GL

Ground Improvement Works

Temporary Retaining Structures
Foundation for Light Structures
Improve Ground Bearing Capacity
Prevent Ground Heave
Improve Accessibility and Trafficability
Prevent ground
heaving

Prevent
water
seepage

Prevent slope
stability failure
Prevent sliding
failure caused by
hi h embankment
b k
t
Open excavation ishigh
possible
Improve accessibility
Improve accessibility
As foundation for light
structure

AdvantagesofDSM
Relatively low cost
Controllable column sizes (same as auger) from 700mm to
2200
2200mm.
Environmentally friendly (in-situ materials).
Low vibration.
Low noise.
Minimum ground heave.
High
Hi h installation
i t ll ti speed.
d
Suitable for various type of soil condition.
Impermeable retaining wall

DSMInstallationTechnique

The Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) is a soil improvement.

The diameter of the DSM column formed is the same size as the
auger used.

The diameter ranges from 700mm to 2200mm.

Uses in-situ materials.

InstallationSequence
Step1 :
Setting up auger Step2 :
Augering with the
Rig at pile
required size auger,
position
g
carbide drill
Tungsten
bits are used
Step3 :
Augering and mixing
with pumping of
cement grout

Step6 :
Installation of
Grout Mix Pile is
completed

Step4 :
Mixing is by auger
rotation as a form
of mechanical
agitation

Step5 :
Mixing & withdraw
auger in anticlockwise rotation

DeepSoilMixing(DSM) SingleShaft

DeepSoilMixing(DSM) TwinShaft

DeepSoilMixing(DSM) TripleShaft

QA/QC
1. Installation Control
Control with monitoring and control system on:a Actual drilling depth
a.
b. Speed of boring and withdrawal
c. Grout flow rate

Monitor

d. Auger rotation speed

e. Motor power supply

Quality Control
System

QA/QC
Data Sheet

Flow1,2
Speed

RPM

Ampere
Depth

QA/QC
AUTOGROUTPLANT

Water
Tank

Control
Panel

Pump

Bentonite
Tank

Cement

Cement

Tank

Silo

Mixer
Agitator

QA/QC
Material Weight

AUTOGROUTPLANT(ControlPanel)
Material Weight

Setting

Measuring

Water
Bentonite
Accumulated

Cement

numbers of Batching

Total

Accumulated

Weight
g

Volume of Slurry

Setting of Batching
numbers

Batching counter

QA/QC
2. Sample Retrieval & Testing
wet samples taken directly from the ground during installation
and tested at the recommended date.
date

or in
in-situ
situ sample retrieve from coring
coring.

CaseExample

1.Punggol Water Way Part 1

Method: Grids System

10

PunggolWaterWayPart1
SiteLocation

SITE

PunggolWaterWayPart1

TE PW
CK 2
LE
E

NG

GO

CH20 CH1069
CH20

4
1:
E
OP

SLO

160

13

00

PE

1:
41

:5

26.2

CH

CH

m RR

73.5m

SL

PL 109.000

CH 1500

NIBPW 5
ON
G

PL 108.000

CH 1400

WA

PU

PL 106.000

GO

24

1:

00
18

CH

.8

RR
24m

10m
19
00

10m

DR

24m

CH
IV
E
1069

GO

000

24m
CH 1100

CH 1069
.00

55.0m

STEPS

CH

200

0
0.00

LK

PL 11
23
00
CH

53

PL 110.500

PL 108.000

PL 110.500

RR

OL

DA P E7
M
AI

6m

RR
.6m
38

PU
NG
G

10
50
m

PUNGGOL
MRT/LRT
STATION

CH 2406.58

PL 110.000

RR

PL 112.000

3 8.

.8 m

250

1 CH 2400

.00
95
22
CH

31

70
m

END OF PUNGGOL
WATERWAY (PART 1)

CH

22
CH

RR

E
AC
m

10
m

PW
SOO 7
TECK
RR

RR

.00

PL 111.000

50
m

10

PL 110.000
41m

.6m

50
m

00 0

PL

WAY
WALK

PL 108.500

AD

PL 110.500
38

CH 2200

38
.6m

110.

CH 831.00

PL

90

PUNGGOL

RR

RO

72
0.00
CH
C

PL 110.500

m RR

38.6m RR

38.6m RR

CH 2100

m RR
R

85m

26.2 m

100
0

31 .8

CH

31 .8

WA

SU

CH
500
PL 109.000

00

.85m

00 0

800

11 0.

CH

PL

RR

70
0

CH

MA

41

CH

25

PL 108.500

RR

60

2m

CH

CH
20
NG

PL 106.000

SU PW
MA 6
NG

26.

CH

500

CH

24m

400

CH 300

CH 200

24m

CH 100

CH 40.00

109.

CH 1200

RR

NG

8m

PU

31

31.

NG

SU

NG

PL 108.000

PL 109.000

PL
CH 0

CH

17

00

SL
OP

RR

AL
K

EI

.2m

PU

26

PL 106.000

38 .6
m RR

11

PunggolWaterWayPart1

SOILPROFILE CH20toCH1069

SOILPROFILE

CH20 CH100

CH200

CH300

CH400

CH500

CH600

CH700

CH800

Formation of soil are:-

COARSESAND
SPT~5

BH-N7

104

BH-N3

4
4

9
5

MEDIUMSAND
SPT~12

10

10

SANDYCLAY
SPT~1-5

9
10
10

13

10

13

14

14

14
15

15.5

11

11

17.5

14

14

14

MARINESOFTCLAY
SPT~0-2

15
15
16
16

18

15

20

RL
L8
8880
.0

20

20

21

21

21
22

18
18

RL85.5

19

22

23

23

19

23

24

20

20

20

RL82.0

22

22

24

21

COARSESAND
SPT~6-42

21
21

RL82.5

22

26

27

25

25

18

18

19

19

19

20

20

15

16

16

17

17

18

18

19

19

10
12
11

12
13

14
15

18

16

19

21

21

21

22

22

22

23

23

23

24

24

17

20

18

20
21

19
21

21
22

24

COARSESAND
SPT
T1929
~19-29

25

25

RL86.0

27

20
22

23

235
23
.5

21

SILT
SPT~11-14

23

24

SANDYCLAY
SPT~11-16

26
27

SANDYSILT
SPT~22

26

27

24

25

25

26

26

27

28

28

28
29

29

30

30

29

23
24

25

SILT 28
SPT~43

STIFFCLAY
SPT~16 26

27

28 COARSESAND

29

SPT=3628

29

30

30

29

29

30

30

30

27

RL83.0

27

28

RL80.0

SANDYSILT
SPT=25

30

SANDYSILT
SPT=24

29

30

STIFFSILTTOSAND
SPT~26-65

28

14

15

18

20

30

30

30

30

Grout MixPile
(GMP)

27
27
27

13

14

29

29

26
26

17

28

29

26

28

SOFTCLAY12
SPT~4
13

28

29

25

11

14

27

25

28

24
24

17

26

26

COARSESAND
SPT~33-35

17

26

24

27
28

16

25

26
27

11

16

25

26

28

SANDYCLAY
SPT~2-5
8

10

17

24

25

STIFFSILT
SPT~21-29

27

24

15

16

24

23

24

25

25
26

23
23

23

SANDYSILT
SPT~9-26

14

15

16

23

22

15

21

23

19

14

15

22

21

22

18
22

20

13
13

20

20

10T
PEA
YCLAY
SPT~3-7

12

13

1S
4IL
T
SPT~12-56

19

CLAYEYSAND
SPT~11-22

12

21

18

5
7

19

19

19

17

RL90.0

RL104.5

12

18
19

11

18

17

18

19

16

17

17

RL89.5

14

16

17

10

11

11

16
17

18

10

11

17

15

16

17

17

16

13

8
9

10

102

15

16

SANDYCLAY MARINECLAY
SPT=10 17.5
SPT~3

13
13
13

COARSESAND
SPT~7-34

103

STIFFCLAY
SPT~15-20

15

14

15

15
12

12
12

8.5

104

14

11

MARINECLAY
SPT~1-2

13

RL104.5

105

BH-N16

2.5

13

10

10.5
12

12

13
9

SANDYSILT
SPT~4

13

9
9

12

11

12

2.4

COARSESAND
SPT~1-7

12

12

10

11

11

12

8
9

CLAYEYSAND
TOCOARSESAND
SPT~5-17

10

11

11

11

7
7

10

6
6
7

9
9

RL102.0

6
6

8
4

- Silt / sand below

8
8

5
5

RL102.0

COARSESAND

CLAYEYSAND
SPT~3-6

BH-N14 BH-N15

TOPSOIL

106

5
5

5.5

RL102.0

2
2

2
102

- Marine clay / peat

1
1

RL102.0

BH-N2
BH-N1
1

103

COARSESAND
2.4
SPT~3-33 COARSESAND

CLAY
SPT~5-6

SPT~4-15

BH-N13
1

105

BH-N8

BH-N12

BH-N6

106

- Clayey sand / sandy

clay

BH-N11

TOPSOIL

2.5

BH-N5
BH-N4

CH1000 CH1069

CH900
BH-N10

BH-N9
1

28
29

29
29
30
30
30

PunggolWaterWayPart1
TYPE OF GMP
TYPE OF GMP
114

CH 20 CH 100

CH 200

CH 300

CH 400

CH 500

CH 20 to CH 1069
CH 600

CH 700

CH 800

113

BH-N4

BH-N12

COARSE SAND COARSE SAND

SPT ~ 5
SPT ~ 3-33
3

2
2

4
4
100

5.5
6

99

96

SANDY CLAY
SPT~1-5

9
9
10
10
94

13

10

13
13
14

14
15

17

15
15
89
16
16

MARINE SOFT CLAY

SPT~0-2

18

15

20
16

20

17

RL 88.0

18

RL 85.5

22
19

21

20

20

20

21

RL 82.0

22

22

COARSE SAND
SPT~ 6-42

82

21

24

RL 82.5

25

26

26
27

30
30

26
78

21
22

SANDY SILT
SPT~9-26

23
24

STIFF SILT
SPT~ 21
SPT
21-29
29

26
27

25
26

27
28

COARSE
COA
S SA
SAND
SPT ~ 33-35

10

STIFF CLAY
SPT ~ 15-20

13

13

13

14

14

14

5
7

15

15

15

16

16

16

SANDY CLAY
SPT ~ 2-5

9
10
PEATY
CLAY
SPT ~ 3-7
11

13

SILT
SPT~12-56

14

10

9
11

99.5

12

99.0

11
12

SOFT CLAY 12
SPT ~ 4
13

10

12

13

14

14

15

15

16

16

17

17

11
12

15
16
17

17

17

18

18

18

17

13

14

17

18

15
18

19

19

16

19

19

20

RL 104.5

BH-N16

2.5

11

11
12

16

18

18
19

20

20

20

21

21
22

22

23

23

17

18

20

21
22

22

19

19

20

21

21

19
21

90.0

21
22

23
23
24
24

COARSE SAND
SPT~19-29

24

26

27

RL 86.0

20

23.5

21

23

24

25

SANDY CLAY
SPT~ 11-16

25
26

22

23

24

25

26

SANDY SILT
SPT ~22

24

25

26

27

27

27

26
27

28

28

29

29

30

30

28
29

25

26

28

10

15

24

25

28
SILT
SPT ~ 43

30

87.5

SILT
SPT ~ 11-14
25

26

23
24

25

28

29
29

27

COARSE SAND
SPT=36 28

30

29

29

30

30

30

27

STIFF CLAY
SPT ~ 16 26

RL 83.0

27

28

RL 80.0

28

SANDY SILT
SPT = 25

30

29

29

26

14

21

24

28
29

25

26

20

20

23

27
28

24
24

25

CLAYEY SAND
SPT ~ 11-22

23

25

22
23

23

24

79

18
19

22

23
24

19
85

17

22

23

19

13

By Others

19

20

21
22

18

16

RL 90.0

11

18

18

86

14
15

17

19

21

17
87

13

8.5

COARSE SAND
SPT ~ 7-34

12

16
17
18

19

19

17

88

18

RL 89.5

MARINE CLAY
SPT~ 1-2

16

17

17.5

14

14

14

103
102

15

16

SANDY CLAY
MARINE CLAY
SPT=10 17.5
SPT~ 3

13
13
13

11

14

15

15

12
12

12

90

10.5
12

12

14

15.5

11

11

11

92
91

25

10

10

11

12

13

95

104

CH 1069
BH-N15
1

TOPSOIL

RL 104.5

105

BH-N14

2.4
2
2.4
COARSE SAND
3
SPT ~ 4-15
COARSE SAND
5
SPT ~1-7

12

SANDY SILT
SPT~4

10

11

10

11

12

12

8
8

21

10

11

11

23

10

8
8
9

RL 102.0

10

6
6

97

CLAYEY SAND
TO COARSE SAND
SPT ~ 5-17

106

MEDIUM SAND
SPT~ 12

COARSE SAND

5
5

6
7

8
8

98

RL 102.0

5
5

80

RL 102.0

CLAYEY SAND
SPT~3-6

3
3

83

BH-N3
1

RL 102.0

101

CLAY
SPT ~ 5-6

BH-N2
BH-N1
1

103
102

BH N13
BH-N13

104

BH-N7

105

BH-N8

2
107
106

81

BH-N11

BH-N6

108

84

TOPSOIL

2.5

BH-N5

109

93

111.5

111
110

CH 1000

CH 900
BH-N10

BH N9
BH-N9

112

29
29

30
30

SANDY SILT
SPT=24

30

27
27
27
28
28

STIFF SILT TO SAND

SPT~ 26-65

28
29

29
29
30
30
30

GMP - TYPE A

BY OTHERS

GMP - TYPE B

TYPE X

GMP - TYPE Y

TYPE Z

12

PunggolWaterWayPart1
DSMLAYOUTFROMCH500 CH560

PunggolWaterWayPart1
DSMDESIGN
DSMUSAGE

13

PunggolWaterWayPart1
Quality
Review
a) Requirements

Unconfined
Compressive
Strength (Qu)
1 MPa

Total Core
Recovery
(TCR) 85%

b) Core test results

c) Core samples

PunggolWaterWayPart1
OnSiteOperation

14

PunggolWaterWayPart1
OnSiteOperation

PunggolWaterWayPart1
CompletedDSMColumns

15

PunggolWaterWayPart1
CompletedDSMColumns

CaseExample

2.Marina Coastal Expressway (MCE) C482

Method: Compound Columns System

16

MCEC482
SiteLocation

Site

Background
The Deep Soil Mixing (DCM) as ground
improvement for enhancing the stability of
the dual carriageway twin cell box tunnel
along the marina coastal expressway in
accordance to the design Prepared by the
consultant Engineer.

MCEC482
SOILPROFILE

17

MCEC482
DSM Design

12.965m

1300

SECTIONVEIW

GL103.50
GL

AREA 2.50

DSMTop
DSMTop
90.535
1000

Doubleaugershafts
1000

1000
300

1000

DSMToe
81.535

DSMBaseGrout

21.965m

O1300

9.00m

PLANVEIW

SectionE2
Section

DSMBaseGrout
1000

300
1000

1000

DSMToe
80.535

22.965m

DSMTop
DSMTop
90.535

10.00m

1200

12.965m
m

GL103.50
GL

SectionE3
Section

DSMLayout

MCEC482
DSM Layout

Total DSM columns : 6633 Panels, 110,562.5 m3

18

MCEC482
Quality Review

Requirement
The coring shall be one cored hole per continuous block
block, Plus one
cored hole per 1,000 linear metres (rounded up to the nearest whole
number of cored holes), of DSM columns.
TCR must be at least 85% to establish DSM Depth
Mean Unconfined Compressive Strength (Qu) at 95% Lower
Confidence Limit > 800 kPa
Mean Elastic Modulus Em at 95% Lower Confidence Limit > 150
MPa

MCEC482
Core Results

19

MCEC482
Cored Samples

Samples selected here

Samples selected here

MCEC482
OnSiteOperation

20

MCEC482
OnSiteOperation

CaseExample

3.Jardin Condominium
Method: Temporary
Retaining Wall System

21

JardinCondominium
SiteLocation

SITE

JardinCondominium
GMPLayoutPlan

22

JardinCondominium
SoilProfile

JardinCondominium

TypicalSections
yp

23

JardinCondominium
Quality
Review
a) Requirements

Unconfined
Compressive
Strength (Qu)
600 kPa

Sample selected here

Sample selected here

Elastic Modulus
(Eu) 150 MPa

b) Core test results

Sample selected here

c) Core samples

JardinCondominium
CompletedGMP

24

JardinCondominium
CompletedGMP

TRD (TrenchcuttingandRemixingDeep
wall)
Pioneered by the Japanese in the 1990s
Provides a supreme and more uniform soil
soil-mixed
mixed wall
wall.
Form by chainsaw like equipment that cut and mixes existing soil
with an injected reagent.
Allow the installation of a continuous improved soil wall without
creating an open cut trench.
TRD has being used in over 250 projects in Asian region alone.
Ryobi Kiso (S) Pte Ltd is authorised to use whis method recently
in 2006 and have successfully completed a number of project in
Singapore.

25

InstallationSequence(TRD)
S tart c u ttin g & m ixin g so il w ith c e m e n t/ b e n to n ite slu rry

S tart C u tte r C h ain

GL

S E C T IO N V IE W

S to p c e m e n t gro u t , start p re - c u ttin g w ith

b e n to n ite slu rry fo r c u tte r p o st p arkin g

GL

S E C T IO N V IE W

T R D w all

E xistin g S o il

(C e m e n t/ b e n to n ito slu rry )

GL

S E C T IO N V IE W

E xistin g S o il

E xistin g S o il

T R D w all

T R D w all

E xistin g S o il

M ixin g b ac k to th e startin g p o in t th e n start c e m e n t,

b e n to n ite gro u t an d c u ttin g w all fo r th e o ve rlap

GL

GL

S E C T IO N V IE W

T R D w a ll

S ta b ility
S lu rry

E xistin g S o il

E xistin g S o il

(pre cu tting)

(C e m e n t/ b e n to n ito slu rry)

(C e m e n t/
b e n to n ito slu rry)

GL

S E C T IO N V IE W

E xistin g S o il

(C e m e n t/
b e n to n ito slu rry)

C o n tin u e C u ttin g, m ixin g so il an d gro u tin g

(C e m e n t/ b e n to n ito slu rry )

A fte r c u ttin g o ve rlap , c o n tin u e gro u t c e m e n t,

b e n to n ite su lu rry fo r c u tte r p o st p arkin g are a,

GL

S E C T IO N V IE W

T R D w all

S ta b ility
S lu rry
(p re c u ttin g)

E xistin g S o il

E xistin g S o il

(C e m e n t/ b e n to n ito slu rry )

(C e m e n t/
b e n to n ito slu rry)

O ve rlap
S tart c u ttin g & m ixin g so il w ith c e m e n t/ b e n to n ite slu rry

GL

S E C T IO N V IE W

T R D w all

E xistin g S o il

(C e m e n t/ b e n to n ito slu rry )

(C e m e n t/
b e n to n ito slu rry)

O ve rlap

O ve rlap

GL

S E C T IO N V IE W

T R D w a ll

E xistin g S o il

E xistin g S o il

C o n tin u e c u ttin g & m ixin g so il w ith c e m e n t/ b e n to n ite su lu rry,

rry

T R D w all
(C e m e n t/
b e n to n ito slu rry)

E xistin g S o il

E xistin g S o il

(C e m e n t/ b e n to n ito slu rry)

(C e m e n t/
b e n to n ito slu rry)

T R D w a ll
(C e m e n t/

E xistin g S o il

b e n to n ito slu rry )

O ve rlap

TrenchCuttingRemixingDeepWall
(TRD)

26

TRDandItsUsage
TRD is a mechanical mixing of in-situ soil with an injected
reagent (like lime, cement, bentonite and ect.)
It uses a chainsaw like equipment which cut continuously
mixes, through the entire depth of the wall.
It gives a more superior and uniform impermeable wall with
good compressive strength.
It can install vertical or inclined wall as required.
Basically
y it shares the same usages
g as the DSM.
structure

TRDApplications

TRD
wall
Impermeable layer

Earth retaining wall (1)

Permeable

TRD
layer
wall
Impermeable layer

impermeable layer

Earth retaining wall (2)

Impermeable wall (3)

TRD wall

Permeable layer

Impermeable layer

Impermeable wall (4)

Soil stabilization

27

TRDApplications

AdvantagesofTRD
Low noise.
Low vibration.
vibration
Improve speed of construction.
Less material used and disposed.
Better quality control.
Suitable for various types of soil condition.
No open trench cutting.
cutting

28

QA/QC OperationControl
Wall inclination & post bending

Depth(m)

Tolerance

post bending

Tolerance

wall inclination

CaseExample

1.Sungei Serangoon

29

SungeiSerangoon
LayoutPlan

SungeiSerangoon
TRD wall

Effluent runoff

Protection of seepage
(Prevent effluent from seeping into the river)

30

SungeiSerangoon
Quality
Review
a) Requirements

Permeability <
1.0 x 10-9 m/s

Unconfined
Compressive
Strength (Qu)
125 KPa

b) Permeability test
results
c) On site permeability
test pictures

SungeiSerangoon
OnSiteOperation

31

REGISTERED WITH BCA, (PILING WORKS) CR08, L6 (UNLIMITED)

ASSOCIATE COMPANY
RYOBI-KISO CO. LTD (JAPAN)

COMPILE-RYOBI AUSTRALIA PTY LTD

RYOBI GEOTECHNIQUE PTE LTD

UTRACO-RYOBI GROUND ENGINEERING PVT LTD (INDIA)

ZEDOS UNITED

32